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Baku, Azerbaijan, 2015

PART B.

SOCIAL

SCIENCES AND

H U MAN ITIESVol. 7. No. 4.

July, 2015

INTERNATIONAL JOURNALOfACADEMIC RESEARCHVol. 7. No.4. Ju|y,2015, Part B

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART B. SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

Xt dlyono, Choirul SalehSOCIAL POLICY ON ERADICA'TING URBAN POVERTY A CASE HIGHLIGHTEO FROM INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Srr.n.h Klrrml, Flrooz S6dighlIHE EFFECTTVENESS OF USING CORRECTIVE FEEDAACK (A CASE STUDY IN EFL CONTEXT)

^ll xFblt

EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF 8lG OATA lN SUS]NESS ENVIRONMENTS: REVIEWEO STUOY

bi. Xlckb.kht, Kar.h Qad.ryIO COiIPARE THE SATISFACTION Of PHYSICALAND IVENTAL HEALTH STATUS OFELDERLY LIVING IN NURSING IIOMES, AND ELDERLY LIVING IN A FAMILY

Rthin Qorbanl, Fariba RashidiROI.E AND EFFECT OF THE IMPLANTATION OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ONORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMUN ICATION AND INFORi'qTloN TECHNOLOGYPART OF ANSAR BANK (The su^€y of the hoadquarters of Ansar Bank)...... ..... 26

32

39

43

57

65

71

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11

16

..86

91

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Iot amm.d Lotrl,I\aarge! Ha$.li Ior.dl, Frrhld FathlmiDENTIFY AFFECT$IG FACTORS ON CUSTOMER LOYALTY OF INSURANCE COMPANY IN TEHFIAN CIIY ., . ,,,

F.t rD.h lloh.bbit r, Seyod Abba.. HorillnlDENTIFICATON OF SOClAL RESPONSIALIY FACTORS FOR PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT IN ENTERPRISES

THE NATURE OF THE SOUL, FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF KHAJEH NASIR, ANDCOTIPARING fT WIIH FAKHR RAZTS VIEWPOINT

Yoir..f loh.mm.di Moghad.m, Sogol A:.dch, Abolqhas.rn D.llho.h K$m.i.}IVESTIGATE THE EFFECTING FACTORS ANO BEING AFFECIEO ON ORGANIZATIONALCYNrcISM IN IRAN!{N OIL PROOUCTS OISTRIBUTION NATIONAL COMPANTS EMPLOYEE

&riy.mlnP€RSONAL ANO PEDAGOGrcAL COT'PETENCIES FOR TEACHERPERFORMANCE USING STRUCTURAL EOUATION I\4OOELING 82

Zrlrn Poorzmenl, Raaam Akbar!ACOMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF COMPETITION IN PRODUCT MARKET ONABNORMALI.EVETS OF PRODUCTION EXPENSES AND DISCRETIONARY EXPENSES.,.,,

B.mbrng Eudl WlyonoEFFECT OF LEARNING EI.IVIRONMENT, llAAlT, AND MOTIVATION ON STUDENT'S ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

2*n Poor:.m.nl, X.rnideh Ghol.d AlgluglTHE EFFECT OF O,VNERSHIP STRUCTURE ON INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL EFFICIENCY

EnLLn. Qarl€rhiTHE FORMS OF VIOLENCE IN THE LTTERATURE OF COMMTJNIST AIAANN

Atnk Namltotahi, AbolfazlJatar Ooll KhrnlTEGAL NATURE OF GOVERNMENT'S RELATION WITH PUALrc PROPERTIES IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

^Out Am.n, B.mb.ng Wldiana ootok

EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION FOREIGN OWNERSHIP ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OFEANK INOONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE USING FIXED EFFECT MODEL

I.(.lllrhGs.ini,ll.H.Anlnnali,Alk..r Dol.fk.r, M.V. AsadiAN hIVESTIGATION ON ETERNALTTY OF HEL!ISH ONES AASED ON HUO SURAH

S€yy.d tlahdl Joula.€REvIE\rv THE STATUS OF SOCIqL IRUST (Case study ot Dist icl 1 end 19 ofTeh€n CM

Ady Polho.no, Ru3diN. Hldayat. B.mb.ng wldjana.ko otolIiiOOERATING REGIONAL TAx REGULATION ON SERVICE OUALITYTO TAXPAYERS COMPLIANCE USING PARTIAL LEAST SQUARE... .

Allaoh.mmd Ghaderl, Moghd.d J.hromi, abbai S.lshit rdTHE IMPORTANCE OF STRATEGIC FOCUS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE,ALIGNMENT PROJECTS TH€ PROJECT-DRIVEN ORGANlzATONS,,,.., ,..,... ., ...., . ,,,,,,,

l3

Xon. A..l.mn6i.d, B.hj.t Yazdth.3tlSOCIoTOGICAL ANALYSIS OF READING HAETTS FOCUSING ON

hrLza Xrlroor, V.hld GhraamlRANIAN POLITIC L CULTURE ORIEMTATION: APPLYING TESSLER AND GAO'S TH€ORY OFPOLfircAL CULTURE ORIENTATON IN IF'ANIAN CONTEXT (FOCUSING ON RASHT CIIY) ,,,, ,,.,.,, .,,,,,

I.hdl Sal.hlCONCEPT OF CUSTOOY IN PRINCIPLES OF JURISPRUOENCE AND 1AW..,,,

I!il. Rrl!|, Abdolhossoln Barr€g..r.d.hPRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OBJECTIONS TOIHE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT.,, , .

