How to Write a Research Paper

04/07/23 FDP-Annamalai University 1

How to Write a Research Paper

Presentation by

Dr.K.Prabhakar

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


Statement of Ethics

• The materials are from 1.http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/658/01/

• 2. IIM (Banglore) teachers and students projects from tejas@iimb.

• 3. I have only compiled the information and contributed my experience.

• 4. However, if there is any error it is totally mine. Please write to the author.

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/658/01/



What is a Research Paper • A research paper is the culmination and final product of an involved

process consisting of • research,• critical thinking, • source evaluation, • organization, and composition. • Research paper is a living thing, which grows and changes as the

student explores, interprets, and evaluates sources related to a specific topic.

• Primary and secondary sources are the heart of a research paper, and provide its nourishment.

• The research paper serves not only to further the field in which it is written, but also to provide the student with an exceptional opportunity to increase his or her knowledge in that field.


What is not a Research Paper• A research paper is not simply an informed summary of a topic by

means of primary and secondary sources.• It is neither a book report nor an opinion piece nor an expository

essay consisting solely of one's interpretation of a text nor an overview of a particular topic.

• Instead, it is a genre that requires one to spend time investigating and evaluating sources with the intent to offer interpretations of the texts, and not just compilation of sources.

• The goal of a research paper is not to inform the reader what others have to say about a topic, but to draw on what others have to say about a topic and engage the sources in order to thoughtfully offer a unique perspective on the issue at hand. This is accomplished through two major types of research papers.


Argumentative research paper

• The argumentative research paper consists of an introduction in which the writer clearly introduces the topic and informs his audience exactly which stance he intends to take; this stance is often identified as the thesis statement. An important goal of the argumentative research paper is persuasion, which means the topic chosen should be debatable or controversial. For example, it would be difficult for a student to successfully argue in favor of the following stance.



Thesis Statement

• Consuming alcohol is bad for health and likely to ruin the family.


Thesis Statement

• Perhaps 25 years ago this topic would have been debatable; however, today, it is known that drinking alcohol indeed, harmful to one's health.

• What should be a better thesis statement?


Thesis Statement

• Although it has been proven that alcohol may lead to sundry health problems in the consumer , the social acceptance of drinking alcohol in social occasions demonstrates that many still do not consider consuming alcohol is dangerous to health.

• In this sentence, the writer is not challenging the current accepted stance that alcohol drinking is dangerous; rather, she is positing that the social acceptance of the latter over the former is indicative of a cultural double-standard.

• The student would support this thesis throughout his or her paper by means of both primary and secondary sources, with the intent to persuade her audience that her particular interpretation of the situation is viable.


Analytical research paper

• The analytical research paper often begins with the student asking a question on which he has taken no stance. Such a paper is often an exercise in exploration and evaluation.

• How should one interpret the failure of ONGC public issue?

• The probable answer to his question may be people are perceiving having high uncertainty about oil prices.


The Way• Though his topic may be debatable and

controversial, it is not the student's intent to persuade the audience that his ideas are right while those of others are wrong.

• Instead, his goal is to offer a critical interpretation of primary and secondary sources throughout the paper--sources that should, ultimately, support his particular analysis of the topic.


Please Provide the Thesis Statement

• Write your statement and handover to the volunteer.

• Every paper will have a thesis statement.• It is typically not until the student has begun the

writing process that his thesis statement begins to take solid form.

• In fact, the thesis statement in an analytical paper is often more fluid than the thesis in an argumentative paper.

• That is the one of the benefits of approaching the topic without a predetermined stance.


Choosing the Topic (tejas@iimb)

• TRAILERS AS EFFECTIVE MEANS OF MOVIE ADVERTISEMENTS

(The ideas are borrowed from tejas@iimb and the author acknowledge their

contribution. If there are any mistakes or errors, it is the responsibility of the author)


Thesis statement

• Trailers are understood to be one of the most effective means of movie advertising. This article analyses the effectiveness of the different movie trailers by looking at various parameters required to make a good trailer. It also analyses the effect of movie trailers on movie revenues, especially on first week collections.


Topic

• REVITALISING WOMEN'S HORLICKS IN INDIA


Thesis Statement

• Women's Horlicks is India's first health drink designed specifically for women's nutritional needs. It targets a hitherto untapped segment as identified by GSKCH (GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare), namely, health conscious urban working women, in metros and mini-metros, leading hectic lives balancing career and family. Women's Horlicks seemed to have all the elements necessary for success. And yet, at present, sales appear to be flagging, a seeming contradiction that presents an intriguing case for analysis.


