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Slide 2 How to measure spatial abilities in visually impaired people? Frank J.J.M. Steyvers ICTTP 2012 Slide 3 Issue Applied research: often no problem Relation with fundamental research is missing Many spatial ability test are visual Useless for Visually Impaired Persons (VIPs) Slide 4 Tests suitable for VIPs Performance tests (self constructed) Zoo-test Lego-test Referenced with Corsi block test Money road map test Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Test Kozlowski & Bryant scale GIT: puzzle, calculations, word matrices Slide 5 Method 48 normally sighted, matched with VIPs from previous research Counterbalanced execution of the various tests Calculation of correlations Slide 6 Zoo-test Description of plan of a zoo (survey condition) route through a zoo (route condition) 20 questions about relation between items both in survey- and in route-condition ways Repeated twice Performance: # questions correct Slide 7 Reptile house Cat-like predators Bears African animals Birds Monkey rock Mountain animals Aqua- rium Insect house Childrens playground Petting zoo Ticket booth Restaurant Entrance Zoo-plan Slide 8 Lego-test Feel construction of 3 towers on a base plate for 10s Copy from memory with loose bricks Performance: completion time accuracy on four dimensions (location, orientation, height, and brick type) Use: both hands, preferred hand, non-preferred hand, both hands + vision Three trials each Slide 9 Lego-test material Slide 10 Corsy block (tapping) test Tapping an increasingly complex pattern on a plate with nine blocks (numbers invisible) Subject has reconstruct the tapping pattern in normal or in reversed order Slide 11 Money Road map test Show a tracing pencil op the map Subject has to indicate the direction of the turns as if in the pencil tip (like a car) Slide 12 SBSOD-scale 15-item scale with a resolution of 7 between the scale anchors Slide 13 Kozlowski & Bryant scale One-item scale: How good is your sense of direction? Originally with a resolution of 9 between the scale anchors For this study added as a 16th item to the SBSOD- scale with a resolution of 7 between scale anchors Slide 14 Groninger Intelligence Test (GIT) Calculations: solving 40 additions of three numbers asap, e.g.,13 34 25 + Puzzles: select from a set of forms those necessary to complete a more complex figure (compare with tangram, only the figures and forms are drawings) Word matrices: complete analogies (mc), e.g., high low big 1) strong; 2) heavy; 3) deep; 4) firm; 5) small Slide 15 Results 1: corr. with performance tests Slide 16 Results 2: corr. with self-reports Slide 17 Discussion 1 No clear picture Performance tests: corr. between ZOO and Lego-details corr. between ZOO and Corsi Longest corr. between ZOO and Money errors corr. between Lego and Corsi #correct corr. between Lego and Corsi Longest Self-reports: no correlations with questionnairs (cont) Slide 18 Discussion 2 GIT subtests: corr. between ZOO and GIT puzzle corr. between ZOO and GIT complete corr. between Lego details and GIT calculations Other (older) results: No corr. with Big-5 No corr. with Working Memory size (number lists) No corr. with spatial mental rotation test No corr. with field-dependency tests No corr. with handedness, or gender Slide 19 Conclusion Some spatial results with performance tests The search continues Any questions? This presentation is based on the Ba-theses of Willem Takens, Sophie Snoek, Tessa Drent, Tijo Knol, Remco Paulusma, Gerdine Douma, Pauline van Dijk and Marlot Schuurman, all supervised by the author Slide 20 Thank you for your attention Slide 21 Slide 22