CHEMICAL HERITAGE FOUNDATION

HOYT C. HOTTEL

Transcript of InterviewsConducted by

James J. Bohning

at the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

on

18 November and 2 December 1985

(With Subsequent Corrections and Additions)

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Hoyt C. Hottel, interview by James J. Bohning at Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, 17 November and 2 December 1995 (Philadelphia: ChemicalHeritage Foundation, Oral History Transcript # 0025).

Chemical Heritage FoundationOral History Program315 Chestnut Street

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106

HOYT CLARKE HOTTEL

1903 Born in Salem, Indiana, 15 January

Education

1922 A.B., chemistry, Indiana University1924 S.M., chemical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Professional Experience

Massachusetts Insitute of Technology1924-1925 Assistant Director, School of Chemical Engineering Practice,

Buffalo Station1926-1927 Research Associate

1927 Research Associate in Applied Chemistry1928 Research Associate in Fuel and Gas Engineering

1928-1931 Assistant Professor of Fuel and Gas Engineering1931-1932 Associate Professor of Fuel and Gas Engineering1932-1934 Acting Director, Fuels Research Laboratory1932-1936 Assistant Director, Division of Industrial Cooperation and Research1932-1941 Associate Professor of Fuel Engineering1934-1968 Director, Fuels Research Laboratory1938-1964 Chairman, Solar Energy Research Committee1938-1944 Gas Turbine Committee1941-1965 Professor of Fuel Engineering1945-1950 Project Meteor Steering Committee1965-1968 Carbon P. Dubbs Professor of Chemical Engineering1968- Professor Emeritus

National Research Council1931-1935 Committee on Heat Transmission, National Research Council1956-1967 Chairman, National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council

Committeee on Fire Research1971-1973 NRC-NAE Panel on Coal Gasification Technology1975-1978 Ad Hoc Panel on Advanced Power Cycle1976-1980 Committee on Chemistry of Coal Utilization, National Research Council1980-1982 Committee on Assessment of Industrial Energy Conservation Program1985-1988 Panel for Fire Research

1942-1945 Section Chief on Fire Warfare, National Defense Research Committee

1942-1946 Gas Turbine Subcommitee, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

1946-1956 Chairman, Thermal Panel, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

1952-1973 Chairman, American Flame Research Committee of the InternationalFlame Foundation

1954-1964 Vice-President, Combustion Institute

National Bureau of Standards1965-1969 Advisory Panel, Research Division1976-1980 Ad Hoc Evaluation Panel for Energy Conservation Program

1974 Review Committee, National Academy of Engineering Task Force on Energy

1974-1975 National Academy of Sciences Advisory Group on Arid Zone Problems inBrazil

1987 Workshop Conference on Analytical Methods of Fire Safety for Buildings

Awards

1946 United States Medal for Merit1946 King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom, Great Britain1947 William H. Walker Award, American Institute of Chemical Engineers1960 Sir Alfred Egerton Gold Medal, The Combustion Institute1960 Melchett Medal, Institute of Fuel, Great Britain1963 National Academy of Sciences1966 Max Jakob Award, American Institute of Chemical Engineers and American

Society of Mechanical Engineering1967 Founders Award, American Institute of Chemical Engineers1972 Fellow, American Insitute of Chemical Engineers1974 National Academy of Engineering1975 Farrington Daniels Award, International Solar Energy Society1975 Esso Energy Award, Royal Society (London), shared with Dr. H. Tabor

ABSTRACT

Hoyt C. Hottel begins the first interview with a description of his childhood andeducation in Indiana, Missouri, and later Illinois, where his father was a salesman in the rubberindustry. He praises his early schooling and various teachers and subjects at Hyde Park HighSchool. Hottel discusses his entry into Indiana University’s chemistry program at age 15 andcourses and professors there, before turning to graduate work in chemical engineering at MITwith Walter Whitman; and relationships with Tom Sherwood, Warren K. Lewis, and Robert T.Haslam. His experiences at MIT’s chemical engineering practice school—including work at aBethlehem Steel plant, Pennobscot Chemical Fire Company, Revere Sugar Company andMerrimack Chemical Company—led to work as assistant director at the steel plant andinfluenced later research directions. Hottel next describes his interest in radiation from gases inrelation to industrial furnace design; his decision to pursue doctoral research on flamepropagation in hydrogen oxygen mixtures; the reasons he postponed writing his dissertation;and subsequent appointments as fuel and gas engineering assistant professor, Fuels ResearchLaboratory acting director, and division of industrial cooperation assistant director. As a centralpart of this interview, Hottel details his experiences while advising U.S. armed forces andnational committees during WWII, including work on flamethrowers, incendiary bombs, smokeobscuration, napalm, and fire warfare. He closes the first interview with a discussion of hispost-war career at MIT, work on turbine combustion and peacetime fire research at the Bureauof Standards.

