HOW TO PREPARE LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

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December, 2013 MUDHC, Addis Ababa URBAN PLANNING, SANITATION & BEAUTIFICATION BUREAU

description

Urban design is that part of city planning which deals with the physical form of the city. This is the most creative phase of city planning and that in which imaginationand artistic capacities can play a more important part. It may also be in some respects the most difficult and controversial phase; and because of all these factors, it has been less explored than other aspects. With the new approach to architecture, landscape architecture, road engineering, and city planning, accepted formulas had to be thrown overboard. It is logical that the changes in all these fields have developed independently, each group trying to establish a new set of principles and a new language of forms. It now seems equally logical that the progress in the different professions be brought closer together, so that a synthesis can be achieved in terms of urban design. I do believe that now, after many years of individual, isolated work, we are logically coming to an era of synthesis. Like the instruments in an orchestra, these elements of urban design all have their parts to play in the total performance. The result must be harmonious and cannot be reached by individual competition. I believe we are conscious that city planners, landscape architects, and architects can be only part of a larger team of specialists required to solve urban design problems; but I also believe that our three professions are already very close and that it may be easier first to come to an agreement among ourselves and then, later on, discuss the participation and relationship of the other specialists who should complete the team.

Transcript of HOW TO PREPARE LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

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December, 2013 MUDHC, Addis Ababa

URBAN PLANNING, SANITATION &

BEAUTIFICATION BUREAU

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PART ONE: PHYSICAL ASPECTS

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PHASE

TASK

ACTIVITY

TIP

Purpose

Expected Outputs

Time required

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PHASE ONE: PREPARATORY WORK

Purpose: To undertake various preliminary works so as to smoothen the consecutive tasks particularly the collection of data.

Expected outputs:Checklists,questionnaires, Base maps, Topographic maps, etc., Summary results/information of the rapid appraisal, and,Field work schedule.

Time required : 5 to 7 days4

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Task 1: Preparatory Work for Data Collection Activity 1: Decide what data types are required

At influence region, and At urban level.

Activity 2: Prepare (update) the necessary respective (regional as well as urban) data collection formats.

Questionnaires,Checklists, and Regional, Zonal and Woreda Political (Administrative) and Infrastructure Maps. 5

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Task 2: Acquire Data and Relevant Maps

Activity 1: Prepare blueprint of the urban base map with appropriate scale (1:5000 and/or 1:2000)

Activity 2: Purchase/Get Topographic Maps of 1:50,000 scale

Activity 3: Get/purchase climatic data (if not available at hand)

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Task 3: Conduct Background Assessment

Activity 1: Review of previous urban plans (if any)

Activity 2: Review secondary documents such as CSA Abstracts, atlases and others and collect information on the following:

Geographical location and physical and environmental characteristics;Population size; Current status of the town, etc.

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PHASE TWO- DATA COLLECTION AND COMPILATION

PurposeTo obtain information on physical characteristics, physical infrastructure services, expansion areas and other components.

Expected outputsFilled/answered questionnaires;Minutes of meetings;Sketch maps; and, Compiled primary and secondary data.

Time Required: 10-15 days8

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Task 1: Data Collection

A. INFLUENCE AREA LEVEL

Activity 1: Delineation of the influence regionConduct discussion with stakeholders, andIdentify the influence region.

Activity 2: Collect physical and environmental data of the influence region

Get location map;Geographical setting of the influence regionAbsolute geographical location, andRelative geographical location.

Natural resources [topography, drainage, climate, soil, mineral, vegetation and wildlife] 9

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Cont….Activity 3: Collect influence region’s area, population and urban system data

Area and population size;Area (km2), Total area of cultivated land; and Cultivable land,Population size (total, urban and rural

population),Regional urban systemGet map of regional urban settings and

spatial distribution 10

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Activity 4: Collect information on physical infrastructure elements of the study region

Transport data Get regional road map of appropriate scale, road types and length, Transport systems (road, air, rail and water), and traditional transport

system.Communication systems data:

Telecommunication (fixed and mobile) service data, Internet service data, and Postal service data.

