Hrct in diagnosis of diffuse lung diseases
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HRCT in diagnosis of HRCT in diagnosis of diffuse Lung Diseasesdiffuse Lung Diseases
Dr/Ahmed BahnassyDr/Ahmed Bahnassy
Assistant Professor of Assistant Professor of RadiologyRadiology
Qassim UniversityQassim University
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Technique and anatomyTechnique and anatomy
Very thin 1mm slices for chest with Very thin 1mm slices for chest with 10-20 mm intervals aiming at 10-20 mm intervals aiming at visualizing the lung interstitium. visualizing the lung interstitium.
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Road map to diagnosisRoad map to diagnosis
1.1. Recognize the abnormality pattern.Recognize the abnormality pattern.
2.2. Locate it in relation to the lung and Locate it in relation to the lung and to the SPLto the SPL
3.3. Evaluate its effects on lung Evaluate its effects on lung parenchymaparenchyma
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HRCT patternsHRCT patterns
Reticular patternReticular pattern Nodular pattern.Nodular pattern. Increased lung opacity.Increased lung opacity. Decreased lung opacity and cystic Decreased lung opacity and cystic
changeschanges
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I-Reticular opacitiesI-Reticular opacities
Interlobular septal Interlobular septal thickening:thickening:
Causes :Causes :
1.1. Lymphangitic spread of Lymphangitic spread of tumour (asymmetrical or tumour (asymmetrical or symmetrical)symmetrical)
2.2. Pulmonary edema.Pulmonary edema.
3.3. AmyloidosisAmyloidosis
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HoneycombingHoneycombing– CausesCauses::
1.1. IPFIPF2.2. Collagen vascular Collagen vascular
diseases (Rh.A. - diseases (Rh.A. - scleroderma)scleroderma)
3.3. Drug related fibrosisDrug related fibrosis4.4. End stage End stage
Hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity pneumonitispneumonitis
5.5. End Stage SarcoidosisEnd Stage Sarcoidosis6.6. Radiation.Radiation.7.7. End stage ARDSEnd stage ARDS
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Traction BronchiectasisTraction Bronchiectasis
Causes :Causes :1.1. Non specific Non specific
intersitial intersitial pneumonia.pneumonia.
2.2. UIPUIP3.3. Sarcoidosis.Sarcoidosis.4.4. Hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity
pneumonitis.pneumonitis.5.5. Radiation.Radiation.6.6. End stage ARDSEnd stage ARDS
Corkscrewed Corkscrewed bronchi in IPFbronchi in IPF
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I :Lymphangitic spread of I :Lymphangitic spread of tumourtumour
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II-SclerodermaII-Scleroderma
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III-IPFIII-IPF
Posterior lung cystsPosterior lung cysts Prone scanProne scan
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IV-Rheumatoid arthritis-Dilated IV-Rheumatoid arthritis-Dilated bronchi=fibrosisbronchi=fibrosis
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II-Nodules II-Nodules
Perilymphatic.Perilymphatic. Centrilobular.Centrilobular. RandomRandom
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A-Perilymphatic nodulesA-Perilymphatic nodules
Causes :Causes :1.1. Sarcoidosis.Sarcoidosis.2.2. Silicosis.Silicosis.3.3. Lymphangitic Lymphangitic
spread of tumour.spread of tumour.4.4. Amyloidosis.Amyloidosis.5.5. Lymphocytic Lymphocytic
interstitialinterstitial pneumonitispneumonitis
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I -SarcoidosisI -Sarcoidosis
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II-Lymphangitis II-Lymphangitis carcinomatosiscarcinomatosis
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B-Random nodulesB-Random nodules
causes :causes :