Hottel opens the second interview with a review of his early experiences as a graduatestudent and young professor at MIT; he comments on early research, interdepartmentalrelations, the development of the fuel and gas engineering program, consulting work for privateindustry, and supervision of graduate students and their research. He briefly discusses hisresearch involving rocket combustion, gas turbines, and Project Meteor, before describing thedetails of MIT’s solar energy research and opinions on solar energy in general. He touches oninvolvement with the International Flame Foundation before closing the interview withdiscussion of post-retirement activities, including teaching combustion and radiative transfercourses and co-authoring a book on new energy technology.

INTERVIEWER

James J. Bohning is Professor of Chemistry Emeritus at Wilkes University, where hewas a faculty member from 1959 to 1990. He served there as chemistry department chair from1970 to 1986 and environmental science department chair from 1987 to 1990. He was chair ofthe American Chemical Society’s Division of the History of Chemistry in 1986, received theDivision’s outstanding paper award in 1989, and presented more than twenty-five papers beforethe Division at national meetings of the Society. He has been on the advisory committee of theSociety’s National Historic Chemical Landmarks committee since its inception in 1992. Hedeveloped the oral history program of the Chemical Heritage Foundation beginning in 1985, andwas the Foundation’s Director of Oral History from 1990 to 1995. He currently writes for theAmerican Chemical Society News Service.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Childhood and Early EducationInfluence of grade and high school teachers. Chemistry major at Indiana University.Interest in rubber chemistry.

6 Graduate Education at Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyChemical engineering major at MIT. Master's thesis on rubber additives.Experiences at three stations of the School of Chemical Engineering Practice. Yearas assistant to Bill Ryan at Buffalo station of Practice School. Doctor's thesis oncombustion. Paper on heat transfer in furnaces. Paper on combustion and heattransfer with Robert T. Haslam.

16 Early Career at MITAppointment as assistant professor in fuel and gas engineering at MIT. Actingdirector, Fuels Research Laboratory. Assistant director, division of industrialcooperation.

18 World War IIWork on flamethrowers, incendiary bombs and smoke obscuration during WorldWar II. Fire Warfare section chief for National Defense Research Committee.Development of Napalm. Bomb testing on mock Japanese and German villages atDugway Proving Grounds. Trip to England to exchange information on fire warfare.

35 Post-War Career at MITWork on gas turbine combustion. Involvement in establishing Fire Center at theBureau of Standards.

42 Further Details of Experiences at MITReview of experiences at the School of Chemical Engineering Practice. Earlyinvolvement in industrial furnace design. Interdepartmental relations at MIT.Development of fuel and gas engineering at MIT. Work on solution of exhaust-gascarbon monoxide problem for General Motors. Review of graduate students andtheses.

53 Further Details of Wartime ExperiencesWartime research on rocket combustion and gas turbines. Involvement with ProjectMeteor and the Armed Forces Special Weapons project.

58 Further details of Career at MITSolar energy research as chairman of solar energy committee. Construction of solarhouses. Funding of solar energy project. Opinions on the viability of solar energy.Involvement in the International Flame Foundation.

66 Post-retirement WorkHalf-time courses in combustion and radiative transfer at MIT. Book on new energytechnology with Jack Howard. Review of MIT colleagues.

76

NOTES

1. Frederick H. Getman, Outlines of Theoretical Chemistry (New York: John Wiley &Sons, 1913).

2. Forris Jewett Moore, A History of Chemistry (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,1918).

3. A. Schack, "Über die Strahlung der Feuergase und ihre praktische Berechnung,"Zeitschrift für Technische Physik, 5 (1933): 267-278.

4. Jaques Cattell, ed., American Men of Science, 8th ed. (Lancaster, PA: The Science Press,1949): 2482.

5. Hoyt C. Hottel, "Heat Transmission by Radiation from Non-Luminous Gases,"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 19 (1927): 888-894;

Hoyt C. Hottel, "Heat Transmission by Radiation from Non-Luminous Gases,"Transactions of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 19 (1927): 173-205.

