How the Internet is Funded I590 Presentation Matt Hottell 9/30/03.

How the Internet is Funded

I590 PresentationMatt Hottell

9/30/03

Funding the Physical Infrastructure

There have been 3 main phases in the funding of the Internet in the US

ARPA phase 1969-1990 NSF phase 1990-1995 Commercial phase 1995-present

ARPA Phase Starting in 1969, the DoD funded the early

growth of the Internet by supporting the ARPANet.

ARPANet traffic was supposed to be limited to defense and research purposes only

By the middle of the 1980’s other players started to build around the ARPAnet

ARPA Phase 1984: NSF starts contracting for the

building of a national backbone (56kbps) that connects research universities.

At this time, other government agencies, and some commercial agencies and academic institutions begin building regional networks

ARPA Phase

The NSF “Acceptable Use Policy” through the end of the 1980’s limited some uses of the Internet by commercial interests

ARPA Phase

By the end of the 1980’s, the ARPANet was no longer the core of the Internet in the US

In 1990, ARPA decommissioned the ARPANet

NSF Phase

By 1990, the NSF is the dominant backbone internet provider

In 1990, the acceptable use policy is relaxed, allowing more commercial use.

November, 1990 – first WWW page The first Commercial Exchange

Point (CIX) is established in 1991

NSF Phase

In 1994, NSF awarded contracts to replace and manage its backbone network

NSF Phase In 1994, NSF awarded contracts to

replace and manage its backbone network

Part of the replacement includes 4 Network Access Points (NAP) to be built by the four baby Bells San Francisco, Chicago, New York, DC

NSF Phase

In 1995, NSF decides that the commercialization of the Internet has caused it to grow beyond the research scope of the NSF mission

NSF Phase In 1995, NSF decides that the

commercialization of the Internet has caused it to grow beyond the research scope of the NSF mission

The NSF completely turns over its backbone to the baby Bells to run as commercial ventures

Commercial Phase

Starting in 1995, the funding for the physical Internet became a mostly commercial venture

Commercial Phase

Starting in 1995, the funding for the physical Internet has become a mostly commercial venture

However, in 1997 NSF approved funding for a new high-speed research network – Internet 2

Internet Architecture

The high-speed backbones form the core of the network. Qwest, MCI, Sprint, ATT,etc


The high-speed backbones form the core of the network. Qwest, MCI, Sprint, ATT,etc

Backbones have access points in major cities

Internet Architecture The high-speed backbones form the

core of the network. Qwest, MCI, Sprint, ATT,etc

Backbones have access points in major cities

Backbones (vBNS) interconnect with each other at NAPs, allowing regional networks to talk to each other.


The companies that operate the NAPs charge the NSPs for access to the rest of the network.

IU has a direct connection to the Chicago NAP


Network Service Providers are service providers who operate backbones



Internet Service Providers pay NSPs for access to the NAPs




There may be several layers of ISPs




There may be several layers of ISPs P4 in a closet vs AOL modem banks


Many NSPs and ISPs have smaller connections to each other in major cities.

These connections are called “Metropolitan Area Exchanges”

Peering

ISPs at the same level generally agree to forward each other’s messages without charging.

This contributes to the idea of a “free” internet

Money Flow

The system of machines and cables that carry the internet at each level are paid for by the level of subscribers below.

Money flow matches the flow of datagrams to the NAPs

How the Internet is Funded I590 Presentation Matt Hottell 9/30/03.

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