http://srac.tamu.edu/index.cfm?catid=9

1.Read the following online:

2.SRAC pub: 2403 (crawfish)

SRAC 0483 Freshwater Prawns: Biology and Life HistorySRAC 0484 Pond Production of the Freshwater Prawn in Temperate ClimatesSRAC 4830 Economics of Freshwater Prawn Farming in the United States

3. Hybrid striped bass:

SRAC 0300 Hybrid Striped Bass: Biology and Life HistorySRAC 0301 Hybrid Striped Bass: Hatchery PhaseSRAC 0302 Hybrid Striped Bass: Fingerling Production in PondsSRAC 0303 Hybrid Striped Bass: Pond Production of Foodfish

4.Trout:

SRAC 0220 Trout Production: Handling Eggs and Fry

Trout and Salmon CultureTrout and Salmon Culture

Salmonid Life Cycle

Commonly Cultured Trout

• Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

• Brown TroutBrown Trout Salmo trutta

• Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis

Trout Culture

Stages of Culture - Trout

• Broodstock

• Spawning

• Egg incubation

• Fry culture

• Fingerling production

• Growout

Broodstock

• Females are 2 to 3 years old– Can be used for more than one year but may

have decreased egg quality and quantity

• Males are 2 to 3 years old– Can be used several times in one spawning

season but not for more than one year

Dry Spawning

Eggs

• “Green eggs” = eggs from 48 hours post-spawn to eyed stage

• Can be shipped in plastic eggs at 38°F

• Ship eggs wrapped in damp cheese cloth

• Chill with ice and let water drip onto eggs

Egg Incubation

Trout – Sac Fry = Alevins

Size Grading

Trout Fingerling Production

Trout GrowoutTrout Growout

• Raceways Raceways

• PondsPonds

• CagesCages

Tri-Omega Trout Farm, Pisgah National Forest in Transylvania, NCTri-Omega Trout Farm, Pisgah National Forest in Transylvania, NC

Trout GrowoutTrout Growout

• Raceways Raceways

• PondsPonds

• CagesCages

Tri-Omega Trout Farm, Pisgah National Forest in Transylvania, NCTri-Omega Trout Farm, Pisgah National Forest in Transylvania, NC

Trout Raceways in NC

Trout Raceways In Idaho

Trout Pond Culture

Trout Tank Culture

Marketing Trout

• Fee fishing

• Live hauling

• Filet products

Fee Fishing

Live Hauling

Fillet Products

Salmon Culture

There are six species of salmon in the Pacific Northwest. The largest salmon, the Chinook, can reach over 6 feet in length and weighs over 100 pounds.

Atlantic Salmon stock enhancement - collection of wild broodstock

In the fall, salmon deposit eggs in the gravel of flowing streams.

Eggs hatch in the spring, and the alevin grow quickly. Later, the fingerlings continue to grow toward maturity in the streams near their birthplace.

When they become strong enough to swim in rushing currents, and quick enough to escape their enemies, the salmon begin migrating to the sea.

Salmon can grow to be over 100 pounds as they feast in the nutrient- rich waters of the ocean. When full grown, the beautiful, silvery fish begin their migration back to the waters of their birth.

As they get closer to their spawning grounds, salmon change in their appearance. Some salmon travel over 1000 miles to lay their eggs.

After spawning (laying eggs), the salmon die sometimes inches from where they were hatched! Amazing instincts!

The Salmon

Life Cycle

Commonly Cultured Salmon• Atlantic Salmon

Salmo salar • Chinook Salmon

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

• Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch

• Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha

Atlantic salmon hatchery

Stages of Salmon Culture

• Spawning

• Egg incubation

• Fry culture

• Fingerling production

• Growout

Salmon Egg Incubation

Sac Fry Culture

Tiny alevin grow quickly after being hatched. When they are as long as your fingernail, they are called fry, and look like real fish! When they get to be about as long as your longest finger, they are given a new name -- smolt. As the smolt grow, they eventually begin their migration to the ocean.

Alevin

SmoltOcean Bound!

Salmon Fingerling Production

Salmon Fingerling Production

Salmon Growout

• ExtensiveExtensive• Net PensNet Pens

Hills Island Salmon Farm, Canada

Salmon - Extensive Culture

• Culture fingerlings in tanks• Stock fingerlings (smolts) into native streams• Fish will migrate to the ocean and undergo

smoltification• Fish will live in open ocean for approximately 3

years• Fish will return to stream they were planted

(chloramine-T, Seattle) • Can be harvested when they return and before

they die• Approximately 1 in 1000 return

Salmon - Net Pen Culture

Salmon Net PensSalmon Net Pens• Stocking density 8 – 14 kg/mStocking density 8 – 14 kg/m33, but 75 kg/m, but 75 kg/m3 3 possible!possible!

• Feeding by hand, or electronic (SONAR)Feeding by hand, or electronic (SONAR)

• Atlantic salmon ~80% of net pens in the Pacific Northwest Atlantic salmon ~80% of net pens in the Pacific Northwest and Canada.and Canada.

• Why Atlantic salmon in Pacific????Why Atlantic salmon in Pacific????– Better FCR, higher survival, better dressout %.Better FCR, higher survival, better dressout %.