6. Robert T. Haslam and Robert P. Russell, Fuels and Their Combustion (New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1927).

7. Walter J. Wohlenberg and Donald G. Morrow, "Radiation in the Pulverized-FuelFurnace," Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 47 (1925):127-176;

Walter J. Wohlenberg and E. L. Lindseth, "The Influence of Radiation in Coal-FiredFurnaces on Boiler-Surface Requirements, and a Simplified Method for its Calculation,"Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 48 (1926): 894-937.

8. R. T. Haslam and H. C. Hottel, "Combustion and Heat Transfer," Transactions of theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers, 50 (1928): 9-22.

9. N. Artsay, "Analysis of Heat Absorption in Boilers and Superheaters," Transactions ofthe American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 51 (1929): 247-258.

10. Hoyt C. Hottel, "Stimulation of Fire Research in the United States after 1940 (AHistorical Account)," Combustion Science and Technology, 39 (1984): 1-10.

11. William H. Walker, Warren K. Lewis, and William H. McAdams, Principles ofChemical Engineering (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1923);

77

William H. Walker, Warren K. Lewis, William H. McAdams, and Edwin R. Gilliland,Principles of Chemical Engineering, 3rd Edition (New York: McGraw-Hill BookCompany, 1937).

12. Henry M. Nelly, Jr. and Hoyt C. Hottel, "Combined Regenerator and Catalyst Chamber."U. S. Patent 2,230,467, issued 4 February 1941 (application filed 27 January 1938).

13. C. M. Tu, H. Davis, and H. C. Hottel, "Combustion Rate of Carbon; Combustion ofSpheres in Flowing Gas Streams," Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 26 (1934):749-757.

14. C. M. Tu, H. Davis, and H. C. Hottel, "Combustion Rate of Carbon," InternationalCommunications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 11 (1984): 749-759.

15. H. C. Hottel and W. R. Hawthorne, "Diffusion in Laminar Flame Jets," ThirdSymposium on Combustion (Baltimore: William & Wilkins Company, 1949): 254-266.

16. W. R. Hawthorne, D. C. Weddell, and Hoyt Hottel, "Mixing and Combustion inTurbulent Gas Jets," Third Symposium on Combustion (Baltimore: William & WilkinsCompany, 1953): 266-288.

17. H. C. Hottel, "Burning in Laminar and Turbulent Fuel Jets," Fourth Symposium onCombustion (Baltimore: William & Wilkins Company, 1953): 97-113.

18. H. C. Hottel, G. C. Williams, and H. C. Simpson, "Combustion of Droplets of HeavyLiquid Fuels," Fifth Symposium on Combustion (New York: Reinhold, 1955): 101-130.

19. H. C. Hottel and J. E. Eberhardt, "Heat Transmission in Steel Reheating Furnaces,"Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, PRO 58 (1936): 185-193.

20. H. C. Hottel and R. B. Egbert, "The Radiation of Furnace Gases," Transactions of theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers, 63 (1941): 297-307.

21. H. C. Hottel, "Solar Energy," Chemical Engineering Progress, 71 (1975): 54-65;

H. C. Hottel, "Cloudy Forecast," Skeptic Magazine, (March-April 1977): 47-68.

22. H. C. Hottel, "The Reach of Economic and Technological Assessments of SolarEnergy," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Energy and CommunityDevelopment of July 11, 1978 (Athens, Greece, May 1980).

23. H. C. Hottel, F. W.Meyer, and I. M. Stewart, "Temperature in Industrial Furnaces;Interpretation and Use to Measure Radiant Heat Flux," Industrial and EngineeringChemistry, 28 (1936): 708-710.

78

24. Hoyt C. Hottel and Jack B. Howard, New Energy Technology—Some Facts andAssessments (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971).

25. Hoyt C. Hottel and Jack B. Howard, "An Agenda for Energy," Technology Review,(January 1972): 38-48.

26. H. C. Hottel and A. F. Sarofim, Radiative Transfer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967).

27. Warren K. Lewis, Arthur H. Redasch, and H. Clay Lewes, Industrial Stoecheometry:Chemical Calculations of Manufacturing Processes, 2nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill,1954).

28. H. C. Hottel, "The Relative Thermal Value of Tomorrow's Fuels," Industrial -Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 22 (1983): 272-277.

