HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM A HANDBOOK FOR ......University of Malaya is committed to the fight against...
Transcript of HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM A HANDBOOK FOR ......University of Malaya is committed to the fight against...
1University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
HOHOHOHOHOW TW TW TW TW TO AO AO AO AO AVVVVVOIOIOIOIOID PD PD PD PD PLLLLLAAAAAGIARGIARGIARGIARGIARIIIIISM ASM ASM ASM ASM AHANDHANDHANDHANDHANDBBBBBOOK FOOK FOOK FOOK FOOK FOR POR POR POR POR POOOOOSSSSSTTTTTGRGRGRGRGRADUADUADUADUADUAAAAATETETETETE
SSSSSTUDTUDTUDTUDTUDENTENTENTENTENTSSSSS
PROFESSOR DR. AZIRAH HASHIM(ADVISOR)
ASSOC. PROFESSOR DR. KAREN KOW YIP CHENG(HEAD OF PROJECT)
DR. JAWAKHIR MIOR JAAFARDR. STEFANIE SHARMILA PILLAI
ANNELIESE LUTGENBONG MOON YEE
ILARIA CIARAMICOLIMISAKO TAKADA
NADIA ABDULLAH ZAWAWIONG LOK TIK RUTH
SUPRAMANI SHONIAH
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICSUNIVERSITY OF MALAYA
2 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
3University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
TTTTTABABABABABLE OF CLE OF CLE OF CLE OF CLE OF CONTENTONTENTONTENTONTENTONTENTSSSSS
1.1.1.1.1.00000 IIIIINTRNTRNTRNTRNTRODUCTODUCTODUCTODUCTODUCTIONIONIONIONION1.1 Academic Integrity and Conduct 51.2 Correct Research Conduct for Students 61.3 Your Role and Responsibility in Preventing Plagiarism 6
22222.....00000 AAAAACADCADCADCADCADEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MISSSSSCCCCCONDUCTONDUCTONDUCTONDUCTONDUCT2.1 Plagiarism 72.2 Penalties for Plagiarism 77777
33333.....00000 IIIIINTENTENTENTENTEGRGRGRGRGRAAAAATTTTTION OF REION OF REION OF REION OF REION OF RESEARSEARSEARSEARSEARCHED ICHED ICHED ICHED ICHED INFNFNFNFNFORMAORMAORMAORMAORMATTTTTIONIONIONIONIONIIIIINTNTNTNTNTO YO YO YO YO YOUR WOUR WOUR WOUR WOUR WORKORKORKORKORK3.1 Acts of Plagiarism 83.2 Techniques for Integrating Researched Information 8
3.2.1 Quotation3.2.2 Paraphrase3.2.3 Summary3.2.4 Citation
4.4.4.4.4.00000 CICICICICITTTTTAAAAATTTTTION MEION MEION MEION MEION METHODOLTHODOLTHODOLTHODOLTHODOLOGOGOGOGOGYYYYY4.1 Types of Citations 12
4.1.1 In-text Citation4.1.2 Direct Quote / Citation4.1.3 Paraphrase
4.2 Different Citation Styles 144.3 Reference List / Bibliography 15
APAPAPAPAPPPPPPENDENDENDENDENDICEICEICEICEICESSSSSA Kaedah-Kaedah UM (Tatatertib Pelajar-Pelajar) 1999 17B Types of Plagiarism 19C List of Plagiarism Offences 22D In-Text Citations (APA Style) 23E Examples of Types of References for a Reference List 26
(APA Style)F Example of a Reference Page (APA Style) 30G Different Styles of Bibliography Entries 31
1
4 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
5University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
1.1.1.1.1.00000 IIIIINTRNTRNTRNTRNTRODUCTODUCTODUCTODUCTODUCTIONIONIONIONIONWelcome to the University of Malaya.In registering to be a post-graduate student, you have chosen tostudy as a sa sa sa sa stututututudddddeeeeennnnnt rt rt rt rt reeeeesssssearearearearearccccchhhhheeeeerrrrr. As a post-graduate student, you arebound by a code of academic conduct. This means that you areexpected to follow certain rules and regulations as part of theacademic/scholarly community of students and staff. This code ofconduct (KKKKKaaaaaedededededah-kah-kah-kah-kah-kaaaaaedededededah UM (Tah UM (Tah UM (Tah UM (Tah UM (Taaaaatttttaaaaattttteeeeertib Prtib Prtib Prtib Prtib Peeeeelllllajajajajajararararar-P-P-P-P-Peeeeelllllajajajajajararararar) 19) 19) 19) 19) 199999999999,,,,,)states clearly what you can or cannot do in research as a post-graduate student of the university.
1.11.11.11.11.1 AAAAAcacacacacadddddeeeeemimimimimic Inc Inc Inc Inc Intttttegregregregregrititititity any any any any and Cd Cd Cd Cd CooooonnnnndududududuccccctttttAll post-graduate students are expected to have aaaaacacacacacadddddeeeeemimimimimic inc inc inc inc intttttegregregregregrititititityyyyy.TTTTThis means this means this means this means this means thhhhhaaaaat yt yt yt yt yooooou aru aru aru aru are ee ee ee ee expecxpecxpecxpecxpecttttted ted ted ted ted to po po po po prrrrroduoduoduoduoduce oce oce oce oce orrrrriiiiiginginginginginal aal aal aal aal acacacacacadddddeeeeemimimimimicccccwwwwwooooorrrrrkkkkk. This work must be the result of your own thought, research orself-expression at all times. However, you are also expected to baseyour work on the text, information and ideas of experts andauthorities.Therefore, it is necessary that you know how to read, research andrefer to the work of other people. You are expected to know how toselect, organize, summarize, and interpret the body of informationobtained, and more importantly, how to acknowledge them as yoursources of information.If you dddddo no no no no nooooot at at at at acccccknknknknknooooowwwwwllllledededededgggggeeeee the work of others in your own work(assignments, reports, thesis, dissertations, etc), you are guilty ofppppplllllaaaaagigigigigiarararararismismismismism – which is a serious form of misconduct in the academicworld. The University of Malaya views plagiarism seriously. In theUUUUUnininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dan Kan Kan Kan Kan Kooooollllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti (UM Tsiti (UM Tsiti (UM Tsiti (UM Tsiti (UM Taaaaatttttaaaaattttteeeeertib Prtib Prtib Prtib Prtib Peeeeelllllajajajajajar 19ar 19ar 19ar 19ar 199999999999)))))AAAAAktktktktktaaaaa, K, K, K, K, Kaaaaaedededededah 6ah 6ah 6ah 6ah 6, P, P, P, P, Peeeeerrrrrkkkkkararararara 1 – 2 a 1 – 2 a 1 – 2 a 1 – 2 a 1 – 2 states clearly that:::::1. A student shall not plagiarize any idea, writing, data, or
invention belonging to another person.2. For the purpose of this rule, plagiarism includes:
a) the act of taking an idea, writing, data or invention ofanother person and claiming that the idea, writing, dataor invention is the result of one’s own findings or creation;or
b) an attempt to make out or the act of making out, insuch a way that one is the original source or the creatorof an idea, writing, data or invention which has actuallybeen taken from some other source.
6 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
(For further details of the University’s policy on plagiarism, seeAppendix A)
1.21.21.21.21.2 CCCCCooooorrrrrrrrrrececececect Rt Rt Rt Rt Reeeeesssssearearearearearccccch Ch Ch Ch Ch Cooooonnnnndududududuccccct ft ft ft ft fooooor Sr Sr Sr Sr StututututudddddeeeeennnnntststststsResearch conduct refers to how you carry out your research andwhat you do with your data and information, as well as how youwrite up and present your assignments, reports, projects, thesis,dissertation, etc. It also includes your responsibility to the communityand issues of confidentiality.To achieve academic excellence, you should produce original workwith appropriate and correct CICICICICITTTTTAAAAATTTTTIONIONIONIONIONSSSSS of the work, information,ideas that you have taken from any source. This is correct researchconduct for all post-graduate students.Hence, the best way to do this and to avoid plagiarism is to alwaysa. take careful notes of where you get your ideas or information
from;b. acknowledge others’ work correctly (phrases, quotations,
ideas, graphics, diagrams, charts, tables and figures);c. borrow assignments from friends and seniors.