Electric service data, and Water service data.

Activity 5: Collect information on urban-urban and rural-urban linkage

Administrative service linkage data,Infrastructure linkage data, andMunicipal service linkage information.

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B. URBAN LEVEL

Activity 6: Collect information on physiographic features of the project town

Get base map of the project town (1:5000, 1:2000) and Conduct field observation;Location of the town;Area and shape of the town; Topography;Altitude/elevation;Drainage system;Type and condition of surface water drainage

basins /catchments/, Efforts made to conserve the water resources from

being contaminated by urban wastes and the utilization of land on the banks of rivers for compatible activities 12

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Cont… Activity 7: Collect Climatic data of the project

townTemperature Daily maximum, minimum and average, Monthly maximum, minimum and average, and Yearly maximum, minimum and average.

Rainfall Mean monthly; Mean annual; and, Humidity.

Wind Wind direction, and Wind speed.

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Cont…Activity 8: Collect data on physical infrastructure of the project town

Road network and transport conditions;Existing condition of road network in terms

of accessibility and surface condition;Condition of pedestrian walkway and

bikeway;Types of means of transport in the town; andExisting condition of bus station (if there is

bus station).Power supply;Telecommunication; and,Postal services.

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Activity 9: Collect relevant information on natural and man-made constraints for future development of the project townGet base map of the town and Conduct field observation and identify and sketch

Natural constraints which are related to topography (like excessively high and/or low gradient) watercourses and gullies, geological hazards, etc.

Man made constraints (substation and high tension electricity cables, airport, military camps, quarry sites, etc.)

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Cont…Activity 10: Collect relevant information on municipal/towns services General Market and Gulit/daily market/;

Livestock Market;

Abattoir; and,

Religious centers and cemetery,

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Task 2: Compile Collected Data

Activity: Organize the collected data using appropriate methods

Tally qualitative/quantitative information as required;Tabulate the statistical data;Present the data in the form tables; and, Organize appropriate maps/diagrams as required.

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Tips to Phase 2: Data Collection Methods and Sources (TASK 1)

Key QuestionsHave all the relevant (qualitative as well as quantitative) data been collected?Have all key resources been obtained?Are the key stakeholders consulted?

Collect Primary data through:Interview;Structured or other types of questionnaires;Field observation, recording and sketching/mapping; Reviewing existing Base Maps and Topographic maps;Purchasing raw data from National Meteorological Agency; and,Public and stakeholders discussion.

Collect secondary data through reviewing various documents from CSA, atlases, regional profiles, publications/reports of zonal and Wereda offices.

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PHASE THREE- DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Purpose of the Phase To give a realistic assessment of the situation at hand and to draw critical problems and gaps to be addressed in the subsequent planning processes.

Expected OutputsFinal Report (analysis of current situations, trends, dynamics, opportunities, potentials, threats, strength, weaknesses and proposals)

Slope and constraint map/maps

Time required : 20– 25 days 19

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Task 1: Delineation of the Influence Region

Activity 1: Define the influence Area/Region

Assessment of various physical, socio-economic and environmental parameters. Experts related to physical and environmental, economic and population and social aspects should be involved in the selection process. Participatory approach will be mandatory.

TIPS: The major variables that should be considered for selection include the following:

Geographical proximity,Services catchement (school and health facilities),Supply of agricultural products, Market catchement,Interaction in terms of both passenger and freight flow,Availability of development projects,Administrative (political) influence, andRecreation and tourist related impacts. 20

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Values in %

Weredas from different Zones and regions

Administrative services(30)

Transport interaction (15)

Service catchments

Marketcat.(15)

Recreation and tourist sites (10)

Rural supply catchments (15)

Total Rank

School7.5

Health7.5

Weredas from Illubabor Zone

Nano-SaleAle-DiduHalu-BureMetuDarimuYayu-HurumuAlge-SachiChoraDega-MakoBedele-DaboGechi-BorechaDedesa