79

INDEX

AAbbott, Charles Greeley, 63Acetic acid, 43Acetone, 24, 70Acid-alkali modeling, 52Adams, Rex, 27, 34Adams, Roger, 24, 28Adiabatic compression, 50Adsorption, 9, 44Alexandria, Virginia, 55Allegheny Ballistics Laboratory, 35Alley, --, 6Allis-Chalmers Corporation, 36Allison engines, 37Aluminum soap, 22Amdur, Isadore, 54American Chemical Society, 10, 36American Flame Committee, 66American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 5, 45, 71Amoco, 9Anderson, L. B., 61Andes, 63Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, 55-57Armour Institute, 3Army Corps of Engineers, 25, 26Army Ordnance, 23Army Quartermaster Corps, 56Artsay, --, 15, 16Asbestos, 18ASME, 14, 15Asphaltenes, 53Athens, Greece, 64Atomization, 70Audiograph, 39

BBabson College, 69Babson Curve, 69Babson Statistical Institute, 7, 69Babson, Roger, 69Baddour, Ray, 67

80

Baker, Ed, 28Bangor, Maine, 10, 42Banks, Donald, 29Barnhard, Daniel P., 36Barytes, 44Battelle Memorial Institute, 66Beatty, Jim, 46Beijing, China, 52Benedict, Manson, 58Bennett, --, 65Berkely, California, 29, 33Berl, Walter, 35Bethlehem Steel, 10, 12, 42, 53Bevans, Roland, 36Bierbricker Scarlet, 11Big Dipper, 10Birmingham, Alabama, 33Birmingham, University of, 21, 33Bloom Engineering Company, 66Bloomington, Indiana, 45Boston Symphony, 66Boston, Massachusetts, 7, 10, 11, 19, 25, 29, 33, 36, 42-44, 48Bowen, Harold F., 7Bragg, Les, 49Bragg, William, 17Brighton, England, 33British Central Scientific Office, 52British Coal Utilization Research Association, 65British Delftware, 21British Esso Company, 71British Horticultural Society, 21, 33British Iron and Steel Research Institute, 64British Museum, 21British Royal Air Force, 28, 31, 36, 70Bronowski, Jacob, 30Broughton, Geoffrey, 20, 29Brown, --, 4Buffalo, New York, 10, 12, 13, 42, 52, 73Bunsen calorimeter, 9Bureau of Mines, 66Bureau of Standards, 40, 48, 55

Fire Research Center, 40Bush, Vannevar, 58, 59

81

Bush-Caldwell mechanical differential analyzer, 53

CC. F. Braun, 36, 50Cabot Company, 63Cabot, Godfrey L., 58, 59, 63

wife, 58Cabot Solar Energy Project, 53, 62Cadillac, 48Cambridge University, 52Cambridge, England, 17, 19Cambridge, Massachusetts, 20, 36Carbon, 8, 51, 69Carbon black, 8, 9, 44Carbon dioxide, 13, 21, 53Carbon monoxide, 21, 48-50, 53Carbon-carbon dioxide reaction, 52Carnegie Institute of Technology, 3, 45Catalysis, 8, 9, 44, 49, 57Catalytic decomposition, 8, 9, 44Centre Nationale des Recherche Scientifique, 65Chain reaction kinetics, 51Chang, T. Y., 53Chemical Corps, 18, 24, 25, 27, 28, 34Chemical kinetic resistance, 51Chemical kinetics, 70Chemiluminescent radiation, 21Chen, N. Y., 57Cheshire pigs, 25, 56, 57Chevrolet, 49Chevron Chemical Company, 11, 42Chicago, Illinois, 2-5, 36Chicago, University of, 4, 5Ching Hua University, 51Chlorine, 11Chomiak, Jerzy, 51Chrysler, 49, 69Chungking, China, 51Church Street, 11, 44Churchill College, 19, 52Central Intelligence Agency, U.S., 55Clarke, Myrtle, 1 [see also, Hottel, Hoyt C., mother]Clay, 26

82

Coal, 14, 15, 74Coke, 68Coke-oven, 38, 42Collins, Sam, 28Colorimetry, 70Columbus, Ohio, 66Combustion and Heat Transfer, 14Combustion Institute, 74Combustion kinetics, 50, 54, 73Combustion, 10, 13-15, 21, 22, 35-39, 42, 47-49, 52-54, 67, 70-74Compton, Karl, 17, 18, 58, 59Conant, James B., 18, 19, 24Condensation, 19Conduction, 56, 57Conoco, 28Continental Oil Company, 28Convective transfer, 73Cooper, Maurice Algernon, 71Cooper-Bessemer air engines, 38, 39Copper, 57, 62Corrosion, 71Countercurrent heat exchange, 49Cracking coil furnaces, 73Crete, Greece, 64