The Four Ps


Is the price justified?

•


Conclusion • Conclusion: Is Women's Horlicks Ahead of Its Time?• There seems to be a disconnect between the intended core

message of Women's Horlicks and the interpretations made by the target consumers.

• While the key emphasis appears to be the health aspect, from a consumer perspective, substantial differentiation from other Horlicks products appears to be absent.

• In addition, women in India generally consume health drinks when they are ill or during pregnancy.

• Since Horlicks already has a product for pregnant women, it is possible that it could cannibalize into Women's Horlicks' market. It is therefore open to debate whether Women's Horlicks is ahead of its time in the Indian market. There is possibly a latent need for the product but at present Women's Horlicks hasn't been able to expose that perceived need and satisfy it.


Topic

• RETAIL PROMOTIONS AND EFFECTIVENESS


Thesis Statement

• The retail market in India today is flooded with promotional offers in order to attract customers because of increasing competition. Managers' incentives make them concerned about their own motives and often forget what the customer actually values and prefers. Satisfying these unstated needs of consumer can give any brand/store an intangible and inimitable competitive advantage.

• This article focuses on the needs of different types of consumers belonging to different age groups (15-24 and 25-40), their perception on discounts and what they value most.


Topic

• PREDICTING STOCK MARKET CRASHES


Thesis Statement

• Bull or bear, time and again sentiments have proved to be an uncontrollable force in taming them down. No matter how strong the fundamentals are, strong negative sentiments can pull down a strong bull market. Stock market crashes and sharp corrections are no longer a rare phenomenon. Indian markets dipped 50% in the months from January to September 2008. When sentiments are so critical, can technical indicators predict stock market crashes? This article presents two models based on technical analysis fundamentals which could serve as predictors of stock market crashes in India. Tested on market data of the last 8 years, the models yielded an accuracy of 80%.


How to Choose the Topic?

• Thinking early leads to starting early. If the student begins thinking about possible topics half of the work is completed. Therefore start the writing process.

• It is important for the student to keep in mind that an initial topic may not be the exact topic about which he ends up writing. Research topics are often fluid, and dictated more by the student's ongoing research than by the original chosen topic. Such fluidity is common in research, and should be embraced as one of its many characteristics.

• Therefore do not worry about your title too early. It may undergo change.


What Happens to You? • When you sit down to write...• Does your mind turn blank?• Are you sure you have nothing to say?• If so, you're not alone. Many writers experience this at some time or

another, but some people have strategies or techniques to get them started. When you are planning to write something, try some of the following suggestions.

• State your thesis.• Write an outline.• Write the first draft.• Revise and polish.• There is no particular formula. Everyone has to devise their own

way of writing.


Purpose

• Create a Purpose or create a canvas

• Next step is to answer the purpose.


How to do it?

• Explore the problem — not the topic• Who is your reader?• What is your purpose?• Who are you, the writer? (What image or

persona do you want to project?)• Make your goals operational• How can you achieve your purpose?• Can you make a plan?• Generate some ideas


Some Ideas

• Brainstorm• Keep writing• Don't censor or evaluate• Keep returning to the problem• Talk to your readers• What questions would they ask?• What different kinds of readers might you have?• Ask yourself questions• Journalistic questions• Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? So What?


Stasis • D'Angelo defines stasis as "the main point

in a legal argument," which can take one of four forms:

• ConjecturalIs: it a dispute over a fact? (Did something happen?)

• 2:DefinitionalIs it a dispute over a definition? (Allowing that something did happen, what was it?)


Stasis • 3QualitativeIs it a dispute over the value, quality, or

nature of an act? (Acknowledging that both something happened and that it was a particular thing, what kind of a thing was it?)

• 4TranslativeIs it a dispute over moving the issue from one court or jurisdiction to another? (To whom is the defendant accountable?)

• In modern terms stasis is commonly referred to as a balance between two or more forces within an argument. Corbett and Eberly refer to stasis, at least initially, simply as question, or more to the point, five forms of a question regarding any particular issue:

• Questions of conjecture :What happened?