202020302020202020202020

7128159141113111065

---7.5--------

7.57.57.57.57.57.57.57.57.5---

7.5131115121310987.57.57.5

51051055533222

7.5131115121310987.57.57.5

54.575.562.510065.572.563.561.557.5474342

926143578101112

Bordering Weredas from E.Wellega Zone

0 5 0 0 0 7.5 12.5 14

Bordering Weredas from .Wellega Zone

0 5 0 0 0 0 7.5 12.5 14

Bordering Weredas from Jima Zone

Jimma townOther weredas

00

55

00

00

7.5 00

7.5 12.512.5

1414

Bordering Weredas from GPNRS

0 4 0 5 0 0 7.5 16.5 13

Bordering Weredas Bordering Weredas from SNNPRSfrom SNNPRS

00 44 00 55 00 00 7.57.5 16.516.5 1313

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Cont… Activity 2: Analyze the organized physical and environmental

data of the influence region

Describe location and interpret the influence region with the help of appropriate maps;Analyze physical and natural resources such as topography, drainage, climate, water, soil, mineral, vegetation and wild life; andPotential/opportunity and risks for development.

Activity 3: Analyze the area, population distribution and density of the study region

Calculate/measure the area of the study region;Evaluate population distribution and density of the influence region;Compare and contrast the influence region with zonal, regional, etc, levels and contrast among Woredas within the study region Identify potentials and threats for development.

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Cont…

Tips to Activity 3: Calculate crude population density, agricultural density and physiological using the following formula

Crude population density = Total population Total area (km2)

Agricultural density = Rural population Cultivated land (km2)

Physiological density = Total population Cultivable land (km2)

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Cont…

Activity 4: Analyze the regional urban system

Evaluate level of urbanization of the influence region,Calculate urbanization rate and compare with the national and regional, and zonal levels, Compare and contrast level of urbanization at woreda level within the influence region Assess the distribution pattern and hierarchy of urban settlement, Identify peculiar characteristics.

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Tips to Activity 4:

To determine level of urbanization employ (usually study region)

Level of urbanization= Total Urban Population

Total Population

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Activity 5: Analyze physical infrastructure of the study region

Assess the transport system (road, rail, air, water and traditional) ;Road length, network distribution and density;Identify areas that need intervention in terms of road;Describe the availability of telephone (fixed and mobile), postal, and electric services in the study region; and Identify potentials and threats for development.

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Cont… Activity 6: Analyze administrative and infrastructure

linkage with the project town

Urban-Urban linkages Urban-Rural linkages

Administrative linkage,Infrastructure, Municipal service linkage, andIdentify threats and constraints.

Activity 7: Analyze the urban specific location and topographic dataDescribe location and area, Analyze shape, topography and slope of the town, and, Identify critical problems.

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a) Length- Breadth ratio (L-B) ratio is expressed as: Length of long axis of an area (A-B) Length of short axis of an area (C-D)

SHAPE

Tips to Activity 7:

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Area of the cell (an area) being measured Area of the smallest inscribing circle

b) Compaction Index (C.I):- is a more refined measure of compactness and is defined as:

Results approaching a unit (one) indicate more compact shape and vice versa.

Identify problems of interaction and infrastructure provision that arise due to elongated (linear) shape.

Tips (Continued)

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Slope AnalysisUse GIS techniques( if available)If you work manually, follow the following procedures

Get base map with contour lines, Classify & delineate contour lines with

similar spacing, Measure horizontal distance (H.E) using

scale ruler, Identify vertical interval (V.I), and

employ:

Slope = V.I x100 (in %) (or x60 in terms of degree.) Horizontal Equivalent

Tips (Continued)

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Tips (Continued)

Classify the slopes and produce a slope map with appropriate shading or standardized color (0-1%, 1-5%, 5-10%, 10-15%, 15-20% and > 20%)

Calculate area of each slope class and recognize (identify) the total area that could be potentially suitable for urban development.