1.1.1.1.1.33333 YYYYYooooour Rur Rur Rur Rur Rooooollllle ane ane ane ane and Rd Rd Rd Rd Reeeeessssspopopopoponsibnsibnsibnsibnsibilitilitilitilitility in Pry in Pry in Pry in Pry in Preeeeevvvvveeeeennnnntintintintinting Pg Pg Pg Pg PlllllaaaaagigigigigiarararararismismismismismAs a student, you have a responsibility to prevent plagiarism. Youcan do this in several ways:a. Ensure that you have a sound knowledge of what plagiarism
is.b. Ask questions to clear any doubts that you may have on
plagiarism.c. Clarify/check what actions of yours or your peers could be
interpreted as plagiarism.d. Participate actively in any workshop or seminar on plagiarism
organized by your faculty or the University.e. Share your understanding and knowledge of the code of ethics
on research conduct.f. Explain the consequences of plagiarism to your peers who
are not aware that plagiarism is a serious academic offence.
7University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
22222.....00000 AAAAACADCADCADCADCADEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MISSSSSCCCCCONDUCTONDUCTONDUCTONDUCTONDUCT
22222.1.1.1.1.1 PPPPPlllllaaaaagigigigigiarararararismismismismismAs a postgraduate student, yyyyyooooou cannu cannu cannu cannu cannooooot tt tt tt tt takakakakakeeeee, u, u, u, u, ussssseeeee, an, an, an, an, and pad pad pad pad passssss os os os os off aff aff aff aff asssssyyyyyooooour our our our our owwwwwn (in wn (in wn (in wn (in wn (in whhhhhaaaaattttteeeeevvvvveeeeer fr fr fr fr fooooorrrrrm) tm) tm) tm) tm) thhhhhe ie ie ie ie idddddeaeaeaeaeas ans ans ans ans and wd wd wd wd wooooorrrrrds ods ods ods ods of anf anf anf anf anooooottttthhhhheeeeerrrrr, w, w, w, w, wititititithhhhhooooouuuuutttttppppprrrrrooooopepepepeper rr rr rr rr reeeeefffffeeeeerrrrreeeeennnnncecececece.Simply stated, plagiarism is cococococopppppyyyyyinininining sg sg sg sg sooooomeomeomeomeomeonnnnne ee ee ee ee elslslslslseeeee’s w’s w’s w’s w’s wooooorrrrrdsdsdsdsds,,,,,infinfinfinfinfooooorrrrrmmmmmaaaaatititititiooooon on on on on or er er er er evvvvveeeeen in in in in idddddeaeaeaeaeas ws ws ws ws wititititithhhhhooooouuuuut at at at at acccccknknknknknooooowwwwwllllledededededginginginginging tg tg tg tg thhhhhe se se se se sooooourururururce (tce (tce (tce (tce (thhhhheeeeepepepepeperrrrrsssssooooon ann ann ann ann and td td td td thhhhhe we we we we wooooorrrrrk)k)k)k)k).....There are many ways in which students plagiarize. Below are someinstances in which you could be found guilty of plagiarism:a. Copying any portion from books, journals and electronic
sources without acknowledgement;b. Copying other student’s work (sentences or paragraphs),
without acknowledgement;c. Using any part of a previously marked work in a new
assignment for the same/another tutor/lecturer.
(For further details and examples of the types of actions can constituteplagiarism, please refer to the Appendix B)
22222.2.2.2.2.2 PPPPPeeeeennnnnaltialtialtialtialtieeeees fs fs fs fs fooooor Pr Pr Pr Pr PlllllaaaaagigigigigiarararararismismismismismPlagiarism is a very serious academic offence, and can result inserious consequences for you as a student including:a. A “Fail” grade for your work (assignment, project, thesis,
course).b. Suspension of one semester or one academic session.c. Expulsion from the University.d. Withdrawal of your degree.
33333.....00000 IIIIINTENTENTENTENTEGRGRGRGRGRAAAAATTTTTION OF REION OF REION OF REION OF REION OF RESEARSEARSEARSEARSEARCHED ICHED ICHED ICHED ICHED INFNFNFNFNFORMAORMAORMAORMAORMATTTTTION IION IION IION IION INTNTNTNTNTO YO YO YO YO YOUROUROUROUROURWWWWWORKORKORKORKORKWhen you use the words/texts of another person withoutacknowledging them, it is wrong. It is also wrong if you presentsomeone else’s program codes, formulas, concepts, creative workssuch as choreography, lyrics, musical scores, scripts, paintings,designs, illustrations, etc. as your own, without giving appropriatecredit to the original author or source.
8 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
33333.1.1.1.1.1 AAAAAcccccts ots ots ots ots of Pf Pf Pf Pf PlllllaaaaagigigigigiarararararismismismismismYou can be accused of plagiarism if you do not acknowledge thesources of information.
DON’TDON’TDON’TDON’TDON’T• take someone else’s idea.• cut and paste from websites.• insert phrases and parts of an original text into your ownwork.• present as new and original an idea or product derived from
an existing work.• copy information or ideas from books, dictionaries, journals,
magazines, newspapers, textbooks, TV and radioprogrammes, movies and videos, photographs and drawings,charts and graphs, etc.
• translate an original text or parts of it.
(For a more comprehensive list of plagiarism offences, refer toAppendix C)
33333.2.2.2.2.2 TTTTTececececechnihnihnihnihniqqqqquuuuueeeees fs fs fs fs fooooor Inr Inr Inr Inr Intttttegregregregregraaaaatintintintinting Rg Rg Rg Rg Reeeeesssssearearearearearccccchhhhhed Infed Infed Infed Infed InfooooorrrrrmmmmmaaaaatititititiooooonnnnnYou need to know how to include the information you have takenfrom other works into your own work. You can do this through theuse of techniques such as qqqqquuuuuoooootttttaaaaatititititiooooonnnnn, parparparparparaaaaappppphrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeee, summ, summ, summ, summ, summararararariiiiizzzzze e e e e andcccccitititititaaaaatititititiooooonnnnn.....
33333.2.2.2.2.2.1.1.1.1.1QuQuQuQuQuoooootttttaaaaatititititiooooonnnnnA quotation is• a word for word presentation of what is said or written
in someone else’s work.• presented by using quotation marks (“…”).• the source of the quote must be cited in the text and
reference list.• sometimes referred to as a “direct quote”.
WWWWWhhhhhaaaaat tt tt tt tt to do do do do do:o:o:o:o:• Quote only when necessary – the quoted part should
only be supplementary to your own work.• Copy the sentence(s) exactly the same as the original.
9University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
• Use quotation marks (“… .”) at the beginning and endof the quote (For a long quote, use an indented blockset off from the main text).
• Identify every source of the quote; write its author, titleof article/ journal/ book, volume number, year andplace of publication, publisher, page number, websiteaddress, etc.
http://www.um.edu.my/professionalsindex_professionals.php?intPrefLangID=1&
WWWWWhhhhhaaaaat NOt NOt NOt NOt NOT tT tT tT tT to do do do do do:o:o:o:o:• Substituting just a few words in the original text and
passing it off as your own.• Borrowing large portions of the original work.
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:
OrOrOrOrOriiiiiginginginginginalalalalal Qu Qu Qu Qu Quoooootttttaaaaatititititiooooonnnnn
The Institute of PostgraduateStudies acts as the administrationcentre for the University’spostgraduate programmes.
“The Institute of PostgraduateStudies acts as the administrationcentre for the University’spostgraduate programmes.”
(UM, 2007)
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle oe oe oe oe of a lf a lf a lf a lf a looooonnnnng qg qg qg qg quuuuuooooottttteeeee
With more than a thousandinternational students from nearly70 countries, IPS proudly upholdsthe traditions and standards ofexcellence in teaching, researchand scholarships, by providingeffective and efficient studentservices, opportunities and aplatform for the sharing & shapingof ideas.
According to the management ofthe University of Malaya,With morethan a thousand internationalstudents from nearly 70 countries,IPS proudly upholds the traditionsand standards of excellence inteaching, research andscholarships, by providing effectiveand efficient student services,opportunities and a platform for thesharing & shaping of ideas.
(UM, 2007)
10 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
33333.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2 PPPPParararararaaaaappppphrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeeeA paraphrase is• a restatement of what someone else wrote or said
(in your own words).
WWWWWhhhhhaaaaat tt tt tt tt to do do do do do:o:o:o:o:• Use your own words.• Your paraphrased text can be shorter or longer than
the source.• The source of the paraphrase must be cited in the text
and reference list.