DDavis, Hyman, 51Defense Atomic Support Agency, 57DeGraff, J. E., 64, 66Delft, Holland, 65Denver, Colorado, 64Depression, The, 17, 47Dewey, Bradley, 18Diamonds, 13, 69Dietz, Albert G., 62Dilution, 19Distillation, 46, 71Doolittle raid, 24Dry ice, 24E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., 24, 72Dubbs Professorship in Chemical Engineering, 48Dugway Proving Ground, 25, 28, 31Dumbarton Oaks, 19, 20, 52

83

Dutch Physical Society, 65

EEastern Manufacturing Company, 43Eastman Kodak Company, 24, 37Eastman, George, 11, 44Eberhardt, John, 53Edgewood Arsenal, 19, 28, 31Egbert, Robert B., 53Egerton, Alfred, 29Eglin Field, 36Elizabeth, New Jersey, 65Elliot, Pat, 11, 42Elliott, P. A. H., 65Emmons, Howard, 55Encyclopedia Brittanica, 9Engineer's Club, 66English Holly, 33Eppley pyrheliometer, 62, 63Esso Chemicals Company, 53Esso Oil Company, 23, 24, 26, 70, 71Esso Research and Engineering, 14Euclid, 5European Flame Committee, 65Everett, Massachusetts, 11Ewell, Ray, 20, 28Ewell, Russell, 28Exxon Research and Engineering Corporation, 52, 71

Exxon Research and Development, 20, 70

FFactory Mutual, 25Farmborough, England, 70Federal Express, 19Fieser, Louis, 18, 22-24, 34Finch, G. I., 29-32First National Fuels Meeting, 14Fisher, R. A., 30Flamethrowers, 18, 19, 21, 28, 36, 37, 50, 55Flash vaporization, 20Fluid mechanics, 69, 72, 73Ford Motor Company, 56, 69Fortune, 60

84

Fougasse, 21French Institute for Metallurgical Research, 65French Institute of Steel Metallurgy, 65Fristrom, Robert, 35Fuel, 52Fuels and Their Combustion, 47Fuller, Alvin T., 48Fusumi, 25

GGaithersburg, Maryland, 25, 40, 55Gardon, Robert, 56, 71Garner, Fred, 21, 33, 50Garner, W. E., 21Gas phase kinetics, 46, 54, 70, 73, 74Gas turbines, 21, 35, 36, 54, 68, 69, 70Gasoline, 22, 26, 27, 49, 51Gaz de France, 65General Electric Company, 18, 36General Motors Corporation, 37, 48-51, 69Gerald, Curtis, 53Getman, Frederick H., 4Giller, Edward, 55Gilliland, Edwin R., 46, 72Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, 3, 8Gordon radiometer, 56Gordon, Robert, 56W. R. Grace & Company, 9Greenwich, England, 32

HHand, Bill, 42Hand, Irving, 63Hardy, Arthur, 59Harvard University, 18-22, 34, 37, 53, 55, 59, 74

Business School, 7Haslam, Robert T., 9, 10, 13-17, 41, 42, 47, 71Hawthorne, William, 19, 35, 36, 52, 70Heat dissipation, 62Heat exchanger, 62Held, Jr., John, 12Helium, 14Herreshof, 49

85

Hershberg, E. B., 24Hershey, Bob, 72, 73Hildebrand function, 29Hildebrand, Joel, 20, 29Hinoki, 26Hiroshima, Japan, 34Hokkaido, Japan, 34Hood Rubber Company, 60Hopkalite, 48Hottel, Hoyt C.

children, 1, 37father, 1-4, 23grandchildren, 1grandmother, 2mother, 1, 2parents, 1-3sacroiliac problem, 23uncles, 3, 4wife, 37, 65, 69

Hottel, Louis Weaver, 1, [see also, Hottel, Hoyt C., father]Hovis, Jim, 66Howard, Frank, 14Howard, Jack, 67Hulbert, Ed, 55, 56Hultz, Stewart, 20Humidity, 22Hunsacker, Jerome Clark, 36Huntress, Ernest, 59Hyde Park High School, 3-6

