HTT PROCES what flows beneathtime. Below this layer is the saturated zone, where all pores, spaces...

Frameworks

sCIeNCeNS 1.6.1 Verify accuracy of observations. ESS 8.7.16 Conduct investigations demonstrating the water cycle. ESS 8.7.17 Explain the relationship between the water cycle and ground water. NS 1.8.1 Justify conclusions based on appropriate and unbiased observations.

LaNGUaGe arTsOV 1.6.2 Use standard English in classroom discussion.OV 1.7.2 Use standard English in classroom discussion and presentations. OV 1.8.2 Use standard English in classroom discussion and presentations.

s objeCTIvesThe students will learn:

objeCTIve #1 To explain how ground water is part of the water cycle.

objeCTIve #2 To define unsaturated and saturated zones and water table.

objeCTIve #3 To describe how permeability and porosity are major influences on subsurface water flow.

what flows beneathground water and the water cycle

CHARACTERISTICS &PROCESSES OF SCIENCE

ACHRI/DGS/KFK/081310/V1 DRAFT COPY • ©2010 Delta Garden Study.


CHARACTERISTICS & PROCESSES OF SCIENCE • What Flows Beneath: Teachers’ Guide

Wat

er fr

om the water table provides fresh water for people,

wat

ers t

he ga

rden

and is an important element of the water cycle. overvIew

Ground water represents less than one percent of the earth’s total water, but it is the main source of fresh water for many people, as well as for plants and many animals. Ground water represents the collection or storage component of the water cycle.

GardeN aCTIvITIes▲s Setting up a model to observe the flow of ground water

as occurs in the water table

▲s Recipes and taste testing as time permits (Refer to the Delta Garden Study Recipe Book)



TIps For THe CLassroomPre-lesson preparation:

1. Determine how the “ground water” visual will be used and prepare appropriately.

LessoN oUTLINe

activities estimated duration actual duration

in the classroom

▲s Offer the icebreaker 5 minutes

▲s Explain how ground water factors into the water cycle, using the illustration on the visual

10 minutes

in the garden ▲s Build ground water model and discuss the flow of ground water

10 minutes

▲s Plant, harvest and work in the garden following the Garden Guide

10 minutes

▲s Implement recipes and taste tests as time permits (refer to Delta Garden Recipe book)

5 minutes

back in the classroom

▲s Hand out Student Workbooks, review and assign “Take it Home Activity” as homework

5 minutes

TIps For THe GardeN1. Set up supplies for the ground water experiment.

2. Prepare to discuss the relationship between the ground water, the water cycle and the varying degrees of wet and dry soils in the garden.

3. Prepare a brief garden work activity for students in the garden.

classroommaterials needed

▲s Student Workbooks

▲s Keep the ”ground water” visual handy during class

gardenmaterials needed

▲s 2 clear jars or cups

▲s Sand

▲s Gravel

▲s Rocks or aquarium rocks

▲s Garden tools



LessoN pLaN

I. Start in the classrooma. Icebreaker

Ask the students: “If your water faucet leaks one drop of water per second, how many gallons are being wasted per day?”

ANSWER: Five gallons (hold up 5-gallon bucket)

“How many gallons per year?”

ANSWER: 2,082 “That’s 416 buckets!”

b. present main Topic▲s Explain how ground water factors into the water cycle,

referring to the visual as illustration. Define saturated and unsaturated states.

meeTs objeCTIves #1–3

II. Take class to the gardena. examining water in the Garden

▲s Set up the ground water model to study unsaturated and saturated zones, permeability and porosity.


▲s Examine the garden grounds for varying degrees of wet and dry soils. Those indicate different water tables. Explain saturated and unsaturated zones.


b. work in the garden under the direction of the Garden program specialist▲s Instruct students to pick and taste available vegetables. Explain

that irrigation with water collected in rain water harvesting barrels benefits plants. Prepare recipe as time permits.

III. Take class back to classroom▲s Hand out the Student Workbook as reference material and class

assignment. Review take it home activities and encourage students to do them.

meeTs objeCTIve #6



sUpporTING INFormaTIoN For TeaCHersGround water is water found underground in the spaces and cracks between soil, sand and gravel. It provides most of our freshwater needs. According to 2005 United States Geological Survey (USGS) figures, ground water provides an estimated: ▲s 22% of all freshwater withdrawals ▲s 37% of agricultural use (mostly for irrigation) ▲s 37% of the public water supply

withdrawals ▲s 51% of all drinking water for the

total population ▲s 99% of drinking water for

the rural population

Yet fresh (not saline) groundwater only accounts for less than 1 percent of all the earth’s total water. Installing rain water harvesting systems to catch roof top rainfall helps conserve that water.

Students can study the flow of ground water with this experiment:

GroUNd waTer IN a CUp

materials Needed▲s 2 clear jars or cups▲s Sand▲s Gravel▲s Rocks or aquarium rocks

procedure

1. Fill 2 clear cups or jars 2⁄3 full with sand, gravel and rock. Layer the rock first, then the gravel, and then the sand at the very top. It is okay if the substances mix up a bit. (In nature, aquifers consist of layer of sand, gravel and bedrock.)