WWWWWhhhhhaaaaat NOt NOt NOt NOt NOT tT tT tT tT to do do do do do:o:o:o:o:• Use the original words, phrases, and expression.• Omit details of the original source.• Lose the original sense of the source.• Replace only a few words in the original.• Rearrange the order of words/or sentences.
33333.2.2.2.2.2.....33333 SummSummSummSummSummarararararyyyyyA summary is• a shortened version of the original source without
changing the meaning.
WWWWWhhhhhaaaaat tt tt tt tt to do do do do do:o:o:o:o:• Clearly identify the main points.• Leave out details and examples.• The source of the summary must be cited.
The Institute of PostgraduateStudies acts as the administrationcentre for the University’spostgraduate programmes.
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:
OrOrOrOrOriiiiiginginginginginalalalalal P P P P Parararararaaaaappppphrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeee
The centre for administration ofprogrammes for post-graduatestudies is the Institute ofPostgraduate Studies.
11University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
WWWWWhhhhhaaaaat NOt NOt NOt NOt NOT tT tT tT tT to do do do do do:o:o:o:o:• Change the original meaning of the text
33333.2.2.2.2.2.4.4.4.4.4 CCCCCitititititaaaaatititititiooooonnnnnA citation is• an identification of the source of a quote, paraphrase
or summary.Academic and professional writing requires a full citation:a. in text;b. in a bibliography at the end of the text; c. includes author and title of article/ journal/ book,
volume number, year and place of publication,publisher, page number, website address, etc.
(For an explanation on when and how to cite, refer to 4.0 CitationMethodology)
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllleeeee
Or Or Or Or Oriiiiiginginginginginalalalalal Summ Summ Summ Summ Summarararararyyyyy
This institute administrates theUniversity’s postgraduateprogrammes. In cooperationwith academic staff andinstitutions in the University, IPSaims to assist research,education and training invarious fields for postgraduatestudents.
The Institute of PostgraduateStudies acts as the administrationcentre for the University’spostgraduate programmes.Drawing on the strengths of theFaculties and Research Centres, aswell as on the individual expertiseavailable in the University, IPShopes to help postgraduatestudents achieve excellence inmultidisciplinary research,postgraduate education andtraining to meet the growingdemands of the worlds ofacademia, economics, politics,science and technology and thearts.
12 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
4.4.4.4.4.00000 CICICICICITTTTTAAAAATTTTTION MEION MEION MEION MEION METHODOLTHODOLTHODOLTHODOLTHODOLOGOGOGOGOGYYYYYAs a research student, you will refer to original sources in youracademic work. It is important that you give credit to the authors ofthese sources for their work. Therefore accurate acknowledgementof the sources used in your academic work is necessary. Thisacknowledgement is known as citing or referencing.The following sections present how you can cite or reference inyour text (in-text citation) as well as in the reference list/bibliography.
4.14.14.14.14.1 TTTTTyyyyypepepepepes os os os os of Cf Cf Cf Cf CitititititaaaaatititititiooooonsnsnsnsnsTo cite is to quote a passage, book or author. You need to collectthe details of your source and mention them in your text, and in areference list (bibliography) at the end of your work which gives alldetails of the works that you have referred to.
4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 In-In-In-In-In-ttttteeeeext cxt cxt cxt cxt citititititaaaaatititititiooooonnnnnWhen you refer to ideas or information that you have foundand intend to use in your work, you indicate each referenceby mentioning the author and date of the publication youhave referred to or cited.In-text citation may be done in various ways:Quotation / CitationIn order to support your argument, you can refer to theauthor’s words but do not want to quote directly. Suchcitations are inserted in paragraphs and/or sentences tomake it clear whose information you have cited and whatinformation you have used. This is also done to enable thereaders to easily locate the source of the information in thereference list. This is “In-text citation”. The in-text citationstates the author’s last name and the year of publication inparentheses.In-In-In-In-In-ttttteeeeext Cxt Cxt Cxt Cxt Citititititaaaaatititititiooooons ns ns ns ns (Based on the APA style):Single authorAuthor’s last name, year of publication:
13University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:One recent study finds a generic link to alcoholism (((((JoJoJoJoJonnnnneeeeesssss, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19999997)7)7)7)7).....If the author’s last name is mentioned in the citation, only the yearis stated:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Jones finds a genetic link to alcoholism (19(19(19(19(19999997)7)7)7)7).....Two authorsBoth authors’ last names in parentheses:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (C(C(C(C(Cooooortrtrtrtrtez & Joez & Joez & Joez & Joez & Jonnnnneeeeesssss, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19999997)7)7)7)7).....
If the names are mentioned in the citation,
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Cortez and Jones (19(19(19(19(199999977777))))) found that ….
(For in-text citation of more than 2 authors and other types of sources,refer to Appendix D)
4.1.24.1.24.1.24.1.24.1.2..... DirDirDirDirDirececececect Qut Qut Qut Qut Quooooottttte / Ce / Ce / Ce / Ce / Citititititaaaaatititititiooooonnnnn
Direct quoting refers to when you copy the exact words ofanother author; the page number must be provided.
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:As one writer put it “the darkest days were still ahead”
(W(W(W(W(Weeeeessssstttttooooonnnnn, 19, 19, 19, 19, 198888888888, p, p, p, p, p. 4. 4. 4. 4. 455555))))).....
If the name appears in the text:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Weston (19(19(19(19(198888888888))))) argued that “the darkest days were still
ahead” (p(p(p(p(p. 4. 4. 4. 4. 455555))))).....
4.1.4.1.4.1.4.1.4.1.33333. P. P. P. P. ParararararaaaaappppphrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeeeParaphrasing is to state another author’s ideas into yourown words. You need to mention the author, year ofpublication and page in your in-text reference. Providing
14 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
page numbers for a paraphrase is encouraged by the APAformat, but it is optional.
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:According to Jones (19(19(19(19(199999988888))))),,,,, APA style is a difficult citation
format for first- time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (((((JoJoJoJoJonnnnneeeeesssss,,,,,19191919199999988888, p, p, p, p, p. 19. 19. 19. 19. 1999999))))).....
(Adapted from APA Format: In-textCitation,www.english.uiuc.edu_resources/citation_styles/apa/intext_...)
4.24.24.24.24.2 DiffDiffDiffDiffDiffeeeeerrrrreeeeennnnnt Ct Ct Ct Ct Citititititaaaaatititititiooooon Sn Sn Sn Sn StttttyyyyyllllleeeeesssssThere are many accepted styles in which to present your references.Each style is a system with consistent rules about how to display acitation including punctuation, font, capitalization etc.) within yourtext, as an endnote, and in your bibliography.The following styles are commonly used:APAPAPAPAPAAAAA American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (5th
ed.). Washington, DC: American PsychologicalAssociation. www.apastyle.org/aboutstyle.html
HarHarHarHarHarvvvvvarararararddddd Nicholson I Dr., 2000, “Harvard Referencing 3rd edn”.,[online]. Available from: www.home/gil.com.au/~jandi/Harvard_3.00.pdf[date sourced].w w w. l i b ra r y. uq . edu.au/ t ra i n i ng/c i ta t ion/harvard_5.pdf
MLMLMLMLMLAAAAA MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed.Modern Language Society, 2003. www.mla.org
TTTTTurururururaaaaabbbbbiiiiiananananan Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers,Theses, and Dissertations, 6th ed., Chicago: Universityof Chicago Press, 1996. www.libs.uga.edu/ref/turabian.html
If you are unsure which style to use, please check with your tutor /lecturer / supervisor. If you are unable to get instructions on whichstyle is the most appropriate to use, you should choose any style
15University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
relevant to your faculty or discipline and use it consistently in allyour assignments / work / research.
(For examples of the different styles of citation conventions for arts(humanities) and science - based disciplines, refer to Appendix G)
4.4.4.4.4.33333 RRRRReeeeefffffeeeeerrrrreeeeennnnnce Lce Lce Lce Lce Lisisisisist / Bibt / Bibt / Bibt / Bibt / BiblililililiogrogrogrogrograaaaappppphhhhhyyyyyAt the end of your work, you need to acknowledge the informationthat you have referred to in your text by providing a list of all yoursources.This Reference List or Bibliography should be based on whicheverparticular style your faculty uses.(To write a proper reference list based on the APA style, refer toAppendix E)Once you are familiar with the reference style, you need to notethat:• all references in the reference list must be cited in the text;• all references cited in the text must be included in the reference
list;• the reference list should start with a new page;• the title of this list should be “References/Bibliography”, centred
at the top of the page;• references are listed in alphabetical order by author’s surname;• the reference list should be double spaced with a hanging
indent for the second and subsequent lines.