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAT o/ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 7. No. 4. July,2015

Mohamm.d R.r. N.j., Ab.dl PoorTHE ROLE OF INTERNAIIONAL NGOS IN INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION ,,,, ,., ,, , ...,.......,,,..Gun.war SuryoputroIMPROVING EFL STUDENTS' READNG COMPREHENSON THROUGHCOHESIVE DEVICES ANDWEBBING INSTRUCTIONS .,,.,..,,.,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,...,,

lhdb Sh.h..y.rl Ohogh.rl, Alolhd JrhrlholtrhtnlMECHANISMS OF REALEATON OF JURIOICAL SECURTT'Y IN IRAN ADMINISTFdATIVE LAW

Mloof.r M.l.k, S... Sot.nlSTUDYING APPROPRIATE PRINCIPLES TO DESIGN A TRAINING CENTER FORTREATM€NT OF AUTISTIC CBILOREN {Case study: City Of Shiraz)............. ....... . . .

M.Appala R.luAPPLICATION OF VALUE BASED FINANCIAL MEASURES TO IMPROVE CORPORATEGOVERIIANCE lN INOIA: EVIDENCETHROUGH RANDOi.I EFFECTS MODEL..

Cunali OkluzINVESTIGATING PRE.SERVICE TEACHERS PERCEPTIONS' ON THE USE OFWEBOUEST IN INSTRUCTION

Lely lndah llhd.ni, Siti RochmahTHE IMPLEMENTATON OF 6OOD GOVERNANCE IN THE PLACEMENTPROCESS OF WOtt€N oOMESTIC MIGRANT WORKERS OVERSEAS .......... ..... ..

Al,a S.utlnr.lnn. Xopyt.ich, kin. Liuban€trSELF.PRESERVING BEHAVIOR AS A TYPE OF OEMOGRAPHICBEHAVIOR

Amir E3hreti, R.mln l{rrllrlPROVIOING A NEW METHOD TO IMPROVE DODAF ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTUREAASED ON OATA.DRIVEN APPROACH TO LOCALZATloN... ,...-,, ,,,,,,,,,, --.,,. ,,,,..,, ,

Farhad Mohtmm.dl .jad, Soyyed Mohammad Razl M6tat vlNia, Ahmad Mohamnadi Nojad pashakiHEROIC INSTANCES IN LYRICS ANTARAH IBN SHADDAO AND ABU FIRAS AL,HA]\4OANI,

Foroogh Et.h.dl,sh.hrrm Pourd.lhkni, tl.mld R.zr Shrrt,THE IMPACT OF OFFICE TYPE ON ACOUSTIC OUALITY. PRIVACY AND INTERACTION IN MUNICIPALfi BUILDINGS

Vcyssl Okcu, .hnt.t Srblr C.vlk, Irman B.I.cRELATION BETWEEN THE OROANIZATIONAL JUSTICE PERCEPTION ANOWORK ALIENATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS..... ...... ......,.. .

Yadoll.h T.riv.rdl, Aad.h ShrhmohammrdiTHE EFFECT OF OIVNERSHIP STRUCTURE OF THE RELATIONSHP FREE CASH FLOW (FCf)ANO COI/PANY GROWTH

F.rlz Tah.r, XltBRANO EOUITY, BRANO PERSONALITYAND BRAND PRESTIGE ON CUSTOMERWILLINGNESS ANO INFLUENCING THE BRAND REPURCHASE.......,,.,.,,.,,..

.14!

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169

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r84

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Nur Hid.yahCOGNITIVE.BEHAVIORALCYAERCOUNSELING TO IIiIPROVE JUNORHIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS' SELF.REGULATED LEARNING ,,, ,,,,,,.,.,, -Parv.n.h G.l.rd. Zohrlh Ar.blEXAMINE THE RELATONSHIP BETWEEN LEAOERSHIP STYLE ANO JOB SATISFACTION OFEITPLOYEES {Cas€ Study: SocialWdlar€ Org3nization- n6adquarte.s)..... .... ..

llohamm.d R.:. Rr.hlmpourEUTHANASIA, ISLAMIC VIEWSAND N THE WORLD,., . ,, , ....,.

Ahmet N.Eulgurcuo€lu. Yu.uf Cen, lllustafa Erol, Abdurrah.rlen K.pogGENERAL PROCRASTINATION BEHAVIOUR ATTTTUOES OF STANBULOIRECTORATE OF YOITTH SERVICES ANO SPORTS PERSONNEL .,

lu

luohammad Ra:a RohlmpourHUMAN RGHTS EDUCATION, HUMAN SECURITY,

S€yycd ahdlS.lrhiTHE VALIOIIY OF OFFICIAL OOCUMENIS IN IRAN LAW . . .. ,,,,, . ... ..., , ., , ,,,,.,,.,,,Hekan Ac.r. Ertrt futlunLEVEL OF VIOIENCE SUAJECTON OF BOARDING ELEMEMIARY SCHOOLSTUDENTSSln.n Cellkbll.k Oc.v uLrlmoolu. Mlhm.t O.lll,l{ur.t Edordu. H.mltClh.n, €rhan EIk l€mlrANAI.YSIS OF THE GOALS SCOREO ON FIFA 2OI4WORLO CUPIN TERMS OF SOME TECHNICAL PARAMETERS

H.nz.lo PiranlCOMPARATIVE COMPARTSON BETWEEN THE POWER AND INFLUENCE OFTHE QUEEN OF UNITED KINGDOM AND THE KING OF JAPAN , , ,. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,

ldrlt Palarai, J.malud.lln AhmadEFFECT OF WORXING AEILITYAND MOTryATON PERFORMANCE OT EMPLOYEES THEPARKS DEPARTMENT ANO HYG]ENE MAKASSAR IN SOUTH SULAWESI PROVINCE

Moh.mmad Ta16bi, Uoh.mm.d AliShahrabadi. lbrahim U.lck Fr...niCRIMINAL LAW ANO CRIMINOLOGY INVESTIGATION OFUNOER THE SUPERVISION ACCUSED IN IRANIAN LAW 2AO

285287

4 I PART B. SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

II{SIRUC]IONS FOR AUTHORS ,

ooLLlFLaRocoNTeLlxAT . .......... ....

