,

RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of basic biology practicum with title ’’ How To Use

Microscope’’ that arranged by :

Name : Jeny ayu hardiah ningrum

Registrasion Number : 1114040162

Group : III (Three)

Class : ICP A

After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator so this report was

accepted

Makassar, November 4th 2011

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

( Djumarirmanto,S.Pd) (Fitri) ID.091404168

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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A.Background

Microscope ,this word not new for us,I have use when I in junior high school

and senior high school,we had now practicum of microscope is one of practicum in

biology department ,biology is one of branch of science wich explained about

matter and the energy which has connection with human life and the process of

their life,human life concist of seme cell very small,for the first time we must to

know how to use the microscope because we just can see cell with use the

microscope which can help us to see cell and structure of cell

Do this practicum is the challenge for us because we must know components

or part of microscope before we do this practicum about microscope, we can not

get shadow, but my teacher help me,and my observation have succesed, and this

practicum very accostumed but I always try although the tenses in report very

hurd, not only present tense but past tens also. light very important for this

practicum if don’t have light,I can not see cell and I can not find something

This practicum is very interest and it is very challenge, so we have to try and

try use it better than past time when we still studied ,I always studied in junior high

school and senior high scool because I hope in future I can become a biology

teacher.the reasons to do this practicum very many because it is one of the subject

which we must know it.seeing happening problem, I interest to do praktikum this

and to know more about microscope, therefore of that i hopes more know a lot of

about microscope and part. not only sectioned but logistic and way utilizes also

need at knows that deep utilize tool not false again.

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B.Purpose

The purpose of practicum is the students of University can use the biology

microscope and safe to see a simple preparate.

C.Benefit

The benefit this practicum is the student of university more to know,part of

microscope and function.the students can use microscope well more than senior

high school,we can know the purpose of this practicum ,the manner to keep the

microscope and the right procedure wor k to use microscope.

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CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Light microscopes is an indispensable technique for cell and molecular

biologist to study cellular structures and biological processes in both living and fixed

cells.this chapter provides and overview of light microscopy .describes the important

parts of the microscope and goes on to explain how to set up a standard research

microscope for bright field and phase contrast microscopy.there is also a short section

on concfocalmicroscopy,more comprehensive descriptions of the different forms of

light microscopy are found elsewhere.Microsopes are instruments that produce an

enlarged image of a specimen. The eyepieces and the objectives are the main

components of the magnification system of the microscope,the product of the

magnification of the objective lens and the ocular give the total magnification of the

microscope.the visibility of the magnifed specimen depends on contrast and

resolution. Contrast is the difference in light bintensity between an object and its

background. some biological samples contain coloured compouns. The key

components of the compound microscope consist of : the eyepieces ,body tubes,nose

pieces and objectives are part of the magnification system of the microscope.To use a

microscope properly,and to get the most out of it ,it is important to understand the

purpose and function of each of the microscope’s components (Harris,2006)

The simple example of a microscope is a double convex lens of the type that

is used as a magnifiying glass .in the late 1500s to dutch spectacle makers developed

the compound microscope .their device had two convex lenses placed at either and of

a tube and was capable of magnifiying an object to 10 times.its actual size

today,developments in microscopy provide scientist with a wide selection of

instruments with wich to view the smallest organism and even the components of

individual cells.These microscopes range in complexity from the relatively simple

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models you will use in the laboratory today to highty sophisticated scanning and

transmission electron microscopes (Helms R.Dorris ,2006)

A compound microscope contains two lens system .one is located in the

ocular and the other in the objective ,each of the lenses magnifies the object

independently .the ocular eyepiece magnification is disagnated in a similar manner,in

order to determine the total magnification of acombination a two lenses multiply

themanification of your microscope for both low and high power (windell,1975)

There are two objectives mounted on a movable stage instead of a movable

body tube,on each on side of the arm near the base you will see a large knob and

represents both the coarse and fine adjustment,turning the adjustment one quarter turn

in either direction represents fine adjustment ,turning it a greater amount represents

coarse adjustment (windell,1957).