(For an example of a reference page based on the APA style, referto Appendix F)
There are different reference styles and each style presents the sameinformation about a particular source in different ways. There aretwo tables available to help you understand and recognize thedifferent styles of bibliography entries. Table 1 features entries forthe Arts/ Humanities while Table 2 features entries for the Sciences.
(For Tables 1 and 2, refer to Appendix G.)
Finally, we welcome you once again, as a post-graduate student, to theacademic research community of the University of Malaya. Happy working.
16 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
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KAEDKAEDKAEDKAEDKAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDAH UMAH UMAH UMAH UMAH UM(T(T(T(T(TAAAAATTTTTAAAAATERTERTERTERTERTTTTTIIIIIB PB PB PB PB PELELELELELAAAAAJJJJJARARARARAR-P-P-P-P-PELELELELELAAAAAJJJJJAR) 19AR) 19AR) 19AR) 19AR) 199999999999
AAAAAktktktktkta Ua Ua Ua Ua Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dan Kan Kan Kan Kan Kooooollllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti 19siti 19siti 19siti 19siti 197171717171SeSeSeSeSeksksksksksyyyyyeeeeen 16C An 16C An 16C An 16C An 16C Aktktktktkta Ua Ua Ua Ua Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dan Kan Kan Kan Kan Kooooollllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti 19siti 19siti 19siti 19siti 1971 (71 (71 (71 (71 (AAAAAktktktktkta 30)a 30)a 30)a 30)a 30)
BahBahBahBahBahaaaaagigigigigian Ian Ian Ian Ian II TI TI TI TI Taaaaatttttaaaaattttteeeeertib Artib Artib Artib Artib AmmmmmLLLLLarararararananananangggggan tan tan tan tan teeeeerrrrrhhhhhaaaaadddddaaaaap Pp Pp Pp Pp Plllllaaaaagigigigigiarararararisme 6 (1)isme 6 (1)isme 6 (1)isme 6 (1)isme 6 (1), 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (2) a2) a2) a2) a2) a,b,b,b,b,b, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (3) a-h3) a-h3) a-h3) a-h3) a-h
A) KKKKKaaaaaedededededah 6ah 6ah 6ah 6ah 6, P, P, P, P, Peeeeerrrrrkkkkkararararara 1 – 3 Aa 1 – 3 Aa 1 – 3 Aa 1 – 3 Aa 1 – 3 Aktktktktkta Ua Ua Ua Ua Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dan Kan Kan Kan Kan Kooooollllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti (UMsiti (UMsiti (UMsiti (UMsiti (UMTTTTTaaaaatttttaaaaattttteeeeertib Prtib Prtib Prtib Prtib Peeeeelllllajajajajajar 19ar 19ar 19ar 19ar 199999999999))))):
3. A student shall not plagiarize any idea, writing, data, or inventionbelonging to another person.
4. For the purpose of this rule, plagiarism includes:a) the act of taking an idea, writing, data or invention of another
person and claiming that the idea, writing, data or inventionis the result of one’s own findings or creation; or
b) an attempt to make out or the act of making out, in such away that one is the original source or the creator of an idea,writing, data or invention which has actually been takenfrom some other source.
5. Without prejudice to the generality of sub-rule (2) a studentplagiarizes when he:a) publishes, with himself as the author, an abstract, article,
scientific or academic paper, or book which is wholly orpartly written by some other person;
b) incorporates himself or allows himself to be incorporated asa co-author of an abstract, article, scientific or academicpaper or book, when he has nor made any writtencontribution to the abstract, article, scientific or academicpaper, or book;
c) forces another person to include his name in the list of co-researchers for a particular research project or in the list ofco-authors for a publication when he has not made anycontribution which may qualify him as a co-researcher orco-author;
d) extracts academic data which are results of researchundertaken by some other person, such as laboratory findingsof field work findings or data obtained through libraryresearch, whether published or unpublished, and incorporate
17University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
those data as part of his academic research without givingdue acknowledgement to the actual source;
e) uses research data obtained through collaborative work withsome other person, whether or not that other person is astaff member or a student of the University, as part of anotherdistinct personal academic research of his, or for apublication in his own name as sole author, without obtainingthe consent of his co-researchers prior to embarking on hispersonal research or prior to publishing the data;
f) transcribes the ideas or creations of another kept in whateverform, whether written, printed or available in electronic form,or in slide form, or in whatever form of teaching or researchapparatus, or in other form, and claims whether directly orindirectly that he is the creator of that idea or creation;
g) translates the writing or creation of another person fromone language to another whether or not wholly or partly,and subsequently presents the translation in whatever fromor manner as his own writing or creation; or
h) extracts ideas from another person’s writing or creation andmakes certain modifications without due reference to theoriginal source and rearranges them in such a way that itappears as if he is the creator of those ideas.
As already indicated above, the University sees plagiarism as aserious academic offence and the University reserves the right todeal with this offence as it deems appropriate. For the investigatingprocedure of cases of plagiarism, possible penalties and avenuesfor appeal, see PrPrPrPrProcedurocedurocedurocedurocedureeeees ans ans ans ans and Md Md Md Md Mececececechhhhhanismanismanismanismanism (web-site reference???)
18 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
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Here are instances of how you could be plagiarizing in the way you useyour referenced information.
1.1.1.1.1. TTTTToooootttttal / Pal / Pal / Pal / Pal / Partiartiartiartiartial Cal Cal Cal Cal Cooooopppppyyyyyinininininggggg
A. When you submit an assignment, report or project that you havecopied totally or partially from a website, a friend’s work, or someother sources, without acknowledgement, this is plagiarism because:i. You did not do any original research or writing.ii. The work is created by someone else, and yet you put your
name on it.
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Suppose you have been given an assignment on the topic -“Qualitative Research”. You do a search on the Internet and discoverinformation on the Wikipedia website. It gives a clear and interestingexplanation about qualitative research at the following addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research
If you were to copy this text, paste it into your document and handit in as your assignment, you would be plagiarizing.
OrOrOrOrOriiiiiginginginginginal Tal Tal Tal Tal TeeeeextxtxtxtxtQualitative research is one of the two major approaches to researchmethodology in social sciences. Qualitative research involves anindepth understanding of human behaviour and the reasons thatgovern human behaviour. Unlike quantitative research, qualitativeresearch relies on reasons behind various aspects of behaviour.
B. If you were to change a few words, or substitute some words/phrases in the original text with your own, you would still beplagiarizing.
PPPPPlllllaaaaagigigigigiararararariiiiizzzzzed Ted Ted Ted Ted Teeeeext wxt wxt wxt wxt wititititith wh wh wh wh wooooorrrrrd cd cd cd cd chhhhhananananangggggeeeeesssss (r(r(r(r(rededededed, it, it, it, it, italialialialialiccccciiiiizzzzzed)ed)ed)ed)ed)Qualitative research is an aan aan aan aan apppppppppprrrrroaoaoaoaoaccccchhhhh to research methodology insocial sciences. Qualitative research involves a da da da da deeeeeeeeeeppppp understanding
19University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
of human behaviour and the reasons that cococococonnnnntrtrtrtrtrooooolllll human. ItItItItIt relieson reasons behind various aspects of behaviour.
22222..... CCCCCuuuuut ant ant ant ant and Pd Pd Pd Pd PaaaaasssssttttteeeeeAnother type of plagiarism involves copying large chunks of textfrom one or more original sources and inserting them into theassignment.For example, suppose you are doing the above assignment on“Qualitative Research” and you include a few sentences from theWikipedia website. Unless you present the sentences as a quotewith full citation, you are committing plagiarism.
OrOrOrOrOriiiiiginginginginginal tal tal tal tal teeeeextxtxtxtxtSimply put, it investigates the why and how of decision making, ascompared to what, where, and when of quantitative research. Hence,the need is for smaller but focused samples rather than large randomsamples. From which, qualitative research categorizes data intopatterns as the primary basis for organizing and reporting results.