ISSN: 2075-4124

INTERNATIONAL.,OURNAL ol ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 7. No.4. July,2015

SOCIAL POLICY ON ERADICATING URBAN POVERTYA CASE HIGHLIGHTED FROM INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

f ardlyono' Choirul Saleh

Senior Lecture oI Administrative Science Faculty, Universily of Brawijaya', Malang (INDONESIA)

E-mails: mardiyono@ub.ac id. choirulsaleh@ub ac'id

DOI:. 1 O -7 I13l2O7 5'4124 201517'4lB 1

Received: 01 MaY, 2015Acceqted: 16 Jun, 2015

ABSTRACT

one of the social policies is addressing concem lo poverly in developing countries as general phenomenon lhal easy

to find out. Although there ar6 exist close relaiion between .ural and urban poverty, the last given more thal mosl discussed

;;;;";-;r;y, th-en the second part hightighls scope ot urban poticy that historically connected to urban development,

access to shelter and basic services, The tliird part discusses on urban lives, especially access to thek survival strategy.

;;ril;;a ;;"tyr;" g"vemment cha enge in combaring urban poverty and srrategy to appty social urban policy. There are

three cruciat probtemi facea by urban poverty at larg;, i.e. system ol adequale living standard. capacity lo gel job with

,J"qu"r" in"Jr" ""rning,

and home environm;ntal sa;itation standard lncome gap become worse and worry us over time

anaiecessarif, attracts ;ocial poticy that pro poor not be designed by the governmenl for the interest of its own' The design

of social policy to solve such social_problems can be executeJ by the govemment through a variety of prog.am. Problem of

p*i""",i*uiirion in u,ban area can be sotved by the companion assistance of non government organization-

Key words: urban poverty' policy, slum area

l INTRODUCTION

ln this paper il wi be discussed about social Policy which supposed to be applied lo overcome city problems,

"rp*iariv piour:eni. tt

"t inter-retated with urban poverty. This paper wjll consisted in four main anatyses. First, it discusses

ullui tnu tor,""pt. which olten used in urban stuaies. secono, it wi discuss about urban policy area which historically

intenelated with urban development, access to shelter as well as basic services Third, it dascusses about urban life, include

j"i-i" "r"iy """t",

tr"t reachable by urban cili2en, such as what needs to be done by urban citizen 1o survive. Finally, it'di"crsses ibort gouernmenl challenges to cope with urban poverty and applies urban social policy, which in the end it will

be able to conclude which policy that could work if it is applied in wide Nations-

2. URBAN POVERTY GROWTH

PoverlyindevelopingNationsiscommonphenomenontohappen'Althoughactuallytherewasre|alively.strongcoarelalion beiween poverty-in rural area and poverty in urban area, however urban poverly gains more alteniion in

intemational social p;licy agenda. The cause of urban poverty growttr which commonly happened sporadically slspected. as

tt" i"irft "f

,J* i"pia de-vetopment of centrals induitry. Wtriih cause a group of people approach to lhe central industrv'

Ttreeffectofthesepeoplemovementwilllringupurbanpoorcizencommunily,ThepolicyloovercomeurbanpoveriyisJten not t"r"a on sociat poverty in urban aia characteristic comprehension end the process which come along urban

pir".tv tn"ii" pr"""""" of social ;xclusron ln lhis situation, governmenl conmitmenl lo overcome poverly in urban areas is

Leing iested. One ol ttre best way is ro aim at poor cilizen wh; acually have capital. such as social cepital- By giving capital

io po'oi"iiir"n to u" "nrrepreneur,

therefore government chances to overcome poverty can ptocede optimally'

2.1. Urban Poverty ContextThe citeria of poverty is an important matter that mLrst be decided before making social policy in purpose lo aim

uru"n poo, "iir"n.

fr,"ie crtteria consisi or iwo main parl, which is quantitatively r_elaled to population or the quantity of poor

"irir""l""i +"rit"rir"iv cfiteria which is standard or para$eter to define urban titeslyle, to group a family 3s a poor one or

itre opposite.'even tnough this policy generalty applied, but there some weakn€ss often found in these urbsn poverty crileria

ai"-riiin"tion. in "r"rpie

tfris numerti apptiiitdri of criterion have high variation between Nations so fiat il s diflicuh lo set

intemationat iatio. Furthermore, ctassification of city limit which sometimes bturry, whether one area has been include in

urban area. or just hinterland or sub_urban.

' 2.2. Uoaniratlon and Urban GrowthDavis [q mentions lhat demographic critenon lor urban citizen were minimum 20000 people; whereas 100000

peopte used to iatt one area as uroan, bavis also argues lhal urbanization can,be defined as a process and measure'

Lal"ir"ii"" is as a process involving the ro!,ttt in aoJolute terms thal has a number of people living in urban areas while

urbanization ifl th€ context ot the measure"is rn terms of lhe proporton ot lhe nalional population of people ]iving in urban

areas.TherealesomegeneralpiclurestobegainedbyfocUsingonlhreekeystatislics:first.lheUrbanpopUlationiSthe

number of people living in urban areas anJ erp[s.ec rn',atsotulslerms second, the proportion of total population living in

,o"" "uLi-pJt*"r"fi",

and the third is the number of people living in urban areas absolutely- -- -

6asea on stuo]es conducted ;n Beiiing china, tt can be con;luded thal urban growlh is dependenl on increasing lhe

qu"litv oJlt" n"tui"i resources located in'ur_ban areas, where these naturat resources are able to support th€ production

process,

ls

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAT o/ ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 7. No. 4. July,2015

Urbanizalion is a process of social mobility impacts of urban poverty. Desire to approach a group of peopte meansthe industry will lead 1o lhe patterns of dense urban settlement but shabby. The trend of urbanization lo urban areas wiitmake the area left retarded, while the a.ea designaled as a point of urbanization witl be an area of hiqh denslly tevels.Predictable, high population densily will creale further problems such as crime, land disputes, and can not be unequaldevelopment which would better accommociate lhe urban community. This makes long-team problems, namely unevendevelopment within a country.