Identify areas subjected to flooding and water stagnation (<2%)

Identify areas with excessive slope for urban development activities (> 20%).

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Activity 8: Analyze climatic situation of the town

Calculate mean monthly, mean annual, etc temperature of the town,Identify extreme low and high temperatures, Calculate mean monthly and annual rainfall,Identify the prevailing wind directions and indicate wind speed, Identify critical climatic problems for urban planning.

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Tips to Activity 8: Temperature Analysis

Get 10 years climatic data from National Meteorological Agency, then (if not available use at least 5 years data).Calculate mean daily, monthly and annual temperatures and present using tables and graphs

Mean daily temperature = max. Daily temp. + Min. daily temp. Two

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Tips (Continued)

Mean monthly temp. = Sum of mean daily temperature for the month

Number of days in the month

Mean annual temperature =

sum of mean monthly temperature for one year Twelve

Identify extreme low and high temperatures & impacts

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Rainfall Analysis Calculate daily mean, mean monthly, mean annual, etc using:Calculate annual rainfall, mean annual rainfall and present using tables and graphs

Mean annual rainfall = sum of ten or more years yearly rainfall

Number of years

Tips (Continued)

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Tips (Continued) -Tips to Wind Direction/Speed Analysis

N.B. prevailing wind directions help to determine the location of

pollutant industries, waste disposal sites, abattoir, runway orientation, etc

wind speed help to decide whether wind break (shelterbelt) is needed and/or unwanted winds to increase outdoor human comfort.

ProceduresGet wind data (about 10 years daily);Tally daily observations by categorizing in to main wind

directions and speed categories;Summarize daily observation in to months and year. Finally

tabulate cumulative observations. Interpret the result.

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Direction

Speed(m/sec)

Calm N NE E SE S SW W NW Total Observation

Percentage

<1 No 251 - - - - - - - - 251 6.8

% 6.9 - - - - - - - - -

1-3 No - 72 114 260 103 82 193 420 40 1284 35.2

% - 54 32.9 33.3 39.5 55.4 37.5 37.0 48.2 -

4-6 No - 55 169 451 139 56 294 651 38 1853 50.8

% - 41.4 48.8 57.8 53.5 37.8 57.1 57.4 45.8 -

7-10 No - 5 49 56 11 8 23 59 5 216 5.9

% - 3.8 14.2 7.2 4.2 5.4 4.7 5.2 6.0 -

11-15 No - 1 14 13 8 2 4 4 - 46 1.3

% - 0.8 4.1 16.7 3.0 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.0 -

Total No 251 133 346 780 261 148 514 1134 83 3650 100

% 6.8 3.6 9.5 21.4 7.2 4.0 14.1 31.0 2.3 100

Tips (Continued)

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Tips (Continued)

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Activity 9: Analyze major natural and man-made constraints for urban development

Voltage line (kv)

Required clearance right-of-way in (m)

15 7.535 1045 1066 10

132 15230 20

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cont

Activity 10: Analyze the organized data on physical infrastructure of the town

Existing road network in terms of access & suitability, and identify major gaps,

Describe the condition of pedestrian walkway, bikeway, motor way, etc.,

Means of transport in the town and major problems,

Traffic congestion and degree of car accidents,

Parking spaces and identify gaps between demand and existing conditions,

Condition of bus station and identify gaps between the existing and required services,

Problems and gaps between the existing and the required power, telephone and postal service 40

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Tips for Bus Station Site Selection (in Activity 10 )

Factors to be considered in bus station site selection are:-

Accessibility:- bus station should be accessible by major and/or arterial road. Compatibility:- considering intensity of vehicular traffic, it should be far from noise sensitive areas such as school, hospitals, libraries, etc.Topography:- it is preferable if the slope the site is 5% or lower. Availability of infrastructure and other facilities telephone, electric power, pipe water line ,etc)Area:- depends on the number and types of vehicles to be served

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Cont…

The selection and level of bus station depends up on

The number of vehicles that park at peak hours within a day;

The importance of the urban center (commercial, administrative, etc); and,

The extent of connection with important urban centers.