PPPPPlllllaaaaagigigigigiararararariiiiizzzzzed Ted Ted Ted Ted Teeeeextxtxtxtxt (r(r(r(r(rededededed, it, it, it, it, italialialialialiccccciiiiizzzzzed)ed)ed)ed)ed) = “inserted text’ with noacknowledge of sourceThere are two ways in which a researcher can do research -qualitative and quantitative. However, in the social sciences, thequalitative method allows in-depth study of the subject or area ofresearch. This method of research allows investigation of reasonsbehind various aspects of behaviour. Sim Sim Sim Sim Simpppppllllly py py py py puuuuuttttt, it in, it in, it in, it in, it invvvvveeeeessssstititititigggggaaaaattttteeeees ts ts ts ts thhhhheeeeewwwwwhhhhhy any any any any and hd hd hd hd hooooow ow ow ow ow of f f f f dddddecececececisiisiisiisiisiooooon mn mn mn mn makinakinakinakinakinggggg, a, a, a, a, as cos cos cos cos commmmmparparparparpared ted ted ted ted to wo wo wo wo whhhhhaaaaattttt, w, w, w, w, whhhhheeeeerrrrreeeee,,,,,ananananand wd wd wd wd whhhhheeeeen on on on on of qf qf qf qf quuuuuananananantittittittittitaaaaatititititivvvvve re re re re reeeeesssssearearearearearccccchhhhh. He. He. He. He. Hennnnncecececece, t, t, t, t, thhhhhe ne ne ne ne need is feed is feed is feed is feed is fooooor smr smr smr smr smallallallallalleeeeerrrrrbbbbbuuuuut ft ft ft ft focococococuuuuusssssed ed ed ed ed sssssamamamamampppppllllleeeeesssss r r r r raaaaattttthhhhheeeeer tr tr tr tr thhhhhan lan lan lan lan larararararggggge e e e e rrrrrananananandddddooooom sm sm sm sm samamamamampppppllllleeeeesssss. . . . . It is fromthese samples of data that patterns can be drawn. TTTTThhhhheeeeessssse pae pae pae pae patttttttttteeeeerrrrrnsnsnsnsnsararararare te te te te thhhhhe pe pe pe pe prrrrrimimimimimararararary bay bay bay bay basis fsis fsis fsis fsis fooooor or or or or orrrrrggggganianianianianizinzinzinzinzing ang ang ang ang and rd rd rd rd reeeeepopopopoportinrtinrtinrtinrting rg rg rg rg reeeeesultssultssultssultssults.....
NONONONONOTE:TE:TE:TE:TE:If yIf yIf yIf yIf yooooou turu turu turu turu turn in a pan in a pan in a pan in a pan in a papepepepeper wr wr wr wr whihihihihiccccch coh coh coh coh connnnntttttains all qains all qains all qains all qains all quuuuuooooottttteeeeesssss, m, m, m, m, mooooossssstltltltltly qy qy qy qy quuuuuooooottttteeeeesssss,you will still be cheating even if you properly cite them all.
First, any academic assignment shshshshshoooooulululululd ind ind ind ind inccccclululululuddddde oe oe oe oe orrrrriiiiiginginginginginal wal wal wal wal wooooorrrrrkkkkk,,,,, suchas an original evaluation of sources or an original comparison oftexts. Second, if you quote too much of any one text, you could alsobe vvvvviiiiiooooolllllaaaaatintintintinting cog cog cog cog copppppyyyyyrrrrriiiiighghghghght lt lt lt lt laaaaawwwwwsssss in addition to plagiarizing.
20 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
33333..... InInInInInaaaaapppppppppprrrrroooooppppprrrrriiiiiaaaaattttte Pe Pe Pe Pe ParararararaaaaappppphrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeeeA more subtle type of plagiarism is the “inappropriate paraphrase”.In this form of plagiarism, the quoted text isi. altered only slightly from the original and no acknowledgment
of the original author is given, orii. extensively paraphrased but with acknowledgement of the
original author/s.
NONONONONOTE:TE:TE:TE:TE:If yIf yIf yIf yIf yooooou turu turu turu turu turn in a pan in a pan in a pan in a pan in a papepepepeper wr wr wr wr whihihihihiccccch coh coh coh coh connnnntttttains tains tains tains tains thhhhheeeeessssse te te te te tyyyyypepepepepes os os os os of parf parf parf parf paraaaaappppphrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeeesssss,,,,,you will still be cheating even if you properly cite them all.
You cannot submit a paper which merely paraphrases one or twosources even if you acknowledge them. You do have to provideoriginal input in order for your work to be considered authenticand original.
21University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
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LILILILILISSSSST OF PT OF PT OF PT OF PT OF PLLLLLAAAAAGIARGIARGIARGIARGIARIIIIISM OFFENCESM OFFENCESM OFFENCESM OFFENCESM OFFENCESSSSS
You are plagiarizing if you do any of the following without acknowledgingthe source or rightful owner/s:• Choose topic/title for your report/ coursework/ essay/ dissertation/
thesis same as some other completed work• Use someone else’s work even with verbal consent of its rightful
author• Submit as your own someone else’s unpublished work, either with
or without permission• Use even if unpublished work (such as another student’s dissertation/
course work)• Use graphs, diagrams, charts of others• Use visual images – drawings, models, pictures, photographs,
movies, etc - of others• Present graphics based on data/ table of others• Extract/ incorporate someone else’s academic data• Use research data obtained through collaborative work without
obtaining the consent of co-researchers• Publish an abstract, article, scientific or academic paper, or book
which is wholly or partly written by some other person as its authoror co-author
• Ask someone else to write or revise a report/ dissertation/ thesisfor you
• Purchase a pre-written paper (either by mail or electronically) ordownloading a paper from a free site
• Purchase someone else’s report/ dissertation/ thesis•· Force others to include your name as co-researcher/ co-author
without contribution• Attempt to make out to be original/ sole author• Do a course work, write an article, answer examination questions
for other people• Submit one’s own previous work again (multi-posting)• Turn in the same paper for more than one class without the
permission of both lecturers• Fabricate references or using incorrect references• Rewrite a plagiarized text• Fabricate results of survey/statistics/tables/graphs.
22 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
APAPAPAPAPPPPPPENDENDENDENDENDIIIIIX DX DX DX DX D
IIIIINNNNN-----TETETETETEXXXXXT CIT CIT CIT CIT CITTTTTAAAAATTTTTIONIONIONIONIONS (BS (BS (BS (BS (BAAAAASED ON APSED ON APSED ON APSED ON APSED ON APA SA SA SA SA STTTTTYLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)
Three, four, or five authorsIn the first citation, cite all names and publication year:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (Cortez, Jones, Gold, & Hammond, 1998).
If the names are mentioned in the text:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Cortez, Jones, Gold, and Hammond (1998) found that….
Subsequent citations of the same authors:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (Cortez et al., 1998)
If the names appear in the text:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Cortez et al. (1998) found that…
Six or more authorsUse the first author’s surname followed by et al. and the year ofpublication from the first citation:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (Cortez et al., 1998)
Mention the names of all six authors (with et al. if there are moreauthors) in the reference list.
Different authors with the same surnameUse their first and middle initials:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:…(B.A. Jones, 1998); (R.F. Jones, 1998)
23University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
More than one work by the same authorWhen you cite the works together, use the author’s surname onceand then the years of each publication:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (Stairs, 1992, 1993).
If the name appears in the text:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Stairs (1992, 1993) said…
Multiple authors cited together
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (Jones, 1998; Heckels, 1996; Stolotsky, 1992)
Group or corporate authorsIf the name of the organisation is an abbreviation, write the fullname in the first citation, and use the short form in subsequentcitations:
First citation:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999)
Subsequent citation:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle :e :e :e :e :... (NIMH, 1999)
If no name of author is available
If author is unknown, use a short form of the title.
If the title is “The Effects of Aspirin on Heart AttackVictims”, use the following format:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllleeeee(“The Effects,” 1995)If the author is mentioned as “Anonymous”, then use
24 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (Anonymous, 1999)
Personal communicationAs personal communications are not cited in the reference list inAPA style, they need clear in-text citation:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:(H. J. Simpson, personal communication, September 29,1999)
Citation of a secondary sourceThat is, a source is referred to in another publication:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:…(Farrow, 1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988)
If the name appears in the text:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Farrow (1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988) finds….