2. Slowly pour water into one of the cups. Watch and discuss how the water fills the spaces between sand and gravel particles. This represents ground water in an aquifer. Does it move faster through sand or gravel? Why?

3. Continue to fill the cup with water to the top (above the top of sand and gravel). This “above ground” layer of water is called surface water, found in rivers and lakes.

4. Now slowly pour water into the second cup until the water line is about one inch below the top of the sand/gravel. This line created by the water is called the water table, separating the unsaturated and saturated zones.

5. Add more water slowly until the water table is about one half an inch below the surface of the gravel. Your groundwater supply has just been recharged. This is what happens when

it rains or snows and water infiltrates (or sinks) into the ground.

LookING For GroUNd waTer

Examine the garden grounds for areas

with varying degrees of wetness, indicating varying

saturation zones and water tables. Circumstances permitting,

instruct the students to dig a hole to determine the water table.

soUrCes

U.s. department of the Interior, Geological surveyhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html

kidzonehttp://www.kidzone.ws/water/

windows2Universe.orghttp://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Water/water_cycle.html

Groundwater Foundationhttp://www.groundwater.org/gi/depend.html

ww2010, University of Illinoishttp://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/hyd/grnd.rxml



ground water

study guide for studentsrecall the basic water cycle: When warmed by the sun, water in the oceans evaporates and rises up in the air until it reaches cooler temperatures. Then it condenses into clouds, falls back to the earth (usually over land) as precipitation, collects in rivers and streams and flows back in the oceans where evaporation begins anew. Let’s take a closer look at collection, particularly underground collection.

It’s important to realize that even though our water cycle is ongoing, a lot of water is held “in storage” for long periods of time. In fact, most of our water, almost 97 percent, is stored in the earth’s oceans. We’re talking 321 million cubic miles (mi3) here of a total or 332.6 million mi3 of all water on earth. And, of course, that’s all saline (salty) water, unfit for drinking, bathing and irrigation. That leaves only about 3 percent of the total water supply as freshwater. Even that is not all readily available to us. More than two-thirds is frozen in icecaps and glaciers. Rivers and streams provide some fresh surface water, but it’s only 0.0067 percent of total water. That leaves ground water, which represents about 30 percent of fresh water. Most rural communities in the United States rely on ground water for their drinking, bathing and irrigation needs.

Our freshwater stored in the ground comes from precipitation that trickles downward from the land surface. Soil consists of several layers. It is not really the solid ground you might think it is.

The upper layer is unsaturated, with water being present in varying amounts for some of the time. Below this layer is the saturated zone, where all pores, spaces and cracks among rock particles are saturated with water. The level where the saturated and unsaturated layers meet is the water table. The water in the saturated zone is called ground water, and the rock in this zone is called aquifer. While we consider ground water “stored,” it is actually moving, sometimes very slowly. It flows to many streams and rivers and greatly influences water and wetland habitats for plants and animals. It also serves as a source of drinking water for many people who drill wells deep into soil to reach the saturated zones. Fresh (not saline) ground water accounts for less than 1 percent of the earth’s total water!

The speed and direction of ground water movement depends on whether the soil is porous and permeable. Porous soil has spaces and cracks which allow water to flow through it. Soil with more spaces and cracks is more porous soil. Soil is permeable when it easily and quickly allows water to flow through it. Soil that more easily and quickly allows water to flow through it is more permeable soil. In some cases, water can move significant distances in just a few days, but it can also sink deep into the ground where it might be stored for thousands of years.

Continued next page

what flows beneathground water and the water cycle

CHARACTERISTICS &PROCESSES OF SCIENCE



Page 2 CHARACTERISTICS & PROCESSES OF SCIENCE • What Flows Beneath: Study Guide

aquifer a layer of rock containing water in the saturated zone of the water table; water sits in the spaces within the rock and soil

saturated zone an aquifer or area of the soil that has all of its spaces and cracks filled completely with water

unsaturated zone the area of the soil or rock above the water table

groundwater the water that sits in the spaces within the rock and soil below earth’s surface; it flows through the rock and soil to end up in streams, rivers, and oceans

water table the line between the saturated and unsaturated zones; the water table level changes based on how much water the saturated zone is holding

ground water


A-B-Cclass

assignment

what flows beneathCHARACTERISTICS & PROCESSES OF SCIENCE

ESS.8.7.17 Explain the relationship between the water cycle and ground water.

1. what’s the difference between an unsaturated and a saturated zone? draw a sketch to illustrate your answer.

2. Compare and contrast the terms porous and permeability.

Take it HomeExplore your neighborhood by

running, walking or biking and try to find where ground water flows

into “bodies of water,” such as creeks or ponds. Let water

be your example: It’s in constant motion!


A-B-Cclass

assignment

what flows beneathCHARACTERISTICS & PROCESSES OF SCIENCE

answer key

1. what’s the difference between an unsaturated and a saturated zone? draw a sketch to illustrate your answer.

Students should sketch a picture that shows unsaturated and saturated zones.

2. Compare and contrast the terms porous and permeability.

Porosity is how many spaces occur in the soil. It is also an indicator of if the soil will absorb water.

Permeability is the ability to allow other substances (water in this case) to pass through.

HTT PROCES what flows beneathtime. Below this layer is the saturated zone, where all pores, spaces...

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