There are two objecteves the nosepiece called the resolving nosepiece.a spring

catch enganges the nose piece to hold each objective in position,the shorter objective

is the low power objective and is marked 10x.the high power objective is longer and

is ,arked 43x or 45x.The microscope is parfocal which means that anobject is in focus

when the noce piece is rotated from one position to another .when switching from low

to high power watch from the side to see whether or not the objective will touch the

slide .if it does touch,lower the stage slightly before placing the objective into

position (windell,1957).

A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked

eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy.

Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope. There are many types

of microscopes, the most common and first to be invented is the optical microscope which

uses light to image the sample. Other major types of microscopes are the electron microscope

(both the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope) and the

various types of scanning probe microscope(anonymous a,2011)

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The first microscope to be developed was the optical microscope, although the

original inventor is not easy to identify. An early microscope was made in 1590 in

Middelburg, Netherlands. Two eyeglass makers are variously given credit: Hans

Lippershey (who developed an early telescope) and Zacharias Janssen. Giovanni

Faber coined the name microscope for Galileo Galilei's compound microscope in

1625 (Galileo had called it the "occhiolino" or "little eye"). The first detailed account

of the interior construction of living tissue based on the use of a microscope did not

appear until 1644, in Giambattista Odierna's L'occhio della mosca, or The Fly's Eye.

It was not until the 1660s and 1670s that the microscope was used extensively for

research in Italy, Holland and England. Marcelo Malpighi in Italy began the analysis

of biological structures beginning with the lungs. Robert Hooke's Micrographia had a

huge impact, largely because of its impressive illustrations. The greatest contribution

came from Antoni van Leeuwenhoek who discovered red blood cells and

spermatozoa and helped popularise microscopy as a technique. On 9 October 1676,

Leeuwenhoek reported the discovery of micro-organisms. In 1893 August Köhler

developed a key technique for sample illumination, Köhler illumination, which is

central to modern light microscopy. This method of sample illumination gives rise to

extremely even lighting and overcomes many limitations of older techniques of

sample illumination. Further developments in sample illumination came from Fritz

Zernike in 1953 and George Nomarski 1955 for their development of phase contrast

and differential interference contrast illumination which allow imaging of transparent

samples. Specialized techniques may exceed this magnification but the resolution is

diffraction limited. The use of shorter wavelengths of light, such as the ultraviolet, is

one way to improve the spatial resolution of the optical microscope, as are devices

such as the near-field scanning optical microscope.Sarfus, a recent optical technique

increases the sensitivity of standard optical microscope to a point it becomes possible

to directly visualize nanometric films (down to 0.3 nanometre) and isolated nano-

objects (down to 2 nm-diameter). The technique is based on the use of non-reflecting

substrates for cross-polarized reflected light microscopy (anonymous b,2011).

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CHAPTER IIIPRACTICUM METHOD

A.Time and Place

Day / Date :Monday/October 25th 2011

Time :10.00 A.M until 12.30 P.M

Place :Biology laboratory 3th flour at FMIPA UNM

B.Tool and Material

1. Tool

a. Biology microscope

b. Tool box have contents:

1) Object glass

2) Cover glass

3) Petri dish

4) Tweezers

5) Hand pipette

c. The equipments are served by the student of university:

1) New razor blade

2) New flannel cloth

3) Cotton cloth

4) Drawing Book

5) Tooth picks

2. Material

a. The materials are served by laboratory:

1) Flute water

2) Filter paper

3) Cotton or barn

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b. The materials are served by the student of university:

1) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

2) Hibiscus tillaceus

3) Cucurbita moschata

4) Allium cepa

C.Work produce

1. Prepared the microscope

a. Put the microscope on the work table in front of you

b. Cleaned up the body of microscope by using flannel eloth. Didn’t shine the

lens of microscope with cloth.

c. Opened toolbox than took petri dish which have object glass and cover glass.