Stasis • Does a shared reality exist?• Questions of definition What should we call it?• Questions of cause or consequence• How did this come to happen? What will follow

from it?• Questions of valueIs: this good or bad?• Is this functional? • Is this just?• Questions of procedure or proposal.


Employee Engagement

• Let us consider an example of definition of employee engagement.


Definition

How does the dictionary define ____?• What do I mean by ____?• What group of things does ____ belong to?• How is ____ different from other things?• What parts can ____ be divided into?• Does ____ mean something now that it didn't years ago?

If so, what?• What other words mean about the same as ____?• What are some concrete examples of ____?• When is the meaning of ____ misunderstood?


Comparison/Contrast

• What is ____ similar to? In what ways?

• What is ____ different from? In what ways?

• ____ is superior (inferior) to what? How?

• ____ is most unlike (like) what? How?


Relationship

• What causes ____?

• What are the effects of ____?

• What is the purpose of ____? - What is the consequence of ____?

• What comes before (after) ____?


Testimony

• What have I heard people say about ____?

• What are some facts of statistics about ____?

• Can I quote any proverbs, poems, or sayings about ____?

• Are there any laws about ____?


Circumstance

• Is ____ possible or impossible?

• What qualities, conditions, or circumstances make ____ possible or impossible?

• When did ____ happen previously?

• Who can do ____?


Circumstance

• If ____ starts, what makes it end?

• What would it take for ____ to happen now?

• What would prevent ___ from happening?


Tagmemics

Contrastive features

• How is ____ different from things similar to it?

• How has ____ been different for me?

Variation

• How much can ____ change and still be itself?


Tagmemics

• How is ____ changing?

• How much does ____ change from day to day?

• What are the different varieties of ____?

Distribution

• Where and when does ____ take place?


Tagmemics…

• What is the larger thing of which ___ is a part?

• What is the function of ____ in this larger thing?

• Cubing (considering a subject from six points of view)

• *Describe* it (colors, shapes, sizes, etc.)

• *Compare* it (What is it similar to?)


Tagmemics…

• *Associate* it (What does it make you think of?)

• *Analyze* it (Tell how it's made)

• *Apply* it (What can you do with it? How can it be used?)

• *Argue* for or against it

• Make an analogy


Who are my audience?

• The following are questions that may help the student discern further her audience:

• Who is the general audience I want to reach?

• Who is most likely to be interested in the research I am doing?

• What is it about my topic that interests the general audience I have discerned?


Who are my audience?

• If the audience I am writing for is not particularly interested in my topic, what should I do to pique its interest?

• Will each member of the broadly conceived audience agree with what I have to say?

• If not (which will likely be the case!) what counter-arguments should I be prepared to answer?

• Remember, one of the purposes of a research paper is to add something new to the academic community, and the first-time researcher should understand her role as an initiate into a particular community of scholars. As the student increases her involvement in the field, her understanding of her audience will grow as well. Once again, practice lies at the heart of the thing.


Outline • Parallelism - How do I accomplish this?• Each heading and subheading should preserve

parallel structure. If the first heading is a verb, the second heading should be a verb. Example:

• Choose Desired Colleges• Prepare Application• ("Choose" and "Prepare" are both verbs. The

present tense of the verb is usually the preferred form for an outline)


• Coordination - How do I accomplish this?• All the information contained in Heading 1 should have

the same significance as the information contained in Heading 2. The same goes for the subheadings (which should be less significant than the headings). Example:

• Visit and evaluate college campuses• Visit and evaluate college websites

– Note important statistics– Look for interesting classes

• (Campus and websites visits are equally significant. They are part of the main tasks you would need to do. Finding statistics and classes found on college websites are parts of the process involved in carrying out the main heading topics.)


• Subordination - How do I accomplish this?• The information in the headings should be more

general, while the information in the subheadings should be more specific. Example:

• Describe an Influential Person in Your Life– Favorite high school teacher– Grandparent

• (A favorite teacher and grandparent are specific examples from the generalized category of influential people in your life.)


• Division - How do I accomplish this?• Each heading should be divided into 2 or more

parts. Example:• Compile Resume

– List relevant coursework– List work experience– List volunteer experience

• (The heading "Compile resume" is divided into 3 parts.)

• Technically, there is no limit to the number of subdivisions for your headings; however, if you seem to have a lot, it may be useful to see if some of the parts can be combined.


Thank you

How to Write a Research Paper

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