2.3. Megapolitan CltyLargest cities in the world have historically shown that lhis city is a city lhal has a large,scale industry. Berry [2] look

al a phenomenon that a mega city in lhe world will reach a poinl where they will cease lo increase the population of thepopulation of his town, or even decline ;n the poputation of lhe caty, as happened in the c;ty of Tokyo. The concept ol megacities contains the notion of a cily that has a very high population density, and likely does not make sense when compared iothe ratio of lhe area and the people who inhabit the region. Mega city has a very high density, and urban probtems lhal havefollowed. Mega cities in general are in third world countries as well as the city became the cenler of the industry. The datashowed thal Tokyo remains lhe world's mega ciljes froh 1995 lo 2015, while cities in lndaa such as l\rumbai and Catcu[a areestimated lo b6 the new mega citjes in the lulure-

2.4. Understanding Urban Poverlyln 1950, there is an opinion of Roslow [3] who believed that urban poverty is something that is only lemporary. ln

olher words, when a country takes ofl, poverty will disappear by itself. This opinion has challenged- Lewis (4) states thatmarginal group are indeed perpetualing cultures of poverty.

Changes in the fluctuating world economy increase the burden of the cities jn developing countries. Governments olcities in these counlries lo shape policies that are lhen ease the burden of the slate in the face ot global economic blow. As aresult, the nature of the urban population that is inlegrated in lhe economic system in cash to make a lot oI the urbanpopulation suffered tom the city government's policies. Policies lake removal o, subsidies on fuel, making many smattindustries lo close, so lhat unemployed workers those who are unemployed and previously came from lhe village isovedooked by lhe city, where lhey a.e lhen considered as a marginal urban groups.

Urban poverly in general, always involves the phenomenon of social exclusion, nemely lhe neglect by lhegovernmenl on lhe actual group must be assisled, because they had minimal access to the products of developmenl. Foaexample, urbanization is the workers who move Irom villages to cilies to become labo.ers in lhe fields ot industry, lhen thereshould be coniern for the survival of these workers. However, in praclice the workers who came from lhis village are nornore considered as municipal waste. As a resull, lhere was the government's exclusion of lheir city. For example. femaleworkers were denied access to heallh services because they can nol aflord to pay; the children were not allowed to attendurban schools, and olhers. The resull was structural poverty in these families that do not allow lhem to mobility, because inorder to improve ihek living standards. they have closed access.

There are some lilerature thal says that the marginal urban areas are ollen characterized by physicalfeaturesi ihepoor dwelling, dwelling house that is nol feasible, as well as family income resulting erratic family members ollen experiencehunger based on Pryer and Cook [4]- While Nick Devas I5l a sociologist and economist nationals lndia staled that rn a studyin urban Mumbai, then the poor in Mumbai ofte. forced lo pay higher rents in a reg;on compared with thal deived from lhehlgher strata, although the region they are actually the same rent. This relates to the posilion of marginelily o{ the poor,where lhey once had access lo less protectjon or securaty from the police, so they musl accept lhese anjuslices.

Eased on the approach used lo undersland povealy, then lhere are two core approaches are often used tounderstand the problems of poverty in urban areas. The tjrst approach is an approach that comes from wilhin individuals, theconcerns aboul the internal condition of the individual being unable to avoid poverty. Understanding of poveriy wilh such anapproach often used in theories of modernizalion; which among others are said to bei Pathological poveriy or povertycaused by tho b€havior, life choices fatalistic, and the absence of the ability of the poor in order to rise from poverty itself.Natural poverty, or poverty caused by family education. Cultural poverly or poverly due to thei. culture and daily life is infavor of poor lileslyle.

The second approach to poverty, otten used in the Marxist-bas€d theories. This approach understands that poveiyis caused by many externalfactors, or due and actions caused by another person- Poverty ia this approach can be dividedinto lhree big parls, that is: Poverly agencies: the poverty caused by the action of individuals or groups ot individuals whodeliberately impoverishing olhers- Slructural Poverty: slates that the cause of poverty is the resull of socisl structures-Poverty caused by social exclusion or poverly which stales that lhe poverly of a group was deliberately impoverished by thesystem.

Based on his understanding of the poverty, social exclusion due to poverty only which does not allow for mobilitystatus. One of the hot issues of social exclusion in tha open is what happened 10 lhe Dalil community in lndia. Dalit is agroup lhat is not considered a parl of the caste system in lndia, so that their position is lower than the Sudra casle Thrs isbecause lhe Brahmin (highest caste in lndia) considers that being a Dalit human karma incurred in lhe pasl because of theDalils is believed lo come from lhe descendants of the gianls who do evil in the past, and to achieve nirvana one day, thenthey should be severely punished in the world. As a consequence of the Dalils have to fetch water from springs ihel aresdparate ,rom thal used by other community members. They can be soverely punished if dared raise his head, wearing thelypical names of otFer castes, and caste dare to marry anolher. They also must occrrpy a seal on the bus that had beenprepared for the Da,it, where seats are separaled by other castes, Dalit groups are often the vicljms of the many acls ofviolence in lndia, especially rape, forcible taking of organs, lorture, and forced the amputation cases Dalit children; whereafter Dalit children are forced to be beggar- Thjs vioience is actually a real violent and frequenl, but police are reluctant lorecord and deal wilh cases affecling Dalits because the police could be involved in it.

Remarkable discriminalion against ihe Dalit community is getting a lol of support and inlernalional allention beganearly in 1990 and became a hol issue in the World Conference in Ourban, South Africa 2001 againsl racial discriminationand xenophobia and other inlolerance. According to Human Rights Watch in New York, at least 100,000 alrocities, includingmurder and rape occur every year againsl the Dalit group, Dalit communities are discriminaled against for cenluries as agroup that can not be touched from the Hindu caste system in lndia.

