How negative do you feel?
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Transcript of How negative do you feel?
+How negative do you feel?
2 sec 4 sec 8 sec 4 – 7 sec 2.1 sec 4 – 7 secAnticipation and Stimulus Trial
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Figure 1
Spontaneous and instructed regulation of negative emotionBrent L. Hughes, Tor D. Wager, Matthew L. Davidson, and Kevin N. Ochsner
Department of Psychology, Columbia University
http://www.scan.psych.columbia.edu/Columbia Psychology SCAN Unit
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
METHODSMETHODSPARTICIPANTS• n = 36 participants, mean age = 22 years
SCAN & ANALYSIS PARAMETERS• EPI BOLD imaging on 1.5T GE (TR = 2 s, 31 slices 3.5 x 3.5 x 4.5 mm voxels). • Pre-processing and 1st level analysis with SPM2• 2nd-level analysis using robust regression to down-weight outliers (Wager et al., 2005)
STIMULI• Negative and neutral IAPS images
TRIAL TYPES• Reappraise Negative Images = Instructed regulation• Look at Negative Images = Spontaneous responses, which could include regulation of emotion• Look at Neutral Images = Spontaneous responses to neutral events
TRIAL STRUCTURE
RESULTS: REPORTED AFFECTRESULTS: REPORTED AFFECTBACKGROUND
• The capacity to adaptively regulate emotion is essential for both mental and physical health
• Recent imaging research has identified regions of PFC important for the goal-directed, deliberate, voluntary reappraisal of aversive stimuli (Beauregard et al., 2001; Ochsner et al., 2002; Phan et al., 2004; Urry et al., 2006)
• Behavioral research (Erber, 1996) suggests that individuals also spontaneously regulate their emotion when faced with aversive situations, even when not explicitly directed to do so, but there are no brain-based studies of this.
QUESTION• In this study, we sought to identify common and distinct regions involved in the spontaneous and instructed regulation of emotion
RESULTS: fMRI ACTIVITYRESULTS: fMRI ACTIVITY
SUMMARY and CONCLUSIONSSUMMARY and CONCLUSIONS• The Look Neg > Look Neutral comparison showed increases in frontal, parietal, and insular cortices, amygdala, nucleus accumbens (NACC), and brainstem, and decreases in ventromedial frontal cortex, superior temporal cortices, and mid-cingulate.
• Conjunction analyses revealed regions whose activity correlated with reduced affect, including the anterior insula/opercular junction, hippocampus, midbrain, Right IFG, DMPFC, dACC, and cerebellum. These regions may play roles in the appraisal process and/or internally guided interpretations of aversive pictures. Decreases in VMPFC and superior temporal cortex may relate to differences in the self-relevance of pictures, cognitive activity, or affective experience.
• To further constrain this hypothesis, we compared Look Neg activity with activity elicited by the voluntary reappraisal of negative affect. Compared with viewing negative images, reappraising them (Reapp Neg > Look Neg) further increased activity in a number of similar sites, including lateral and medial frontal cortices, ventral striatum, and thalamus. Decreases were found in amygdala, parahippocampal cortex, and STS. Frontal activity was most strongly correlated with changes in affect reports.
• DMPFC and right IFG showed activations and correlations with reduced affect reports in both free-viewing and instructed conditions. These regions are candidate regions for voluntary context-based control of appraisal.
REFERENCESREFERENCES
Figure 4. Reapp Neg > Look Neg Intersection with Covariate (activation at p < .05 FDR corrected (p < .004), AND correlated with reduced affect p < 0.05)
Figure 6. Ratings of negative affect showed that reappraisal decreased negative affect reported in response to photos.