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Vehicle Types Level Required area/m2

Remarks

Small or Third level bus station

Large up to 5 300 Wereda centers

Medium up to 10 300 Centers of Agricultural Production

Small up to 15 300 Rural urban centers

Total 30 900

Medium or Secondary Level bus station

Large 5-25 600 Zonal capitals

Medium 10-45 720 Centers of commerce & agricultural products

Small 10-55 720 Wereda centers

Total 25-125 2040

Source: Federal Transport Authority, 1998 EC.

Table: Recommended Area for bus station

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Activity 11: Analyze the organized data on municipal services of the town:Conduct field observation,Analyze existing condition of the general market and livestock market, and identify the gaps, Assess the existing situation of abattoir and identify gaps between the existing and required services, andAssess the condition of religious centers, cemeteries and identify key problems.

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Tips for General Market (in Activity 11)

Factors to be considered in the selection general market site are:-

Centrality; Accessibility; Compatibility; Topography:- slope less than 5% is more appropriate

Area:- determined by the maximum number of market attendees of peak hour/season, availability of enough space

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Tip to select sites for livestock market (in Activity 11)

Factors that should be considered for the selection of sites for livestock market-: Peripheral location; Accessibility;

Compatibility; It should be outside the central part of the

town/city in order to reduce traffic congestion.

If possible it should be near abattoir (for large cities only).

Dominant flow direction of livestock. Area- depends on the type (cattle, sheep, etc) and number of livestock. 46

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Number of Daily Livestock Supply Area Required (m2) Area Required Total Area (m2)Cattle Sheep/

GoatEquine Camel Cattle Sheep/

GoatEquine Camel Total

Livestock(m2) Circulation(m2)

Facilities(m2)

500 1000 20 20 (3.5)*1750

(0.90)900

(4.5)90

(4.5)90

2830(68%) 290(7%)

1040(25%)

4160

Source: - FDRE, Authority for Livestock Market, 1993 E.F.Y

Table: - Area required for various category of livestock

Tips (Continued)

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Tips (Continued)

NB:

i. The area required to reserve for each cattle, sheep/goat, equine and camel is 3.5m2, 0.90m2, 4.5m2 and 4.5m2, respectively

ii. The area required for circulation should be 10.25%of the actual required livestock area.

iii. The area required for facilities should be 36.75% of the actual required livestock area.

or

iv. The area required for other facilities such as administrative offices, balance, toilet, incineration of solid wastes, reservoirs, etc. should not be more than 25% of the total reserved area; and the area required for circulation should not be more than 7% of the total reserved area

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Tip for Abattoir site selection (in Activity 11)

Factors to be considered in the selection of sites for abattoirs:

It should be located in the periphery of a town/city;

It should not be located close to residential houses, schools, churches, public offices, etc;

It should be accessible at least with a compacted gravel collector road;

It should be located at least 5km away from airport and runways (in the direction of approach and take off);

It should not be located in the direction of urban future expansion area;

Preferable slope is about 5%;

There should be adequate infrastructure services such as water supply, electricity, etc;

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Factors to be considered in the construction of abattoir (continued)

It should not be near latrines or any other waste disposal system;It should not be near a factory from which smoke or dust can contaminate the meat;It should have adequate area to accommodate the whole operational facilities required.It should be 2 km away from any ranch boundary, a neighboring abattoir;It should be 5 km away from quarantine station;It should be at least 2 km away from sources of water supply (e.g. deep wells, ponds, lakes, etc.).