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2.5. Urban Poverty Characleristics.Beall identified th;t there are three main issues of concern in urban poverty, namelyi decent standard of living

s)6tems, the ability to obtain employment with a decent income, and sanilalion standards in which they live. Margin3lity and

maginatization process was originally developed in Lalin America between the years 196G1970. Slrucluralism and

h&ualistic approach is used to explain the phenomenon solve new problems of urban poverty as a consequence of ihe

m6$ve migralion from rural to urban areas, and important changes in the sttucture of production. ,,ccording to the

slnrcturatism approach (based on the Marxist theory of exploilalion), marginality is the result ol capitalism While lheindivUuatistic app.oach focusing on individual behavior and the deviation of values in modern society ol the city.

Maginalizalion is also caused by a lack oI poliiical participation.

Concentration of wealth, industry organizalions, and increasing economic and social disparilies have crealed a

dualstic society, namety those wilh the power of political Economy, as well as those who rejected due to shorlcomings (like

lack d access io incom; and assets). Sunkel [6] argue that lirnited access to means of production and discrimination (social

cultural, racial, and political) are two majo. causes of marginalizalion. ln general, lhere are lwo lypes of povetly, the poverty

lhal show a minimum .onihty in"or" required to meet all the basic needs ol individuals and lhe poverty line which allows

onty basic food needs of the lndividuat. Thus, the measure of poverty can be seen from lhe proportion of population below

thai|lcome poverty tine ot 1 USD per day. By this measure, it is quite severe income inequality in developing counlries;

whe.e il caused more severe poverty in rural villages than in cities.The root cause the alarming income gap over time, not only because oI economic factors {low wages), but also lhe

s6ial structure, ethnic djfferences, unequal distribution of properly ownership and education gap. Ethnic and racial

inequdilies aiso become one of the reasons foa difteaences in income. Ethnic diversily lead to slower economic growth of

poverty with the assurnplion: the existence of distrusl belween ditferent ethnic discrimination public services lo diflerenl

ethnc. ethnic minorities tend to be tower mobility compared to other social grouPs, so that limited their access 10 income

oppoafunities, goods and service, minority ethnic groups may be more suffer from social discriminalion and economic policies

designed by government which is onlyconcerned with lhe interests ot socialgroups.

3. HOUSING AND AASrc AMENITIES

A growing trend of social poticies abroad, always try to aim for housing as a means of alleviating pove(y This is

because tliere is a kind of apron. that if a city has decent houses for the poor, the cily is said lo be a successful urban

poverly population. ln addilion, every life thal comes from home, becoming a sorl of reason why lhe housing program in

soclaf pofii, has always been the underdog in a program of social policy- Olher reasons, the government in developing

countr;es nive a polici idea to fottow the policies in developed countries are very concerned about the condilion of housing

resid€nts, including sa;itation, urban transport, heatth services and educaiion. Thus, the housing policy is closely linked to

poverly reduction in urban areas.

3.1. Circle ot PovertY ReduclionHousing and basic aervices is one of the most important thing in sociat welfare policy. The house, which is a

residentialfacitiiy must heve a high level of hygiene, because of the house can be seen f.om the population's health. For the

poor, the heatthi house is also b;neficiat. Because, if they are rarely sick, then the.expenditure is used fo. health care can

Le prassed as hara as possible. The house can atso be used for the workplace. so thal an economy can be slarted from the

buibers oI the house. Finally, the reason why the houses were targeled in.development policies are imporlant, because

home is where private ownership, a place to burld sell esleem, where the educalion of children from infancy, as well as a

ptace to build ;n intimale retationship and communication fellow members. There is some tendency residence Bealls

concefi, namely residential housing in the area oI Muslims who have a tendency to separate the space in between the men

and women. Then resident in south Asian countries are still adhered to live with exlended family system Some of thern,

especia y the poor need housing policy because sometimes thei. sanitalion is jnadequale housing can lead lo diseases

caus€d by bacteria due lo poor sanilation, such as choleraln 199t, in peru had a cholera epidemic in which lhe epidemic is cdppling the tourism seclor one billion dollar loss

circuitry_ Sallerhwaite [7] estimates that in 1990 there are 600 million people in urban areas such as Lalin America. Africa

and Asia live in housinglhat does not have adequale health standa.ds. This resulted in al least 2.6 billion people died Irom

the contamination of w;ter based on UNDP I8l. Olher areas are also not escaped the attenlion of Beall, namely the counAies

of Asia in ihe third world, for example in th; ;ity of N,lumbai in lndia. Countries thal fo,low the caste system has a level of

social exctusion are very high, which can be seen in the Dalit community- Most of them live on the streel. This is what is felt

by B€alls as a group is in ;esperate need of housing facilities- Not much differenl kom Mumbai, lndia; then there are the

H;g Kong boa-t people phen;menon. Govemment had budgeted cheap,lats in orde. to overcome this problem, but the

apaiment; turned into a ;undown apartment. The gap also occurs in Karachi Pakistan, which is 40 percent of city residents

tive in urban housing with a size of 2x3 square meiers per family. Thus, it can be concluded that the Lrrban poor' to pay more

to get the facilities ;d inlrastructure aitable in urban areas, but not matched wilh a decent qualily of life. Stephens [9] says

lhat'lhe urban poor, to pay more to have cholera "

' 3.2- Housing PolicyThe findhgJof UNbHC / Habitat [10] states lhat 30-60 percent ol housing units about some of the towns in the

soulh who illegal\;mostly inhabiled by ref;gees. In addition lo breaking the rules of land ownership' the buildjng lhey are in

conflict with applicable laws.Guarantee housing for residents suspeclecl lo be an indication lhal the government in a city runs a successrul social

polby program. Turner Il il suggested an approach to housing poticy' There are several approaches thal he used' amoflg

ltt "i"

it )in" iir.t "pproacn

to ttousing poticy, calted lhe self-hetp Housing or housing organizalions. Government s€l a large

pi*" oi ir"""nt t"nd, "nd

connect witi pubtic infrastructure, which the governmenl subsequently sold the residential plols to

titizens wittr a fairty cheap to buitd their own citizens then living according to what they wanl. The disadvantage, since mosl