DMPFC
R IFG
Cerebellum
Regions Involved in Spontaneous Regulation
Regions Involved in Instructed Regulation
Common Regions for Spontaneous and Instructed Regulation
Activation and positive correlation
Deactivation and negative correlation
Activation and negative correlationDeactivation and positive correlation
Activation and positive correlation
Deactivation and negative correlation
Activation and negative correlationDeactivation and positive correlation
Figure 3. Look Neg >Look Neutral Intersection with Covariate (activation at p < .05 FDR corrected (p < .004), AND correlated with reduced affect p < 0.05)
Figure 5. Intersection of Figure 3 and Figure 4 (p < .1 FDR activation and p < .05 correlation)
Activation correlated positively with reductions in negative affect
324 Schermerhorn HallDepartment of Psychology1190 Amsterdam Ave.New York, NY 10027
ANALYSIS PATHWAY
Step 1 Used contrasts to identify regions (P < .05 FDR) involved in:1. Spontaneous responses to images (Look Neg > Look Neu)2. Instructed reappraisal (Reapp Neg > Look Neg)
Step 2 Used whole brain regression analyses with self-reported affect as a covariate to identify regions:
1. Whose activation predicts drops in negative affect when Looking at Negative Images
2. Whose activation predicts drops in negative affect during Reappraisal
Step 3 Identified intersection of Steps 1 and 2 (activated AND correlated).
Step 4 Identified regions involved in both spontaneous and instructed regulation (P < .1 FDR activation and p < .05 correlation in 1 AND 2)
(see Nichols et al., 2005 for details on conjunction analysis methods.)
Beauregard, M, Levesque, J, Bourgouin, P. (2001). Neural Correlates of Conscious Self-Regulation of Emotion. Journal of Neuroscience, 21: RC165: 1-6.
Erber, R. (1996). The self-regulation of moods. In L. L. Martin & A.Tesser (Eds.), Striving and feeling: Interactions among goals, affect,and self-regulation (pp. 251-275).
Harenski, CL, & Hamann, S. (2006). Neural correlates of regulating negative emotions related to moral violations. NeuroImage, 30 (1), 313-324.
Nichols, T., Brett, M., Andersson, J., Wager, T., & Poline, J. B. (2005). Valid conjunction inference with the minimum statistic. Neuroimage, 25(3), 653-660.
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Rethinking feelings: An fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14:8.
Phan, K. L., Fitzgerald, D. A., Nathan, P. J., Moore, G. J., Uhde, T. W.,& Tancer, M. E. (2005). Neural substrates for voluntary suppression of negative affect: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry, 57(3), 210-219.
Urry, H. L., van Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., Kalin, N. H., Thurow, M.E., Schaefer, H. S., et al. (2006). Amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are inversely coupled during regulation of negative affect and predict the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion among older adults. JNeurosci, 26(16), 4415-4425.
Wager, T. D., Keller, M. C., Lacey, S. C., & Jonides, J. (2005). Increased sensitivity in neuroimaging analyses using robust regression. NeuroImage, 26(1), 99-113.
Wager, T. D., Phan, K. L., Liberzon, I., & Taylor, S. F. (2003). Valence, gender, and lateralization of functional brain anatomy in emotion: A meta-analysis of findings from neuroimaging. Neuroimage, 19, 513-531.
Temporal/Occipital Cortex
Step 1: Look Neg > Look Neutral
Step 2: Look Neg > Look Neutral Cov
Step 1: Reappraisal > Look Neg
Step 2: Reappraisal > Look Neg Cov
Intersection
Intersection
Intersection
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Step 3 Step 4
Figure 2
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Drop in Negative Affect(Neutral - Negative Affect Report)
r = 0.392
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r = 0.443
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Drop in Negative Affect(Negative - Reapp Affect Report)
Drop in Negative Affect(Neutral - Negative Affect Report)
DMPFC
R DLPFC
SMA
Sup temporal
Ant Insula
Thalamus
Rostral PFC
Post. Insula
IFG
DMPFC
R DLPFC
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Positive = positive correlation with reductions in affect Positive = positive correlation with reductions in affect
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Drop in Negative Affect(Negative - Reapp Affect Report)
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