Citation from an electronic sourceUse paragraph numbers where page numbers are not provided:
ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:…(Sturt, 2001, para. 2)…(Sturt, 2001, ¶ 2) where ¶ stands for paragraph.
25University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
BBBBBOOKOOKOOKOOKOOKSSSSS AP AP AP AP APAAAAA
Book (no author oreditor)
Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th
ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: MerriamWebster.
Book (one author) Baddeley, A. D. (1999). Essentials of humanmemory. Hove, England: Psychology Press.
Book (two authors) Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Familymediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects.Washington, DC: American PsychologicalAssociation.
Corporate author,author as publisher
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991).Estimated resident population by age and sex in statistical local areas. New South Wales,June 1990 (no. 3209.1). Canberra, AustralianCapital Territory; Author.
Edited book Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991).Children of color: Psychological interventionswith minority youth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
EEEEESSSSSSSSSSAAAAAYYYYYS ORS ORS ORS ORS ORCHAPCHAPCHAPCHAPCHAPTERTERTERTERTERS IS IS IS IS IN EDN EDN EDN EDN EDIIIIITEDTEDTEDTEDTEDBBBBBOOKOOKOOKOOKOOKSSSSS
One author, Twoeditors
Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as anadaptive mechanism in human memory. In H.L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varietiesof memory & consciousness (pp. 309-330).Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
ENCENCENCENCENCYYYYYCLCLCLCLCLOPOPOPOPOPEDEDEDEDEDIAIAIAIAIASSSSSOR DOR DOR DOR DOR DICTICTICTICTICTIONIONIONIONIONARARARARARIIIIIEEEEESSSSSAND ENTRAND ENTRAND ENTRAND ENTRAND ENTRIIIIIEEEEES IS IS IS IS INNNNNAN ENCAN ENCAN ENCAN ENCAN ENCYYYYYCLCLCLCLCLOPOPOPOPOPEDEDEDEDEDIAIAIAIAIA
APAPAPAPAPPPPPPENDENDENDENDENDIIIIIX EX EX EX EX E
EEEEEXXXXXAMPAMPAMPAMPAMPLELELELELES OF TS OF TS OF TS OF TS OF TYPYPYPYPYPEEEEES OF REFERENCES OF REFERENCES OF REFERENCES OF REFERENCES OF REFERENCESSSSSFFFFFOR A REFERENCE LIOR A REFERENCE LIOR A REFERENCE LIOR A REFERENCE LIOR A REFERENCE LISSSSST (T (T (T (T (APAPAPAPAPA SA SA SA SA STTTTTYLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)
26 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
Encyclopedia set ordictionary
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1990). The new Grovedictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols.1-20). London: Macmillan.
Encyclopedia article Bergman, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The newencyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
JOURNJOURNJOURNJOURNJOURNALSALSALSALSALS,,,,,MAMAMAMAMAGGGGGAZIAZIAZIAZIAZINENENENENESSSSS, AND, AND, AND, AND, ANDNEWNEWNEWNEWNEWSPSPSPSPSPAPAPAPAPAPERERERERERSSSSS
Journal article, oneauthor
Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relativepleasure of consequences. PsychologicalBulletin, 126, 910-924.
Journal article, twoauthors
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADAand the hiring process in organizations.Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice andResearch, 45 (2), 10-36.
Journal article, morethan two authors
Saywitz, K. J., Mannarion, A. P., Berliner, L.,& Cohen, J. A. (2000). Treatment for sexuallyabused children and adolescents. . . . . AmericanPsychologist, 55, 1040-1049.
Magazine article Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientificbarriers to the study of brain and mind.Science, 290, 1113-1120.
Newspaper article, noauthor
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of deathfrom heart failure. (1993, July 15). TheWashington Post, p. A12.
Newspaper article, oneauthor, discontinuouspages
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesityaffects economic, social status. The WashingtonPost, pp. A1, A4.
AAAAAUDUDUDUDUDIO - VIIO - VIIO - VIIO - VIIO - VISSSSSUUUUUALALALALALMEDMEDMEDMEDMEDIAIAIAIAIA
27University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
Videocassette Garmon, L. (Producer and Director), & Apsell,P. (Executive Producer). (1994). Secret of thewild child [Videocassette]. Boston, MA: WGBHEducational Foundation.
Audio recording Costa, P. T., Jr. (Speaker). (1998). Personality,continuity, and changes of adult life (CassetteRecording No. 207-433-88A-B). Washington,DC: American Psychological Association.
Motion picture Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K.(Writer/Director). (2000). You can count onme [Motion Picture]. United States: ParamountPictures.
Television broadcast Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour [Televisionbroadcast]. New York and Washington, DC:Public Broadcasting Service.
Television series Miller, R. (Producer). (1989). The mind[Television series]. New York: WNET.
ELEELEELEELEELECTRCTRCTRCTRCTRONONONONONICICICICICMEDMEDMEDMEDMEDIA AND ONLIIA AND ONLIIA AND ONLIIA AND ONLIIA AND ONLINENENENENESSSSSOUROUROUROUROURCECECECECESSSSS
Music recording Schocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. OnArkansas traveller [CD]. New York: PolyGramMusic.
Internet articles basedon a print source(exists in print andonline)
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J.(2001).Role of reference elements intheselection of resources by psychologyundergraduates [Electronic version]. Journalof Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.
28 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
Article in an Internet-online journal
Frederickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivatingpositive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, fromhttp://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
Article from an onlineencyclopedia
Bergman, P. G. & Editors of EncyclopediaBritannica Online. (1994-1999). Relativity.Encyclopedia Britannica Online. RetrievedAugust 4, 1999, from Encyclopedia BritannicaOnline on the World Wide Web: http://search.eb.com/bol/topic/eu=117376&sctn=1
Professional website American Psychological Association. (1999,June 1). Electronic preference formatsrecommended by the American PsychologicalAssociation. Retrieved July 18, 1999, from theWorld Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html
Document availableon university programor department site
Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix,D. H. (1993). Technology and education:New wine in new bottles: Choosing pastsand imagining educational futures. RetrievedAugust 24, 2000, from Columbia University,Institute for Learning Technologies Web site:http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
Content of lecture /class
Takada, Misako, Penterjemahan AmaliDua Hala, Bahasa Jepun. February 2,2007, University Malaya, Faculty ofLanguages and Linguistics.
29University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
APAPAPAPAPPPPPPENDENDENDENDENDIIIIIX FX FX FX FX F
EEEEEXXXXXAMPAMPAMPAMPAMPLE OF A REFERENCE PLE OF A REFERENCE PLE OF A REFERENCE PLE OF A REFERENCE PLE OF A REFERENCE PAAAAAGE (GE (GE (GE (GE (APAPAPAPAPA SA SA SA SA STTTTTYLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)
RRRRReeeeefffffeeeeerrrrreeeeennnnncececececesssss
Aerobic exercise. (2000). American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Retrieved January 17, 2006, from http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/
Bryce, J. (Producer/Director), & Gault, M. (Director). (1989). Sports ClinicSoccer [Motion picture]. (Available from Best Film and VideoCorporation, Great Neck, NY 11021)
Bynum, M. (2004, August). Paving the way. Athletic Business, 28, 40-42.Capozzi, C.K. (2005). My first collaborative unit-lessons learned. Library
Media Connection, 24(2), 38-39. Retrieved October 15, 2005 fromAcademic Search Premier database.
Crafts, V.R. & Scott, P.M. (1964). Track and field for girls and women:Strategies for success. New York: Meredith Publishing Company.
Foster, M. (2004, Sept 3). Two quarterbacks still in mix at LSU. TheGreenville News, p. C6.
Gamble, P. (2004). Physical preparation for elite-level rugby union football.Strength and Conditioning Journal, 4, 10-23.
The Harper Collins dictionary of biology (1st ed.). (1991). New York:Harper Perennial.
Menke, F.G. (Ed.). (1969). The encyclopedia of sports (5th ed., Vols. 1-3).South Brunswick, NJ: A.S. Barnes.
Yoder, D.G. (1996) Commercialization. In D. Levinson & K. Christensen(Eds.), Encyclopedia of world sport: From ancient times to the present(Vol.1, pp. 191-195). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
Source: www.apastyle.org/aboutstyle.html
30 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
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Bo
ok(
ok(
ok(
ok(
ok(
onnnn n
eeee eaaaa a uuuu u
tttt t hhhh hoooo o rrrr r
)))) )Sc
ott,
J. C
. (1
985)
. W
eapo
nsof
the
wea
k: e
very
day
form
s of
peas
ant r
esist
ance
. New
Hav
enan
d Lo
ndon
: Ya
le U
nive
rsity
Pres
s.