land is nol used fo; housing ctose to indusirial sources, it is usually of poor people will be reluctant to utilize the lacilities of

t*s trousing. (2) The sec;nd approach to housing poiicy is the co'e housing (Core House)' Similarly' the concept oI

economies -of

itas or apartments, ihen the core is a residential housing built close to induskial sources, lhen cerlainlv more

oxpensive, is certainly the poor can not afford these housing facilities (3) Upgrading of housing policy approach' The

l7

addition of a means of supporting the housing is much more suitable as a healthy place lo live is calted upgrading. Recentirends of housing policy implemented by lhe government further developed the system upgrading. This is because thesystem is more economica, upgrading of government budgel allocations. The downside, upgrading is aimed at targeting thepoor who aheady have homes, thus, only ceriain people who can enjoy upgrading facilities. The olher downside of upgradingthe p€ople who occupy land illegally helped his home occasionally improved faciliti€s and infrastructure, and thus lhalegilimacy of the status of the land to be doubted.

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3.3. Basic Needs ServicesBasic service of lhe most popular program is the provis on of clean water is one of lhe social policies implemenled by

the governmenl. Clean water is clos€ly relaled to environmental sanilation. is a very important thing to support the communalhealth. Mar Oel Pleta lnlernalional Conference and the Opening of the lnternationalSanilation. Some delegaiions from NewDelhi proclaimed thal simple targets such as "healthy water for all.' Furthermore, a conlerence in Dublin revealed that wateris lhe source of all sources ot lile, including economic resources. lf public health is mainlained, then the government wouldbe easier lo implemenl other policies to the poor. The Government, in ils efforts to meet and support the sociat policyp.ogram, then lhe government has a new method; the holding of non-governmental organizaljons (NGOS) to assist in theimplemenlation o{ social policy- NGO task is lo bridge levels oI local communilies and government spokesman made theparties neglected or experiencing social exclusion or marginalization of groups within a society, so they can gel up and getaccess to one of lhe services of governm€nt policy.

Use of privale companies involved in helping the government policy, somelimes inviting a number of probtems.Privetization of enterprises are not fully accountable to the people they ser!€. Thus, the commitmeflt of private companies ismuch different lhan the government's commitmenl. Batley, [12]- NGO involvement is quite successful, even with all this,some workload related to environmental sanitation, hindered by the gov€arnment. As examples, such as Aorangi Pilol ProjectNGO located in Karachi Pakistan- They help the sanitation program, bul had difficully connecting with lhe sewer slstem is amajor sanitation in urban areas. This is because local governmenls do not allow lhe sanilalion program on the grounds thattoo much will it cost. Barriers experienced by other NGO is, lhe nalure of social NGOs, sometimes considered the needs ofgovernmenl lor a profit. NGOs conduct sanilalion usually also asked the government to eliminate lhe means of basic needs,while on lhe other hand, the government also needs to fund basjc infraslruclure maintenance. Thus, )t is if both parties do nolhave a defeatisl, a meeting point between them can never come to fruition.

4. URBAN LIVELIHOODS

One of the main causes of poverty is scarcity of jobs. Jobs for urban communilies concepiualized only in jobs thatare formel. More than that, lhe iob may actually be interpreted as an effort that aims to earn income so they can make endsmeel. ln lhis chapter will explain what the policy could generale income for the urban poor, which will consjst ot two mainparts. The first pa( of lhe informal economy lorward, while lhe second part relates lo the stralegies of inlormal relalionshipswith social security.

4.1. How to G€t lncomeChanges lo lransform the economy into the global system of employmenl oppcrtunities in urban areas lend lo be

located. Global econornic syslem is then urged a number of corporations to save big-scale of the cosis oI production. ln theend, there is a demend for workers by providing a system to calculate the employment contracl to workers, so thal lhiscondition is likely to increase unemployrhent by a very large number.

Harl [13] has led the ILO employment mission to Ghana and Kenye- Hart then concluded that in a business, il takesan altemative of economic enterprises which he called lhe informal economic seclor- Crucial lhings that must be nurtur€d inorder to develop the informal economy include: ease of access to open businesses, cooperalives that provade assistance toa business by providing sort loans wilh interest, the use of natural resources as well as adjustmenls to the conditions andneeds of local people, the workers worked intensively although lhe numbers were few, the use of skills can be acquiredoutside the formal school, low-interest loan capilal, as well as lhe use of labor from family or relatives.

Many people considered lhal the people who work in the informal sector is a collection oI work performed by a groupof people who become unemployed due lo not having a job. Therefore. social policy at present trying to develop a policy thatga!€ rise to the crealive economy, the policies that make the informalsector as valuable and as important as formal sectoremployment,

For the governmeni and NGOS, il is netessary lo establish informal sector is the presence of social capital. Socialcapital is the baslc things lhat have met or possessed by the poor who cafl not afford lo build lheir businesses due lo havingno assets. Furthermore, social capital is considered more powerful because the djstribution oI social capital is morefavorable to the poor than lhe other, investment in building social capilal will be useful in poverly reduclion strategiesbecause social capital is returned to the poor wouid be more beneficial.

4.2. Addition ol lncome S!pport policyGranting legal status to lhe informal seclor is e way of empowering the informal sector Thus the main ideas

cantained Hernando desoto in The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism lriumphs in the Wesl and Fails Everywhere Else.According to deSoto, the informal sector is economic activitythat is outside the legal economic system, not protected by law,and wlnerable to exploilalion of those who have formal and informal power. De Soto argues thet informal workers a.e abunch of dynamic entrepreneurs in their elforls to improve living standards, which unlorlunately is often blocked byburdensome government regulalions. Based on his research in L,ma, De Soto believes that the inlormal seclorenlrepreneurs who turned oul to have high sAength, able to build inslitutions of democracy and market economic order lhatis not discriminatory.