Cleaned up the object glass with cotton cloth or filter paper.

d. Only there were microscope, toolbox and is contents, guide book and note

book, the materials of practicum on the table, besides it put on the other place

which had been served.

2. Straightened up the light for enter to the tube

a. Paid attention to your practicum room condition, from where the bright light

came (from front, left or right ). Directed the mirror of microscope to the light

source. Opened diaphragm or revolved the slab to the medium hole position.

The microscope which have condenser straightened the position near the stage

and used thin mirror. The microscope without condenser used concave mirror.

b. Settled the revolver position until the short objective lens looked out to the

stage until click sound.

c. Brought the tube to down until the objective tip with the stage 5-10 mm or the

tube maximize down.

d. With the left eye closed the right eye looked the ocular will appeared white

round area. If the light didn’t flat, moved mirror position until the light flat. If

more dazzled, constricted the diaphragm or the hole of slab. If white round

area still hazy, it was need the light, opened diaphragm put on the biggest lab.

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e. The microscope ready to used for observed the preparate.

3. The method to set the lens distance with preparate

a. Revolved the macro meter to the thumb, dropped the tube, objective distance

with stage become small.

b. Put the object glass which have preserved preparate on the stage so that the

material which observed been in the middle in the hole stage. Hold the

preparate with stage clips so that it didn’t move.

c. Paid attention the objective distance with the object glass not more 10 mm. If

the distance loose, the hand revolved macro meter to down the tube while

looked from beside objective tip approach the object glass until 5-10 mm.

d. Looked from ocular while the hand revolved macro meter to up the tube

slowly. Observed the while round area until the shadow appear. If that had

done and the shadow had not appeared, it is had past. Repeat again from 3.3.

if had there was a shadow but still hazy so saw it while turned the micro meter

up and down until the shadow clearly visible.

e. Looked into the ocular (what increases is used?) and the objective (what

increase is used?) counted the shadow increase which we see.

f. Put out side the preparat when we had observed.

4. Made simple preparate

a. Took the object glass which was cleaned, held everywhere.

b. Sprinkled water on the middle.

c. Pulped the cotton fibers with tweezers and put it on the middle drops of water.

d. One of the hand held cover glass between the thumb and index finger on the

contrary side.

e. The side of cover glass touched on the object glass near the drops of water

with 45 declivity than released it so it cover the drops of water. Reserved the

surplus of water which ooze out on the glass side by using filter paper.

f. Put on the preparate make on the stage and inspected it like the step 3.2,

3.3,3.4, and 3.5.

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5. Changed the magnification

a. The 4.6 surveillance had success, 3.4 and 3.5, increased the shadow which

measles. Didn’t touch preparate position.

b. Revolved until the longest of objective lens (strong) vertical on the stage and

click sound (looked the increase).

c. Looked while turned the micro meter until maesles the shadow whish more

big. Inspected the shadow.

d. Failed to found the biggest shadow, upward the tube with turned the macro

meter contrary direction with the thumb. Revolved again revolved to put the

small objective lens on the position from the beginning. Without change

preparate position, did the step 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, and continued to 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

until success.

e. If would observe another object, so upward the tube. Put out preparate which

was observed and cleaned object glass and cover glass.

f. Made a new preparate conform with step 4.1 -4.6.

g. The end of activity which used the microscope, take note of this metter.

1) Could not store preparate on the atage

2) Cleaned the wet preparate with filter paper.

3) (object glass + cover glass). Stored it in petri dish and put into the tool

box.

4) Cleaned the microscope body with flannel cloth.

5) Put the microscope into the microscope box.

6) Cleaned the all epuipments were used with cotton cloth and put into its

box.

7) Put each our equipments into box for used at the next practicum.