• Escapees of Atlantic salmon into Pacific Ocean problem?Escapees of Atlantic salmon into Pacific Ocean problem?– Not yet! Escapees experienceNot yet! Escapees experience high mortality, poor high mortality, poor reproduction, do not spawnreproduction, do not spawn with Pacific salmonwith Pacific salmon

Salmon Processing

Marketing Fillets

Total production 23,067,973 metric tons & valued at US $ 31,565,104,100 in 2000

FILTER FEEDING CYPRINIDS

PELLET FEEDING CYPRINIDSOTHERFRESHWATER FISHES

SALMONIDS

TILAPIA

MARINE FISHES

CATFISHES

MILKFISH

EELS

Figure 1.2.10 Total finfish aquaculture production by major species groups in 2000(values expressed as % by weight)

CATFISH

Credits

Pictures and diagrams found in this

photo essay are courtesy of:

•The Alaskan Department of Fish and Game

•The Washington Department of Fish and Game

•The Army Corps of Engineers

•The US National Marine Fisheries

These salmon are on their way to the ocean where they may live for 1-5 years, depending on the species, before returning to the rivers and streams to spawn (lay eggs). Only one salmon out of a thousand salmon survives to return to the river to spawn. What are some possible reasons why such a small percentage of salmon actually live long enough to lay eggs?

Going home!

These salmon are on their way back to the waters of their birth. Scientists do not know how salmon find the exact location of their birthplace, but their sense of smell (and the chemical signature of the waters) is an important cue.

Along the way are many hazards –

some more hungry than

others!

Replenishing Nutrients

When salmon die after spawning, they provide nutrients to plants and animals near the rivers in which they swam. It has been found that 20 % of the nitrogen (an important element for all living things) in evergreen trees that grow next to salmon spawning waters in Alaska actually was carried upstream with salmon. These nutrients are essentially transported from the ocean to the headwaters by the salmon.

ByLeonard Lovshin

Department of Fisheries and Allied AquacultureAuburn University, Alabama, USA

Rainbow Trout culture

Distribution1. Native – Western U. S., western Canada,

Alaska and Western Pacific.2. Introduced – Eastern U. S. and most of the

temperate climate world.

Oncorynchus mykiss

Rainbow trout live their entire life cycle in fresh water

Steelhead are a rainbow trout that lives most of its life in the ocean but returns to fresh water to spawn.

Male Female

Food Habits – insects, crustaceans and fish

Water Quality

1. Dissolved oxygen – above 5 mg/l

2. Needs water of good quality

Sexual maturity – 2 to 3 years old

Should not be above 220C and ideal for good growth is 13 to 180C

Water temperature

Rainbow trout are a popular sport fish. The world record taken by rod and reel is 19.1 kg

Reproduction

1. Nature - Spawns in the Spring and needswater below 120C for 6 months to produce good quality eggs. Females spawn eggs over gravel beds in stream riffle areas.

Captivity – Eggs are stripped from ripe females and sperm is stripped from males and mixed in a bowl.

Reproduction

Eggs are artificially incubated and will hatch in 50 days at 70C and 20 days at 150C.

Water upwelling incubator

Recently Hatched Trout Fry ( Alevins )

Fry are large when they begin to swim and can be fed with powdered formulated diets at first feeding.

Culture

1. Most trout are raised in raceways with abundant flowing water. Some trout are raised in earthen ponds with water exchange and in cages.

2. The environment, stocking density, fish growth and feeding rate are highly controlled.

3. Trout culture is divided into 3 types depending on thetrout harvested.a. pink pan-sizedb. white pan-sizedc. salmon trout; larger than 1 kg

Carotenoid pigments

Pink fleshed trout

Earthen raceways and feeding trout in Chile. Notice netting to protect against birds.

Concrete raceways and feeding trout in Brazil

Idaho is the leading producer of trout in the U. S.. Most trout are farmed along the Snake River valley.

Springs flowing into the Snake River in Idaho

Earthen Raceways with demand feeders in Idaho. Trout are fed with a nutritionally complete, high protein, floating diet.

Trout triggering a demand feeder

Concrete raceways along the Snake River in Idaho

Water is reoxygenated as it falls from higher to lower tanks

Large Trout Raceway Farm in Idaho

Trout Raceways in Idaho

Trout are graded to maintain uniform size in a raceway

Trout harvest with lift basket in North Carolina

Trout harvest in Idaho with a fish pump.

Sludge Removal from a Raceway Effluent Settling Tank

Rainbow trout are often raised in cages to weights larger than 1 kg

1. Whole, gutted

2. fillets

Market Products Golden variety of rainbow trout

World Production of Rainbow Trout in 1999:

418,654 metric tons

Leading Producers in 2001:

1. France – 47,500,000 kg 2. Norway – 60,000,000 kg ( all large trout, >1 kg )3. Italy – 44,000,000 kg4. Denmark – 37,000,000 kg

U.S. annual production: 56.9 million lbs (2001)

9 % of total finfish production in U. S.

1. Idaho 39,500,000 0.87

2. N. Carolina 5,550,0001.10

3. Washington 2,590,0001.00

4. California 2,500,000 2.05

5. Pennsylvania 1,640,0002.50

State Production, lb Price/lb

Advantages1. Best cold water fish available2. Grows well3. Ease of reproduction and fingerling production4. Good quality flesh5. Easy to harvest6. Stock at high densities7. Accepts pelleted diets

Disadvantages1. Not tolerant of warm water temperatures2. Not resistant to poor water quality and disease3. Feeds high on the food chain