Difficullies of the approach used 1o implement a policy for informal entrepreneurs are related to struclural problems.lnlormal sector is alweys regarded as relaling to people who are in poverty, so thal the treatments ihey receive ollen haveinjLrstice. Dala collection problems identifi€d number of informal enkepreneurs sometimes make the governmentimplemented a policy lhat is nol aavorable for informal entrepreneurs. Privatization of public land to land the business oftenmake informal sector workers are accused of a worker who is not adjuslable and disturbing public order, althol,gh in lact thebiggest mistake lhe government is, do not build adequate inlrastruclure as an area of informal workers lo earn a living foa

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ITItnNAIIONAL JOURNAL o/ ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 7. No. 4. luly, 2015

tnlernational Labor Organization (tLO) has established 3 policy that aims lo suppo.l the inlormal business sector.

TIE slategy used is to apply-the poticy to move trade businesses with a sofl loan f.om the World Bank. Trade seclor is

slccasfuti, moving the anformat sector in third worid countries, such as lhe Philippines, lndonesia, and Thailand The next

sbpa hoUing an NGO (Non Golernment Organization) in urban areas. NGO is a legal duty to prolecl and provide guidance

ot'ilma riorkers. For exampls. oentoring programs are AOOPEM contained in th€ Dominican Republic that provides

cardlg to the regulation of business, calculation, and th€ procedures rdating to the issue ol the Bank; then there is also

Itre Sef Employed Women's Unioa who are in lndia are on a mission assistance in lerms of banking procedures for informal

sedr, heattir insurance, protection against domestic violence, as well as legal protection for inlormal workers Although lhe

NOO b a small body, but al leasl be an inspiralion for the proteclion oI informal sector workers'

4.3. Social Networks, Social Security, and Social ChangeSystem rrf urban life not only compiled from a variety of activities to make the production process, but more than lhat:

we need a social network thal works to support the marketing and expansion efforts in urban communities Life social

fledx/st started from the famity or househotd as the smallest unit in society- Reality prevailing in the community during this

constiEtion is that if the famity iocome in a thin, lhen the wile or mother will also work. Another alarming facl is education for

girb a,e sometimes sacrificed. ln fact, the reatily shows that a woman's ability to make an effort to improve the siandard oi

iiv;ng b mrclr better lhan men. By the Wortd tiank, the girl is then targeted as objecls as iflformal entrepreneurs. This is

bgda, siren in third world countryi women are regarded as second-class citizens- Given the informal business assislance

ra;;n to the girts, so they coutd play a rote in additon to being a mother and wife, then they also have lhe opportunity to

wort h the informalsector.---.-;;" ;ilgai" "i

women as intormat workers do hot just stop at the tactors providing lhe opporlunilv lor business

.xpdE6n, but ;;e lhan that needed a security syslem for women informal workers to legel proleclion and secxrily for their

r;p.dve businesses. ln addilion to securily protection, it is necessary lo the constructaon of adequate lacilities and

ir Jcture to taunch these informat businlsses. For exampte, the slep proposed by solo [,tayor Joko Widodo the

retocdion of street vendors is one of lhe informattrade is considered to be the city's problems is endless Street vendors and

is cqr*dered to be a matter that harm the public inlerest, because they olien disturb traftic order' use lhe nearest water

char|clto the trash and wash, and make an open space facililies to slums. The presence of slreet vendors is then a kind of

uuraen ttre city, *t,ere tne issue of eviction and clashes with the municipal civil service often disrupt lheir business'

ln 20d6, lhe city oI surakarta makes policy in the management and €rrangement of street vendors. Thas decision is

b6ed on the decisio; by the l\,iayor of burai<arta ttumber 644l14Ol1t2OOO on the Determination Location Market

ix&.""ii" sru cr",r"i xtitt it"n i,otto srrakarta city Market Dislrict, which in it atso regutares the retocation of street

ven(Es conducted by solo lleyor Joko widodo in bridging lhe business informal to be able io bring optimum bene{itbut

does mt interlere wilh public facilities-The informal sector includes street vendors, according to He.nando de soto, a group that has a great asset

cdcdation of De soto said the informat sector assels in the lhird world 20 times greater than the flow of loreign investment

and g) times more than foreign aid in 30 years. Weallh of lhe poor exceeds the given countries lnformal seclor development

eftots wi be raising lhe ec;nomy. tnstead the deterioration of the inlormal sector is not only dekimental 10 the informal

"*t*, but

"l"o ihe:ountry's economy. Clarity of the status of land inlo residential and business location of the informal

secto.. intormat sector will be able to address ihe issue of legality. ll can then be used as collateral to gel capital based on

KonF6s, 7 November 2006 [14]' Vision of the anang;m;nt ol skeet venctors who often delivered Mayor of surakarta, sy,nmeirical wilh lhe paradigm

d stEel vendors lo enter the formal sector so lhal it hes asset can be formally documented and can be used as an input.

ne*aio^i"*pp"n"aalsobythepoliticalcommunicationcarriedoulbetweentheMayorofsolowithsireelvendors'whichisrecognizedbystreetvendorsasamethodofcommunicalionthatsupportsthepeople,Becauseoflhissympatheticcommrnication. lhe atreet vendors are wi ing 1o be moved from Monument 45 Banjarsari lo Klithikan Market Semanggi'

4-4. lmpletnentation and iiunicipal Governmenturuan [ot:"y in ,"""nt years in va;ous parts of the wortd adheres to the principles oI decentralization, where it shows

rcr,a *""!es'"r,e'n compared with previous years the policy is centratized. one consequence of decentralizalion is the

exisEnce oi city government. Furthermore, theiity government has primary responsibiiity in the fight against urban poverty.

if,i"i ""r."t

iry t'*" main olements, that is: Failu;e of the p.evious systems that oflen fail to be central in implementing a

ga;, uecauje it is not exac y on target_ tf decentratization is applied to a count.y, it is expected thal lhe larget is nol