Pythagorean Club, 5Hydrogen, 13, 14, 21Hydrogen peroxide, 8, 9, 44Hydrogenation, 14

IIndustrial & Engineering Chemistry, 14I. G. Farben, 14Ignition, 22, 24, 56Ijmuiden, Holland, 65, 66Ilex aquifolium, 33Ilex Opaca, 33Illinois Institute of Technology, 3Illinois, University of, 55

86

Imperial College, 29Incendiary bombs, 18, 19, 21-28, 30-32, 34, 55Indiana University, 1, 3-8, 10, 13, 27, 45

Chemistry Department, 4, 7Well House, 5

Indianapolis, Indiana, 4Industrial Petrolium Research Institute, 52Infrared spectrometer, 13International Flame Foundation, 64, 66Irradiation, 21, 22, 56, 57Isle of Purbeck, England, 33

JJefferson proving grounds, 23Jensen, Paul, 39, 54Jets, 18-20Johns Manville Company, 18Johnson, Howard, 39Jordan, Louie, 55Joule-Thompson effect, 28

KKabrich, William, 28Kanthal ribbon, 21Kaolin, 21Kaufman, Beryl, 2M. W. Kellogg Company, 16, 47, 48, 73Kettering Foundation, 49Kettering, Charles F., 37, 48-50Key West, Florida, 31Keyes, Fred G., 28, 46Killian, James R., 38Kitchen, Don, 9Klemm, William A., 53Knallgaz, 13Knox, W. T., 22, 25

LLaboratoire des Haute Temperature, 65Lackawanna Steel company, 12Lackawanna, New York, 10, 12, 42, 43Landau, Ralph, 53Langmuir, Irving, 18-20, 22

87

Leeds and Northrup, 11Leeper, Charlie, 38, 39, 54Leipziger Purple 4B, 11Lenhardt, Unk, 11, 42Lenin, Vladimir I., 37Lewis, Warren K., 7-9, 16, 18, 45-47, 71, 72Little, Arthur D., 11, 44Arthur D. Little Company, 17Liverpool, England, 33Loftus, Jordan, 66Lom, Walter, 71London, England, 29, 31London University, 64

Queen Mary College, 64London, University of, 71Longwell stirred reactor, 70Longwell, John, 70, 71Los Alamos, New Mexico, 34Los Angeles, California, 36Louisville, Kentucky, 1Lowell Institute, 29

MM47 bomb, 34M50 magnesium bomb, 26, 27M52 magnesium bomb, 26M54 thermate bomb, 24, 26M57 thermate bomb, 34M69 bomb, 27, 28, 31, 34Madison, Wisconson, 23, 26Magnesium bombs, 22, 23, 31Magnesium, 19, 21, 26Malay Peninsula, 18Malcor, M., 65Mangelsdorf, Harold, 53Mangelsdorf, Paul, 52, 53Mangelsdorf, Ted, 16, 53Manometer, 43Maplewood, Missouri, 2Marek, Roy, 17Martinez, California, 37Massachusetts Avenue, 9Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 6-21, 28, 29, 34-38, 42, 44-49, 51-54, 58-63, 66, 69-73

88

Aeronautics Department, 37, 50Architecture Department, 61, 62Building 12, 18Building Construction Department, 62Cabot solar research committee, 61, 63

Anderson subcommittee, 61, 62Chemical Engineering Department, 12, 17, 28, 39, 42, 44, 46-48, 54, 59, 71-73

Landau building, 39Chemical Engineering Advisory Committee, 18Chemistry Department, 13, 46, 54, 59, 72Division of Industrial Cooperation and Research, 17, 36, 38, 48Division of Sponsored Research, 47, 48Electrical Engineering Department, 59Fuel and Gas Engineering School, 16, 46, 47, 49, 53, 73Fuel engineering School, 16Fuels Research Laboratory, 16, 37, 39, 48Gas Engineering School, 16Gas Turbine Committee, 35, 37Gas Turbine Laboratory, 37, 38Heat Measurement Laboratory, 21Housing committee, 61Mechanical Engineering Department, 35-38, 49, 50, 59Nuclear Engineering Department, 58Physics Department, 13, 17, 48, 59, 60Research Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, 8, 9, 14, 17, 47, 71School of Chemical Engineering Practice, 9-14, 16, 42-44, 47, 52Westinghouse chair in aeronautics, 52