1.1. Miliary infectionMiliary infection
2.2. HaematogenouHaematogenous metastasis.s metastasis.
3.3. Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis
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I-Miliary TBI-Miliary TB
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II-Miliary metsII-Miliary mets
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C-Centrilobular nodules C-Centrilobular nodules causes :causes :1.1. Endobronchial spread of Endobronchial spread of
infection (Bacteria, virus, TB, infection (Bacteria, virus, TB, mycobacterium, fungus)mycobacterium, fungus)
2.2. Endobronchial spread of Endobronchial spread of tumor (BAC)tumor (BAC)
3.3. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis.Hypersensitivity pneumonitis.4.4. BOOPBOOP5.5. Silicosis and coal miner Silicosis and coal miner
pneumoconiosis pneumoconiosis
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Centrilobular nodulesCentrilobular nodulesI-BronchopneumoniaI-Bronchopneumonia
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II-Hypersensitivity II-Hypersensitivity pneumonitispneumonitis
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Tree – in – bud appearance Tree – in – bud appearance
Causes :Causes :
1.1. Endobronchial spread of Endobronchial spread of infection(bacteria,TB ,fungi)infection(bacteria,TB ,fungi)
2.2. Airway disease with Airway disease with infection(CF ,bronchiectasisinfection(CF ,bronchiectasis))
3.3. Mucous Mucous plugging(asthma ,ABPA)plugging(asthma ,ABPA)
4.4. BAC .BAC .
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I-Cystic fibrosis I-Cystic fibrosis
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II-Air way infectionII-Air way infection
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III-Pseudomonas III-Pseudomonas bronchopneumoniabronchopneumonia
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III-Increased lung opacityIII-Increased lung opacity
Consolidation.Consolidation. Ground Glass opacification Ground Glass opacification
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Consolidation causes. Consolidation causes.
Acute Symptoms:Acute Symptoms:– PneumoniaPneumonia– Pulmonary Pulmonary
edema,He.edema,He.– ARDSARDS
Chronic Chronic Symptoms :Symptoms :– Chronic eosinophilic Chronic eosinophilic
pneumoniapneumonia– BOOPBOOP– Interstitial Interstitial
pneumoniapneumonia– Lipoid pneumonia.Lipoid pneumonia.– BACBAC
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Consolidation-I-Chronic Consolidation-I-Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: eosinophilic pneumonia:
multifocal,patchy subpleural multifocal,patchy subpleural areas of consolidationareas of consolidation
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II-BOOP:patchy GG opacity in II-BOOP:patchy GG opacity in peribronchial distribution. (Here peribronchial distribution. (Here post transplant graft versus host post transplant graft versus host
disease)disease)
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Ground Glass Opacity Ground Glass Opacity causescauses
Acute Symptoms :Acute Symptoms :– Pulmonary edema, Pulmonary edema,
He.He.– Pneumonia.Pneumonia.– DADDAD– AIPAIP– Acute Acute
Hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity pneumonitis.pneumonitis.
Chronic Symptoms :Chronic Symptoms :– NSIPNSIP– UIPUIP– DIPDIP– Hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity
pneumonitis.pneumonitis.– Alveolar proteinosis.Alveolar proteinosis.– Sarcoidosis.Sarcoidosis.– Lipoid pneumonia.Lipoid pneumonia.– BACBAC
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I-Pulmonary edemaI-Pulmonary edema
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II-CMV infection:GG opacities II-CMV infection:GG opacities with centrilobular noduleswith centrilobular nodules
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III-Pneumocystis carinii III-Pneumocystis carinii infectioninfection
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IV-Hypersensitivity IV-Hypersensitivity pneumonitispneumonitis
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Crazy-paving patternCrazy-paving pattern Combination of GG Combination of GG
opacity with interlobular opacity with interlobular septal thickening.septal thickening.
Non specific.Non specific. Causes Causes :: PCP , viral PCP , viral
pneumonia ,edema , pneumonia ,edema , hemorrhage ,ARDS .hemorrhage ,ARDS .