"pjogria" au" to the failure of a poticy wi not happen becalJse of a companion as we as lhe evaluator thal oversees

ubai'policy, such as NGOs, non-governmenlal organizations, and others'--- - St;;; of democraiic ce;talism and ctJsed channels in devetoping countries as a centralized system of local

go\drrm;t makes only a puppet oI the central government. tn fact, there is a fundamental difference bellveen dealing with a

couray's overall handling of an area.Assjstance progiams for poverty reduction stemming from internalional institutions will more quickly get to the hands

ol the people in need, ;d help minimize any deductions lhat are often carried out by the centralgove'nmefit

' 4.5. R"l"lionrhip between the City Business Government and Urban Poverty Reduction

Based olr the c;pabilities and fun;$ons, the city government is theorelically expected lo be able to solve urban

prouens by sticking to two commitments, that is:

ThemunicipalitymUsthaveacommitmenttodesigningaservicelhatworkstoalleviatepovertyinaccoldanceWiththe needs of urban areis. ln olher words, the determinati;n oithe city councit should represent all stakeholders especially

those who have been marginalized,The fiunicipality;usi have a commitment to report on the mechanism of lransparency and bureaucracy in order to

evabae their iargets t; be achieved. Thus, the government is an interactive producl between the government and other

releErt instilutions.ln tine with this commitment, then one of the other dulies of government is, community organizing, ma*ets- and

cou,lnes in order to achieve prosperity. Think it is prope. gcvernmeflt policies that pro with the people' ln decidinq policy,

then there shoutd be mutual co-ordination is done by peopl;, so that decisions taken in accordance with the ioint agreemenl

belvcen the people and government.

ls

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4.6. Strength and Weakness of City GovernmentThere are:everal advantages of the new perspective of the municipal government- lt is more on ihe pallerns of

arrangement and combinalion of stat€ power, markels, and society. li all of these inslilulions run and coordinate

syneriisticaly, then the rote of these institulions will be able to cover lhe weaknesses of the municipalily. ln short, the private

secioican bi physically comttined with the style ol NGOS lhat focus on socialjustice. NGOS in the work lorce is covered an e

society can bac;mbined with a counw that has a focus and purpose of accountability and lheir availability to conduct cross_

subsidies lrom the rich to the poor. Thus, Ihe number of polefltialdif{icullies can be idenlifiedtn government, it is common somelimes lwo different perspectives. For example, the government should be pro-poor

wiih respe;r to their wettare. However, on ihe other side of the poor is also resistance lo the owners of capital or business

and corporate hotders. Government in this regard is expected 10 be neutral, able to look at issues objeclively lf the

government can not be neulral then the co(upiion and collusion will easily occur in the administration. lf corruption and

;ollusion takes place, then that's when government policy would be a policy thai is not in lavor of lhe poor'

s. coNcLUsloN

The first section of this chapler dascusses the qualilalive and quanlitativ€ differences are used to defane areas that

are used to siudy the urban problems. Fufhe., lhe fhsl parl also lries to explore the issues relaled to urban areas due to the

quality ot the citi. This chapter also suggests the problems of urban development must firsl understand the rools oI urban

probtems. problem raised ii the autnor oi among others, urban lrend shows that in the days to come the poor will live in the

;ity, where the emerging new cities. Cilies thal have become a big city before, will move inlo mega cities. ldentified,

pr66tems ar;sing in coine;tion with the poor, housing problems, unemployment is nol absorbed in jobs

The se;nd part of lhis ciapter discusses th; social policy that is used lo solve the problem- The first social problem.

that is stacked on the urban poor. overcome by Policy advocacy by non-governmental institutions Policies on housing is

used to address the probtems associeted with sium houses, and residents who can not aflord to buy a home sold by a

conventional developer. Later, lhe city governmeni's policy to support the economy in the informal seclor is used to address

urban problems, particutarty with regera to unemploymena. I the policy in lhe informal sector is more in favor of lhe people.

the inf;rmalsect;r are dev;loped to boost the urban economy is much higher than the fo'maleconomic sector'

REFERETICES

1. Davis, K;ngsey. 1965. The Urbanization of lhe Humafl Populalion", Scientilic Amer-lcan

2. Beffy, B itSZOl, rne counlerurbanization process: urban American since 1970, an urbanization and

Counterurbanization, Beverly Hills, Sage, 19763, Rostow' Walter w. {1960) The Stages of Economic GroMh: A Non.communistic Maniiesto' cambridgel

Cambridge lJniversity Press.n. iryer, .t.iand coot<,'N. (198S). Cities of Hunger: urban Matnutrition in Devetoping countries, oxford, oxfam

5. D;vas, Nick, 2001. Do;s ciiy Governance Malter for the Urban Poor? tnternational Planning studies Vol.6

No.4 October 2001

6. Sunkel, o (1973). Transnalionalcapitalism ancl national disintegralion in Latin Americe social and Economic

Studies,22 (1), 132 - 767 Satterthwaite. David. 1997. Sustainable cilies or cities that contribute lo suslainabl€ Developm€nt ? urban

Studies, vol.34, No. 10, 1667- 1691' 1997

S.UNDP,lgg5.WaterandSanitationProgramReport.annualreportJulyl994-June1995(English)s. st"pl,"n", carolyn, 1996. Heatthy citi;s or unhealthy islands? The heallh and social implications of urban

inequality. Environment and lJrbanizaiion, Vol. 8, No. 2 October 1996

10. Uni;d Nations Centre for Human Settlemenls (Habital). 1996. The right to adequate housing: A major

;ommitment ot the Habitat Agenda; office of lhe High commissioner for Human Rights (http://wr ./r/.unchs.org)

11. Tumer, J. F. C. (1972). .Houaing as a verb," in Tumer, J. F. C- md Fichler, R. [eds.] Freedom to build: Dweiler

controlof iho housing process, The Macmillan Co. New York, pp' 148'175'

12. Batley, Richard- 1996. Public-private relationships and performance in service provision SAGE Publications

13.Hart,K,lgT3.lnformalincomeopportunitiesandurbanemploymentinGhana.Journalo{ModernAfricanStudies 11,61-89.

'14. (Kompas,7 November 2006)

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