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CHAPTER IVOBSERVATION RESULT

A. Observation result

We had done this practicum and got bthe result of it,The microscope,its

components and its functions ,the observation result are the result of the

practicum.The picture of microscope and its components:

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The information of the picture :

1. Ocular lens

2. Macro meter

3. Micro meter

4. Microscope arm

5. Mechanic activator

6. Inclination point

7. Supervisor condenser

8. Mast

9. Base

10. Mirror

11. Diapraghm

12. Condenser

13. Object table

14. Clippers

15. Objective lens

16. Revolver

17. Tube

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The observation result :

OBSERVATION PAGEAllium cepa

Magnification 10 x 10

From internet

Notes:

Cell wall

Cytoplasm

Neucleus

Cell membran

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OBSERVATION PAGEHibiscus rosa-sinensis

Magnification 10 x 10

From internet

Notes:

Trichome star

Cell wall

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Neucleus

stomata

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OBSERVATION PAGECucurbitha moschata

Magnification 10 x 10

From internet

Notes :

Neucleus

Cytoplasm

Cell wall

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OBSERVATION PAGEHibiscus tilachius

Magnification 10x10

From internet

Notes:

Trichome star

Cell wall

Neucleus

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B.Discussion

Microscope is one of important tool for activity in biology laboratory,for see

small things structure.it has some components .like accept a shadow,move the tube

up and down,and many function other.like a 1st practicum i have many information

from assistant about microscope and I have try use biology microscope.I have see cell

of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ,Hibiscus tillaceus ,Cucurbita moschata and Allium cepa

and when I see in internet not difference for my research.

The component and function of microscope are:The function of ocular lens is

to accept a shadow from objective and magnify the shadow.mechanic activator is as

the regulator of the place of the object glass on the stage .supervisor condenser is up

and down the condenser. base is the place microscope standing.mirror is the captor

and the reflection of the light.diaphragm is control the light that will enter to the

condenser.condenser is provides a bright from the mirror which will eneter to the hole

of stage and many other part.The microscope have objective amd ocular lense which

have enlargement of objective lens and ocular lens

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CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A.Conclusion

Student at university can use the biology microscope and safe to see a simple

preparate,and the practicum have succes

B. Suggestion

1. Suggestion for laboratory

I hope for next practicum student can use microscope for each self .and the

laboratory can become good place or suitable for practicum.

2. Suggestion for Assistant

I hope assistant can give information and directive about practicum ,may be

can give time to make the result observation

3. Suggestion for the all friends

I hope all friend can hear and can see if assistant and coordinator assistant

give information,so we can do practicum

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonymous a.2011.Microscope,www.wikipedia.com,accesed at October 30th 2011

Anonymous b.2011.Microscope,www.wikipedia.com,accesed at October 30th 2011

Doris,R.doris.2006.Biology in the laboratory.city:publisher

Robin,Harris.2006.cell biology protocol.Usa:john willey and soon,ltd

Tim pengajar,2011.penuntun praktikum biologi dasar.Makassar UNM

Windell,john.1975.Intestigations for practicing biology

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THE ANSWER OF QUESTION

1. The name of mechanic part of the microscop are

a. Ocular lens

b. Objective lens

c. Condenser

d. Mirror

2. The name of mechanic parts of the microscop are

a. Tube

b. Revolver

c. Stage

d. Clippers

e. Diaphragm

f. Arm

g. Mast

h. Micro meter

i. Macro meter

j. Condenser setting

k. Mechanic activator

3. The function of mechanic are

a) Tube function as the place of ocular lens

b) Revolver as place of objective lens

c) Stage as the place of object glass

d) Clippers function to clip the object glass

e) Diaphragm as the regulator of the light which enter to condenser

f) Arm function to held when we want to move microscope

g) Mast function is the place of microscope standing

h) Micro meter as the tool for move up and down the tube smoothly

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i) Macro meter as the tool for move up and down the tube roughly

j) Condenser setting if we turn can up and down the condenser

k) Mechanic activator function manage the place of object glass on the table

4. When the shadow in the white round area will be shifted to the front left, we

must shift the object glass to the opposite direction, because the quality of ocular

lens will receive with the objective lens shadow

5. Because it can make the lens of microscope will be broken. And if the lens

broken, we can not use it again.

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