Mathers, Frank C., 3, 10Mathias, Henry, 5, 6Mauretania, The, 32, 33May, Walter, 52McAdams, William H., 12, 45, 46, 71McCabe-Thiele diagram, 13McCallister-Bicknel, 9McClaurin, Richard C., 72McCloud cycle, 28McGill University, 8, 10Mendelsohn, --, 25Mercury, 9Merrimack Chemical Company, 10, 11, 43Metallurgical Society, 66Methane, 53Methyl methacrylate, 24

89

Minnesota, University of, 2Mobil Corporation, 57Momentum transfer, 19Monsanto Chemical Company, 10, 43, 52Montgomery, --, 31, 32Montreal, Canada, 10Moore, Forris Jewett, 7, 46Moore, T. V., 36Moreland, Ed, 34Morgan Construction Company, 36, 50Morgan, Miles, 50Morse, Philip, 17Mountbatten, --, [Lord], 28Murphree Award, 71Murphree, Eger V., 71, 72Myers, Norville F., 19, 22, 25, 26, 31, 32

NNACA [See NASA]Nagasaki, Japan, 34Napalm, 19, 22-24, 34Naphthenic acid, 22National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 36Natick, Massachusetts, 56, 71National Academy of Sciences, 35, 40, 55, 57

Fire Research Committee, 35, 40, 55National Central University of China, 51National Defense Research Committee, 19, 20, 24, 25, 28, 50, 52

Division 11, 19Division 11.3, 19, 22Fire Warfare Section, 19, 20

National Fire Protection Association, 40National Research Council, 55National Solar Energy Institute, 63, 64Natural gas, 48Naval Research Laboratory, 55, 56Nelly, Harry, 48New York City, New York, 33, 49, 66New Yorker, The, 12Nitric Oxide, 6Nitrogen Dioxide, 6Nobel Prize, 18, 19Nolan, Jake, 18, 20

90

Norden bombsight, 27Normandy, France, 33Norton, C. L., 13, 16, 48Norton, John, 60Norwood, 25Noyes, --, 55Nuodex Chemical Company, 23, 24

OOldsmobile, 11, 48Order of the British Empire, 21, 33Osborne, J. Marshall, 10, 42Oxidation, 51Oxygen, 6, 13, 14, 20, 28

PPalmitic acid, 22Pan-American Clipper, 32Paris, France, 29, 65Parker, Almon S., 51Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 19, 21Penney, --, 29Pennobscot Chemical Fiber Company, 10Pennsylvania State University, 67Penobscot Paper Company, 43Pentagon, 55Petroleum, 14, 19-21Petrolium Warfare Division [?], 29Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 74Pierce, --, 55Platinum, 51Poole, John, 16Port, Fred, 53Portland, Oregon, 5, 26Pratt & Whitney, 36, 68Princeton University, 17, 57

Center for Advanced Studies, 57Project Meteor, 54Pure Oil, 39Pyrheliometers, 60, 63Pyrometer, 63

91

QQuartz, 8

RRadasch, A. H., 72Radiation, 13, 15, 19, 21, 22, 53, 55, 57, 65, 71Radiative heat transfer, 10, 46, 48, 60, 67, 71-74Ram jets, 37-39, 53Rambert, Wayne, 13Raymond, Antonin, 25, 26Reed, --, 2Rettaliata, --, 36Revere Sugar Company, 11Revere Sugar Refinery, 10, 43Ribeau, --, 65Rickard, H. C., 22, 25Riviere, --, 65Robinson, Clark, 8, 71Robinson, Robert, 28Rochester, New York, 37Rochester, University of, 29, 55Rockets, 54Roman Forum, 6Rothrock, David, 4Rothschild, Jack, 18Royal Dutch Shell oil, 65Royal Dutch steelworks, 65Royal Society, The, [UK Academy of Sciences], 29, 31Rubber, 3, 8, 11-13, 19, 44Rushton, Henry, 20Russell, Bob, 18-20, 47Russell, R. P., 14Russum, Leonard, 53Ryan, William P., 10, 12, 16, 73

SSage, Nat, 36, 38Salem, Indiana, 1, 2, 4San Francisco, California, 26Sao Paulo, Brazil, 32Sarofim, [Aldolf], 51, 71Saskatchewan, University of, 52Scatchard, George, 46