Scot
t, J.
C. 1
985,
Wea
pons
of
the
Wea
k: E
very
day
Form
s of
Peas
ant
Resi
stan
ce,
Yale
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
, N
ew H
aven
and
Lond
on.
Scot
t, J.
C.
Wea
pons
of
the
Wea
k: E
very
day
Form
s of
Peas
ant
Resi
stan
ce.
New
Hav
en a
nd L
ondo
n: Y
ale
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
, 198
5.
Scot
t, J.
C.
Wea
pons
of
the
Wea
k:
Ever
yday
Fo
rms
ofPe
asan
t Res
istan
ce, N
ew H
aven
and
Lond
on:
Yale
Uni
vers
ityPr
ess,
198
5.
Boo
Boo
Boo
Boo
Boo k
(t
k (t
k (t
k (t
k (t
wwww woooo o
aaaa a uuuu utttt t hhhh h
oooo o rrrr rs)s)s)s) s)
Sam
over
, L. A
. & P
orte
r, R.
E.
(199
1).
C
omm
unic
atio
nbe
twee
n cu
lture
s. Be
lmon
t CA
:W
adsw
orth
Pub
lishi
ng C
o.
Sam
over
, L.
A.
& P
orte
r, R.
E.
1991
Com
mun
icat
ion
Betw
een
Cul
ture
s,
Wad
swor
thPu
blis
hing
Co.
, Bel
mon
t CA
.
Sam
over
, L. A
. and
Por
ter,
R.E.
Com
mun
icat
ion
Betw
een
Cul
ture
s,
Belm
ont
CA
:W
adsw
orth
Pu
blis
hing
Co.
,199
1.Sa
mov
er,
L.
A.
and
Port
er,
R.
E.C
omm
unic
atio
n Be
twee
nC
ultu
res,
Be
lmon
t C
A:
Wad
swor
th P
ublis
hing
Co.
,19
91.
InInInIn Intttt t eeee e
rrrr rnnnn n
eeee etttt t
ssss s oooo ourururur ur
cececece cessss s
(j(j(j(j (joooo o u
rururur urnnnn n a
l o
al o
al o
al o
al o
nnnn nwwww w
eeee e bbbb bsi
tsi
tsi
tsi
tsi
t e)e)e)e) e)
Cap
ozzi
, C
. K.
(20
05).
My
first
colla
bora
tive
unit-
less
onle
arne
d.
Libr
ary
Med
iaC
onne
ctio
n, 2
4(2)
, 38
-39.
Retri
eved
Oct
ober
15,
200
5fr
om
Aca
dem
ic
Sear
chPr
emie
r dat
abas
e.C
apoz
zi,
C. K
. My
first
colla
bora
tive
unit-
less
on le
arne
d, L
ibra
ry M
edia
Conn
ectio
n, 2
4(2)
pp
.38-
39,
view
ed
15
O
ct.,
2
005
,A
cade
mic
Sea
rch
Prem
ier
data
base
.
Cap
ozzi
, C
. K.
“M
y fir
stco
llabo
rativ
e un
it-le
sson
lear
ned.
” Li
brar
y M
edia
Con
nect
ion,
24(
2) (
2005
):38
-39,
15
Oct
ober
200
5.A
cade
mic
Sea
rch
Prem
ier
data
base
.C
apoz
zi,
C. K
. 200
5. M
y fir
st co
llabo
rativ
eun
it-le
sson
lea
rned
. Li
brar
yM
edia
Con
necti
on, 2
4(2)
38-
39.
Inte
rnet
. A
vaila
ble
from
Aca
dem
ic
Sear
ch
Prem
ier
data
base
; acc
esse
d 15
Oct
ober
2005
.
31University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
Scot
t, J.
C-
n-
n-
n-
n-
n am
e o
ame
oam
e o
ame
oam
e o f
af af a
f a f a uuuu u
tttt t hhhh hoooo o rrrr r
JOU
RNJO
URN
JOU
RNJO
URN
JOU
RNA
L :
AL
:A
L :
AL
:A
L :
Tria
ndis
, H. C
. et a
l-
nnnn n am
e o
ame
oam
e o
ame
oam
e o f
af af a
f a f a uuuu u
tttt t hhhh hoooo o rrrr r
(198
5)---- -
yyyy y ear
oea
r o
ear
oea
r o
ear
o f pf pf p
f p f p uuuu u
bbbb b lililili li c
acacaca catitititi ti oooo o
nnnn n(1
986)
- yyyy y e
ar o
ear
oea
r o
ear
oea
r o f
pf pf p
f p f p uuuu u
bbbb b lililili li c
acacaca catitititi ti oooo o
nnnn nW
eapo
ns o
f the
wea
k-
titl
titl
titl
titl
titl e
oe o
e o
e o
e o f
boo
f boo
f boo
f boo
f boo
kkkk kTh
e m
easu
re o
f the
eth
ic-
titl
- tit
l-
titl
- tit
l-
titl e
oe o
e o
e o
e o f
art
if a
rti
f art
if a
rti
f art
i cccc cllll l eeee e
Ever
yday
form
s of
aspe
cts
of in
divi
dual
ism
and
peas
ant r
esis
tanc
eco
llect
ivis
m a
cros
s cu
lture
sN
ew H
aven
and
Lon
don
- p
- p
- p
- p
- p llll l
aaaa a ce
oce
oce
oce
oce
of pf pf
pf p f
p uuuu ubbbb b l
ililili li cacacaca catitititi ti oooo o
nnnn nA
ustra
lian
Jour
nal o
f-
titl
titl
titl
titl
titl e
oe o
e o
e o
e o f
jf jf j
f j f j oooo o
urururur urnnnn n a
lalalal alPs
ycho
logy
Yale
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
.-
p-
p-
p-
p-
p uuuu ubbbb b l
ish
lish
lish
lish
lish eeee e
rrrr r38
- isisisis is
susususu sue
ne
ne
ne
ne
n um
beum
beum
beum
beum
berrrr r
257-
267
- papapapa pa
gggg g e ne n
e n
e n
e n u
mbe
umbe
umbe
umbe
umbe
rrrr r ssss s
JoJoJoJo Jourururur ur
nnnn n alalalal al
Tria
ndis,
H. C
. et.
al. (
1986
).Th
e m
easu
re o
f th
e et
hic
aspe
cts
of in
divi
dual
ism
and
colle
ctiv
ism
acr
oss
cultu
res.
Aus
tral
ian
Jour
nal
ofPs
ycho
logy
, 38,
257
-267
.
Tria
ndis,
H.
C.
et a
l. 19
86,
‘The
mea
sure
of
the
ethi
cas
pect
s of i
ndivi
dual
ism
and
colle
ctiv
ism
acr
oss
cultu
res.’
Aus
tral
ian
Jour
nal
ofPs
ycho
logy
, vo
l 38,
pp.
257
-26
7.
Tria
ndis
, H
. C
. et
al.
The
mea
sure
of t
he e
thic
asp
ects
of
indi
vidu
alis
m
and
colle
ctiv
ism
acr
oss
cultu
res.
Aus
tral
ian
Jour
nal
ofPs
ycho
logy
38
(198
6): 2
57-
267.
Tria
ndis
, H
. C
. et
al.
“The
mea
sure
of t
he e
thic
asp
ects
ofin
divi
dual
ism
and
col
lect
ivis
mac
ross
cul
ture
s.”
Aus
tral
ian
Jour
nal o
f Psy
chol
ogy
38 2
57-
267,
198
6.
LELELELE LEG
END
GEN
DG
END
GEN
DG
END
BBBB B OO
K:O
OK:
OO
K:O
OK:
OO
K:
AP
AP
AP
AP
AP PPPP P
END
END
END
END
END
IIII I X G
X
G
X G
X
G
X G
(Co
ntin
ued)
32 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
TTTT T AB
AB
AB
AB
AB L
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)
Hor
ber,
J. K.
H. (
2002
) Ato
mic
forc
e m
icro
scop
y in
cel
lbi
olog
y.
San
Die
go:
Aca
dem
ic.
Hor
ber,
J. K.
H. 2
002,
Ato
mic
Forc
e M
icro
scop
y in
Cel
lBi
olog
y, A
cade
mic,
New
Yor
k.