Tips (Continued)

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Table: Sample for rating suitability of sites

Score5 points

20 points

10 points

10 points

10 points7 points

2 points

10 points

6 points

5 points

10 points 5 points 100

RemarksName of proposed site

Availability of enough space

Water supply availability

Waste disposal facilities

Road facility

Availability of public transport

The presence of establishment

Wind direction

Flow direction of livestock

Accessibility to animal transport

Location from airport

Facility for livestock market

Availability of telephone, electricity

Total score

X

Y

Z

Tips (Continued)

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Tips (Continued)

The score given to each factor has proposed by the committee assigned to select site for a new Abattoir in Addis Ababa. The method to be employed is designed in a way to evaluate each variable by assigning a value (score) proportional to its significance. The value to be given to each factor is subjective and may vary from individual to individual and from group to group. However, the variation should not be significant.

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Tips for Cemetery Site Selection (in Activity 11)

Factors to be considered in cemetery site selection are:-

Compatibility:- It should be far from recreation areas, health facilities, sport fields,

schools, etc. There should be a buffer zone between cemeteries and other urban

activities

Accessibility:- The site should be accessible to collector or minor arterial roads.

Topography:- It is preferable if the slope is below 10%. However, in towns/cities where there is a shortage of land, areas with more than 10% slope can be used.

Area: the area required for cemetery during the planning period is determined by death rate, number of followers of major religions and the area required for a single burial (i.e. 2.88m2).

Tips (Continued)

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Tips (Continued)

Other points:

Cemeteries should be outside central parts of a town/city;

Cemeteries should not be located in direction of future expansion areas;

If there is an opportunity, it is better to locate cemeteries within compounds of worship places.

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Task 2: Proposals and Finalization

Activity 1: Summarize the overall findings, Activity 2: Identify planning issues and propose planning solution,Activity 3: Discuss on the results with the planning team and the stakeholders, Activity 4: Update the study as per the agreed comments, andActivity 5: Finalize the report and arrange deliverables

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Planning Issues Planning Proposals/solutions

Natural and Man-made constraints, Urban Expansion and Controlled Area Delineation

Topography (steep slope very flat areas with poor efficiency of drainage), water courses, gullies, geological hazards, etc

Substation, high tension lines, airport, military camps, quarry sites

Propose appropriate buffer zone for the natural & man made constraints to avoid or minimize related problems & to have sustainable urban growth.

Relocate man made constraints as required, Propose compatible land use types along

constraints.

Absence of well defined boundary Formulate legislative framework that ensure the delineated urban promotion and controlled boundaries.

Large land holdings Propose appropriate land use regulation.

Trends of squatting Propose proper controlling mechanism for illegal settlements.

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Planning Issues Planning Proposal/solutions

Road Network and Transport

Car accident Upgrading and maintenance of road Awareness creation Construction of Standard roads Improve traffic management

Traffic Congestion Appropriate urban land use planning Encourage public transport services Encourage traffic discipline Propose hierarchically well articulated urban roads Provide adequate parking space Locate activities related to transport at appropriate sites

Absence, incompatibility and inadequate size (area) of bus and freight terminals.

Propose bus and freight terminals at appropriate locations with adequate size (standard size)

Air Transport

Location incompatibility Relocate some land use activities around the air port Height regulation Delineate buffer zone with aviation technical criteria.

Electric power supply

High tension electric lines and sub-station

Indicate buffer zone and designate appropriate land use activities.

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Tips to Task 2 (in Activity 5) Maps and graphs that are included in the report are:-Location map of the influence area. Slope and constraint map.Graphs and tables of various variables. Wind rose diagram.

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PART TWO:- URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (URBAN LEVEL)

Topics to be discussed:A. Relationship between the urban land use and environment B. Development and Management of urban Green Area and

open spaces

C. Industrial development and the urban environment

D. Waste management.

Data Types ImplicationsPlanning issues

& proposals

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A. Relationship between the Urban land use and environment

Data Types:Relationship between land use and transportation;

Relationship between land use (existing and future) and environmental protection;

Identify different land features and natural factors, and indicate their merits and demerits for urban development;

Identifying future expansion/ development area;

Identify activities and services that could threaten the environment;

Identify natural and man made constraints that guide (affect) different land use types.