92

Schack, A., 13, 14Scientific Design Company, 53Scoville, Pete, 55Strategic Defense Initiative, 55Sextant, 33Shanghai, China, 51Sheffield, England, 64Shell Oil Company, 70

Shell Development, 36Sherman, Ralph, 66Sherwood, Tom, 8-12, 18, 20, 42, 73Shipman, Bill, 36Shoesmith, Beulah, 4, 5Shoji, 26Silicon carbide, 8Simpson, Hugh, 53Slater, John, 17Smith, --, 5, 6Smith, Victor Claude, 50, 51Smithsonian Institution, 63Smoke obscuration, 19, 20Soderberg, Dick, 35, 37, 38Sodium soap, 23Solar collectors, 59-64Solar concentrator, 56Solar distillation, 60Solar energy, 58, 59Solar houses, 59-62Solar stills, 60Sorbonne, The, 65South Brewer, Maine, 43Southampton, England, 33Spectrometer, 38St. Louis Exposition, 1St. Louis, Missouri, 1, 2, 14-16Standard Oil Company, 9, 11, 14, 17, 18, 20-23, 25, 30, 36, 47, 52, 53, 65

Bayway Refinery, 53Standard Oil Development Company, 9, 14, 18, 20, 21, 25, 47, 52, 65, 70Standard Oil of California, 11Standard Oil of Indiana, 9, 36, 47, 73Standard Oil of Louisiana, 53Standard Oil of New Jersey, 9, 17, 22, 23, 47, 65Steam-carbon reaction, 13

93

Stearic acid, 22Steel, 39, 68Stevenson, Earl, 19, 24, 27Stoichiometry, 72Stone, --, 39Stradling, --, 31Strathclyde, University of, 53Stratton, Jay, 38Stratton, Julius, 54Stratton, Samuel Wesley, 16, 48-50, 73Sugar, 43Sulfuric acid, 43Swett, George R., 59Swinehart Tire Company, 3Swinehart, James A., 3Syngas, 48Szechwan, China, 51

TTatami, 25Taylor, Fay, 37, 50Telkes, Maria, 60Terzhagi, Carl, 37Texas Company, The, [Texaco], 16Thermal conductivity cell, 11Thermal precipitation, 46Thermal radiation, 21Thermite, 24Thermocouples, 56, 57Thiele, Ernest, 13Thornhill, Dan, 35Thring, Ned, 64, 65Time Magazine, 53Tokyo, Japan, 24, 25, 31, 53Torpedoes, 37, 39Transactions of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 14Trombe walls, 61Tu, Chang Ming, 51, 52

94

UUlrich, Walter, 53Union Carbide Corporation, 47United States Air Force, 25, 27, 34, 55United States Army, 55United States Chemical Research Laboratory, 29United States Congress, 64United States Navy, 36-39, 54, 55United States Weather Bureau, 60

Blue Hill Station, 63University High School, 5Ursa Major, 10

VValleroy, Vincent, 42Vassar Street, 37Vienna, Austria, 37Von Nuemann, John, 57von Hippel, Arthur R., 59Vulcanization, 3

WWaitt, Alden, 18, 28Walker Award, 5Walker, William H., 41, 44, 46, 72Walton's Restaurant, 9Ward, John, 16, 17, 47, 49Warner, Jake, 3, 45, 46Washington, D.C., 19, 20, 28, 35, 52Weber, Harold, 11Webster, --, 39Weddell, S. D., 52Weiss, Mel, 70Westinghouse Corporation, 36, 68White Sands Proving Grounds, 55, 56Whitman, Walter G., 8, 9, 18, 41, 42, 44, 59, 71, 73Whittle, Frank, 36Wilkes, gordon, 21Williams, Glenn, 36-38, 52, 54, 56, 67Williams, R. S., 7Wilson, R. E., 9, 41, 47Winchester, Massachusetts, 11, 33, 37, 44, 61, 62Witwatersrand, University of the, 71

95

Physics Department, 71Woburn, Massachusetts, 10, 11, 42, 44Wohlenberg, Walter, 15Wood, 19, 21, 22, 31Worcester, Massachusetts, 36, 50World War I, 3, 29

Armistice, 3World War II, 22, 29, 40, 42, 50, 65

Allies, 33World's Fair, 1Wu, Pao Chen, 52

X"X," [--], Isabella, 2

YYale University, 15Yellow fever, 32

ZZinc Oxide, 8, 9, 44Zoroastrian Society, 29