Hor
ber,
J. K.
H.
Ato
mic
Forc
eM
icro
scop
y in
Cel
l Bi
olog
y.Sa
n D
iego
: Aca
dem
ic, 2
002.
Hor
ber,
J. K.
H.
2002
. A
tom
icFo
rce
Mic
rosc
opy
in
Cel
lBi
olog
y. S
an D
iego
: Aca
dem
ic.
Boo
Boo
Boo
Boo
Boo k
(t
k (t
k (t
k (t
k (t
wwww woooo o
aaaa a uuuu utttt t hhhh h
oooo o rrrr rs)s)s)s) s)
Wils
on,
J. &
Hun
t, T.
(20
02).
Mol
ecul
ar b
iolo
gy o
f the
cel
l,Fo
urth
Edi
tion:
A p
robl
ems
appr
oach
. New
Yor
k: G
arla
ndSc
ienc
e.
Wils
on,
J. &
Hun
t T.
200
2,M
olec
ular
Bio
logy
of t
he C
ell,
Four
th E
ditio
n: A
Pro
blem
sA
ppro
ach,
Gar
land
Sci
ence
,N
ew Y
ork.
Wils
on,
J. a
nd T
. H
unt.
Mol
ecul
ar B
iolo
gy o
f the
Cel
l,Fo
urth
Edi
tion:
A P
robl
ems
App
roac
h.
New
Yo
rk:
Gar
land
Sci
ence
, 200
2.
Wils
on, J
., an
d T.
Hun
t. 20
02.
Mol
ecul
ar B
iolo
gy o
f th
e Ce
ll.Fo
urth
Edi
tion:
A P
robl
ems
App
roac
h. N
ew Y
ork:
Gar
land
Scie
nce.
InInInIn Intttt t eeee e
rrrr r nnnn neeee e
tttt tssss s
oooo ou
ru
ru
ru
ru
r ce
ce
ce
ce
ce
ssss s(j(j(j(j (j oooo o
urururur urnnnn n a
l o
al o
al o
al o
al o
nnnn nwwww w
eeee e bbbb bsi
tsi
tsi
tsi
tsi
t e)e)e)e) e)
Bake
r J.
C.
(199
5, O
ctob
er).
Reve
alin
g th
e ef
fect
s of
orie
ntat
ion
in
com
posi
tequ
asar
spe
ctra
. Astr
ophy
sical
Jour
nal
, 45
2. R
etri
eved
Sept
embe
r 29
, 19
95,
from
http
://w
ww
.aas
.org
/ApJ
/v4
52n2
/530
9/53
09.h
tml
Bake
r, J.
C.
Reve
alin
g th
eef
fect
s of
ori
enta
tion
inco
mpo
site
qua
sar
spec
tra,
Ast
roph
ysic
al
Jour
nal
,O
ctob
er 4
52,
pp.
232-
245,
view
ed 2
9 Se
pt 1
995,
http
://
ww
w.a
as.
org
/A
pJ/
v452
n2/5
309/
5309
.htm
l
Bake
r, Jo
anne
. “R
evea
ling
thee
ffect
s of
orie
ntat
ion
inco
mpo
site
quas
ar s
pect
ra.”
Astr
ophy
sica
l Jo
urna
l 4
52(1
995)
: 2
32-2
45 p
ars.
29Se
ptem
ber
19
95ht
tp:/
/w
ww
.aa
s.o
rg/
AP.
J/v4
52n2
/530
9/53
09.h
tml
Bake
r,
Joan
ne
C.
199
5.Re
veal
ing
the
effe
cts
ofor
ient
atio
n in
com
posit
e qu
asar
spec
tra.
Astr
ophy
sical
Jou
rnal
452
(O
ctob
er).
In
tern
et.
Ava
ilabl
e fr
om
http
://
ww
w.a
as.o
rg/A
pJ/v
452n
2/53
09/5
309.
htm
l; ac
cess
ed 2
9Se
ptem
ber 1
995.
33University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
JoJoJoJo Jourururur ur
nnnn n alalalal al
Pari
kh,
Mih
ir
(20
02),
Util
izin
g In
tern
et Te
chno
logi
esto
Sup
port
Lea
rnin
g: A
nEm
piri
cal
Ana
lysi
s.In
tern
atio
nal
Jour
nal
ofIn
form
atio
n M
anag
emen
t, 22
,27
-46.
Parik
h, M
. & V
erm
a, S
200
2,‘U
tiliz
ing
Inte
rnet
Tech
nolo
gies
to
Supp
ort
Lear
ning
: an
em
piri
cal
anal
ysis
.’ In
tern
atio
nal
Jour
nal
of
Info
rmat
ion
Man
agem
ent,
vol.
22, n
o. 1
,pp
. 27-
46.
Pari
kh,
Mih
ir.
Uti
lizin
gin
tern
et T
echn
olog
ies
toSu
ppor
t Le
arni
ng:
An
Empi
rica
l A
naly
sis.
Inte
rnat
iona
l Jo
urna
l of
Info
rmat
ion
M
anag
emen
t,22
(200
2) :2
7-46
.
Parik
h, M
ihir.
Util
izin
g in
tern
etTe
chno
logi
es
to
Supp
ort
Lear
ning
: A
n Em
piri
cal
Ana
lysis
. Int
erna
tiona
l Jou
rnal
of I
nfor
mat
ion
Man
agem
ent,
22 (2
002)
:27-
46.
LELELELE LEG
END
GEN
DG
END
GEN
DG
END
BBBB B OO
K:O
OK:
OO
K:O
OK:
OO
K:H
orbe
r, J.
K. H
.-
n-
n-
n-
n-
n am
e o
ame
oam
e o
ame
oam
e o f
af af a
f a f a uuuu u
tttt t hhhh hoooo o rrrr r
JOU
RNJO
URN
JOU
RNJO
URN
JOU
RNA
L :
AL
:A
L :
AL
:A
L :
Parik
h, M
ihir
- nnnn n a
me
oam
e o
ame
oam
e o
ame
o f af af a
f a f a uuuu u
tttt t hhhh hoooo o rrrr r
(200
2)---- -
yyyy y ear
oea
r o
ear
oea
r o
ear
o f pf pf p
f p f p uuuu u
bbbb b lililili li c
acacaca catitititi ti oooo o
nnnn n(2
002)
- yyyy y e
ar o
ear
oea
r o
ear
oea
r o f
pf pf p
f p f p uuuu u
bbbb b lililili li c
acacaca catitititi ti oooo o
nnnn nA
tom
ic fo
rce
mic
rosc
opy
:-
titl
titl
titl
titl
titl e
oe o
e o
e o
e o f
boo
f boo
f boo
f boo
f boo
kkkk kU
tiliz
ing
inte
rnet
tech
nolo
gies
- tit
l-
titl
- tit
l-
titl
- tit
l e oe o
e o
e o
e o f
art
if a
rti
f art
if a
rti
f art
i cccc cllll l eeee e
in c
ell b
iolo
gyto
sup
port
lear
ning
: An
empi
rical
anal
ysis
San
Die
go-
p-
p-
p-
p-
p llll laaaa a c
e o
ce o
ce o
ce o
ce o
f pf pf p
f p f p uuuu u
bbbb b lililili li c
acacaca catitititi ti oooo o
nnnn nIn
tern
atio
nal J
ourn
al o
f-
titl
titl
titl
titl
titl e
oe o
e o
e o
e o f
jf jf j
f j f j oooo o
urururur urnnnn n a
lalalal alA
cade
mic
- p
- p
- p
- p
- p uuuu u
bbbb b lis
hlis
hlis
hlis
hlis
h eeee errrr r
Info
rmat
ion
Man
agem
ent
22-
isisisis issusususu su
e n
e n
e n
e n
e n u
mbe
umbe
umbe
umbe
umbe
rrrr r27
-46
- pa
- pa
- pa
- pa
- pa
gggg g e ne n
e n
e n
e n u
mbe
umbe
umbe
umbe
umbe
rrrr r ssss s
TTTT T AB
AB
AB
AB
AB L
E 2
(S
LE 2
(S
LE 2
(S
LE 2
(S
LE 2
(S
CI
CI
CI
CI
CI E
NC
E)
ENC
E)
ENC
E)
ENC
E)
ENC
E) C
ontin
ued