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Relationship between the Urban land use and environment Implications:

To recommend appropriate types of land uses;To recommend appropriate housing and population densities; To indicate appropriate zoning laws that ban urban development in specific areas of the city such as greenbelts and green ways, and open space; To protect fragile lands/ ecologically sensitive areas; To indicate impacts of squatter settlements on the environment;To encourage improved land management in cities;To encourage coordination among various concerned bodies for issues that transcend the study area.

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B. Urban Green Areas:

Data Types:

Identify the location, size, type, character, ownership and management of open spaces/green areas;

Assess the accessibility and centrality of parks;

Current status and use of green areas/open spaces;

Cultural and aesthetic aspects.

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Urban Green Areas (Continued):

Implications:To indicate appropriate green areas/open spaces in the proposed land use plan to locate appropriate urban green areas/open spaces to create comfortable living environment;To enhance citizens’ participation and enforce legislative and planning aspects in management and maintenance of open space and urban green development;Respect cultural and aesthetical aspects when developing open space and urban green.

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C. Industrial development and the urban environment

Data Types:Compatibility with adjacent land uses and vulnerable natural resources;Type, volume and nature of waste generated by different Industries; Factors for the siting of industries;Waste management system of respective industries;Type, nature and amount or volume of raw materials used; Other major environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with industrial development; etc.

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Industrial development and the urban environment (continued)

Implications:

To assist Industrial site selection/industrial zone;

To examine the degree of industrial pollution and waste;

To suggest sustainable industrial development.

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Steps of industrial selection:

Prepare the list of the factors considered important to the location of the individual plant that are not being evaluated on a cost basis. Establish relative values for each factor.Establish a number of degrees for each factor.Define the degree. Assign point values to the degree. Designate mandatory factors. Evaluate all locations. Assign points to each location factor. Select the location.

Industrial development and the urban environment (continued)

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Selection criteria for industrial sites:

Reasonably flat land (Not more than 5%); Availability of utilities;Accessibility; Compatibility with the surrounding uses; and, Consideration of prevailing winds.

Industrial development and the urban environment (continued)

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D. Waste management

       Data Types (Solid waste):Types and nature of solid waste generated; Major sources of solid waste;Average per capita solid waste generation rate;Methods of solid waste collection and transportation;Number of solid waste storage facilities, their volume, and spatial distribution;Employees engaged in solid waste management; Available equipments for solid waste management; Factors for solid waste disposal site;Role of different actors (NGOs, informal sector, government);Recycling and reusing mechanisms;Budget allocated;

Inter-municipal cooperation. 69

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Waste Management (continued)

Data Types (Liquid waste):

Availability of toilet facilities by type;

Mechanisms of transportation, disposal recycling, and treatment of liquid waste;

Number of public toilets and their spatial distribution;

Budget allotted for waste management;

Inter-municipal cooperation;

Site selection.

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Waste Management (continued)

Implications (both solid and liquid wastes):To conserve ecologically sensitive areas; To Identify poor sanitation areas, improper waste disposal sites and their impacts & propose solutions;To determine amount of solid waste generated and propose appropriate storage, collection, transportation and disposal mechanisms for the future planning period.To develop alternative strategy for recycling of wastes;To propose appropriate dumping sites or sanitary landfill sites; To assess the existing condition of toilet facilities, and liquid waste disposal sites;To initiate economic utilization of wastes; etc.

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Solid waste Management

The four principal elements of any solid waste management system:

Storage; Collection; Transport; and, Disposal.

Compatibility between each of the three stages of storage, collection and transport is essential to ensure efficient operation.

Waste Management (continued)

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Solid waste storage

Solid waste storage facilities may be classified as primary (or individual) and secondary (or communal) storage facilities.

As far as possible the storage facilities must be animal-proof, insect-proof, washable and robust enough to meet the exigencies of normal use.