If chronic lung disease it If chronic lung disease it is often :alveolar is often :alveolar proteinosis proteinosis
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Alveolar ProteinosisAlveolar Proteinosis
Fine reticular pattern + GG opacityFine reticular pattern + GG opacity
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IV-Decreased lung opacity and IV-Decreased lung opacity and cystic lesions .cystic lesions .
1.1. Emphysema Emphysema (centrilobular ,(centrilobular ,panlobular ,parpanlobular ,paraseptal )aseptal )
2.2. Mosaic Mosaic perfusion.perfusion.
3.3. Air trapping .Air trapping .
4.4. Lung cysts .Lung cysts .
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I-Centrilobular EmphysemaI-Centrilobular Emphysema
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II-Panlobular EmphysemaII-Panlobular Emphysema
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III-Paraseptal Emphysema III-Paraseptal Emphysema
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Lung cysts –causes Lung cysts –causes
Common Common causes :causes :– BullaeBullae– Honeycombing.Honeycombing.– PneumatocekesPneumatocekes
..– Cystic Cystic
bronchiectasis.bronchiectasis.– Cysts in Cysts in
hypersensitivty hypersensitivty pneumonitispneumonitis
Uncommon:Uncommon: LymphangioleiomyLymphangioleiomy
omatosis.omatosis. LCHLCH TSTS Sjogren syndrome.Sjogren syndrome. LIPLIP PapillomatosisPapillomatosis
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I-Lymphangiomyomatosis I-Lymphangiomyomatosis
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II-LCHII-LCH
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Mosaic appearanceMosaic appearance causes :causes : Airway Disease:Airway Disease:
– Large air way Large air way (CF ,Bronchiectasis)(CF ,Bronchiectasis)
– Small air way Small air way (BOOP ,small air (BOOP ,small air way way infection ,mucous infection ,mucous plugging)plugging)
Vascular diseases :Vascular diseases :– Chronic PEChronic PE– vasculitisvasculitis
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Common Interstitial Common Interstitial lung diseaseslung diseases
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UIP/IPFUIP/IPF
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Reticular opacities, traction Reticular opacities, traction bronchiectasis + HCbronchiectasis + HC
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NSIP=GG opacities NSIP=GG opacities +reticulations +reticulations
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COP- Peribronchial COP- Peribronchial consolidations-GG opacity consolidations-GG opacity
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COP=Irregular nodular COP=Irregular nodular opacities opacities
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DIPDIP
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LIPLIP
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Golden rules for HRCT Golden rules for HRCT interpretation. interpretation.
Honeycombing with a basal and subpleural Honeycombing with a basal and subpleural redominance is highly suggestive of UIP.Lung biopsy redominance is highly suggestive of UIP.Lung biopsy is rarely performed when HRCT shows these findings.is rarely performed when HRCT shows these findings.
Concentric lower lobe GG opaity without Concentric lower lobe GG opaity without honeycombing suggests NSIP.In a patient with honeycombing suggests NSIP.In a patient with collagen vascular disease ,biopsy is uncommoly collagen vascular disease ,biopsy is uncommoly performed.performed.
Patchy or noular subpleural or peribronchial Patchy or noular subpleural or peribronchial consolidation is typical of COP.consolidation is typical of COP.
Cystic air spaces or GG opacity may represent LIP.LIP Cystic air spaces or GG opacity may represent LIP.LIP is usually associated with other diseases.is usually associated with other diseases.
Diffuse or centrilobular GG opacity in a smoker is Diffuse or centrilobular GG opacity in a smoker is typical of DIP or RB-ILDtypical of DIP or RB-ILD
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9 - MUNK PL, MULLER NL, MILLER RR, OSTROW DN. Pulmonary lymphangitic 9 - MUNK PL, MULLER NL, MILLER RR, OSTROW DN. Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis: CT and pathologic findings. Radiology 1988; 166: 705-709. carcinomatosis: CT and pathologic findings. Radiology 1988; 166: 705-709.
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