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Solid Waste-collection Methods

Communal collectionBlock collectionKerbside (entrance) collectionDoor-to-door collection

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Table: Comparison of various methods of service collection

Description Communal Block Kerbside Door to door

Householder cooperation in carrying refuse bins

Yes Yes Yes No

Householder cooperation in emptying refuse bins

Yes Optional No No

Need for scheduled service No Optional Yes No

Susceptibility to scavenging Very high None High None

Average crew size 1-2 (portable)2-4 (stationary)

1-3 1-3 3-7

Complaints regards trespassing No No No Yes

Level of service Poor Fair Good Good

Collection cost Low Medium High Very high

Source- UNCHS (no date), Refuse Collection Vehicles For Developing Countries 75

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Solid Waste- Characteristics, capacity and range of radius of non-motorized means

Types Scope of use Capacity Range of radius

Handcarts Road sweepingsPrimary refuse

collection vehicles

200 kgs 1 km

Pedal tricycles Mainly used as primary refuse collection vehicles

500 litres 2 to 3 km

Animal drawn carts

Essentially primary collection vehicles

2 cu m. 3 km

Source- UNCHS (no date), Refuse Collection Vehicles For Developing Countries

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Solid Waste- Comparative characteristics of non-motorized vehicles of refuse collection

 Variables Type of non-motorized vehicleHandcart Pedal

tricycle Animal cart

Body capacity uncompacted 0.4 0.4 2.0Operating range Short Medium MediumLoading speed Fast Fast FastLabor requirement High High MediumCapital cost (cu m waste collected)

Low Low Low

Running cost Low Low LowEconomic life of vehicle Long Long MediumManeuverability Good Good GoodSuitability for local manufacture of body

Yes Yes Yes

Source- UNCHS (no date), Refuse Collection Vehicles For Developing Countries77

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Solid Waste

Frequency of collection of solid wastes is expressed as (days)-

Capacity of container (m3) * density (kg/ m3)* 75% full _____________________________________________

Generation rate (kg)* No. of population served in one container

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Solid waste: disposal mechanisms

Sanitary landfill/open dump sitesIncineratorsReusing/recycling mechanisms

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Table : Selection criteria for solid waste disposal sites

Area exclusion criteria applicable worldwide

Aspect Criteria

Transport More than 2 km from a suitable main roadUneconomical travel distance

Natural conditions

Flood plains or areas liable to floodingExtreme morphology (steep slopes liable to landslips)

Land use Designated groundwater rechargeIncompatible future land use designationsWithin a military exclusion zone

Public acceptability Within 200 m of existing residential development

Safety Within 5 km of an airport runway in the direction of approach and take-off

Area of former military activity

Within a microwave transmitter exclusion zone

Within a safe buffer distance (say 100 m) from an existing or planned quarry

Areas known to contain collapsing soils

Source: Philip Rushbrook (1999) Solid Waste Landfills in Middle and Lower Income Countries80

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Identification of Planning Issues and Planning Proposals

Planning issues Planning Proposals/Solutions

Relationship between the urban land use and the environment

Urban sprawl Propose compact urban developmentClearly indicate urbanization promotion and controlled area and create

favorable conditions for its legality

Incompatibility Relocation of some activitiesIndicate buffer zone for functions that deserve buffer

Conversion of agricultural land to built-up area

Encourage infill development as a first priorityEncourage urban renewal schemesEncourage urban development towards areas with low agricultural valueUndertake development towards fertile agricultural lands as a last priority

Development and Management of urban green areas

Absence or lack of adequate open spaces/green areas

Propose suitable open spaces/green areas in the proposed land use plan

Inappropriate management of green areas

Indicate proper management system for green areas

Industrial development and the urban environment

Inappropriately located industrial sites

Envisage industrial zonesPropose appropriate location for industries

Incompatibility Relocation of some activitiesIndicate buffer zones

Waste Management

Indiscriminate disposal of wastes Envisage appropriate waste management schemesPropose appropriate dump sites 81

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THANK YOU

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