How much restoration is enough · Reach 1 Reach 2 Reach 3 Percent Pool Habitat 19941996 1999 2000...
Transcript of How much restoration is enough · Reach 1 Reach 2 Reach 3 Percent Pool Habitat 19941996 1999 2000...
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Effects of channel and riparian restoration on Effects of channel and riparian restoration on salmonidsalmonid populations and habitat in the Little Hoko populations and habitat in the Little Hoko
River, WashingtonRiver, Washington
(How much restoration is enoughHow much restoration is enough?)
Michael McHenryMel Elofson
Martin Liermann
Location SlideLocation Slide
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Land Use HistoryLand Use History
HomesteadsHomesteadsLoggingLoggingChannelizationChannelization/Wood /Wood Removal Removal Unrestricted Grazing Unrestricted Grazing Washington State Washington State Parks PurchaseParks Purchase (1993)
Limiting Factors DeterminationLimiting Factors Determination
Habitat SurveysHabitat Surveys--19921992TemperatureTemperaturePool HabitatPool HabitatLWDLWDChannel IncisionChannel IncisionEroding BanksEroding BanksRiparian ForestRiparian ForestSpawning HabitatSpawning Habitat
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Restoration Plan GoalRestoration Plan Goal
Use restoration to Use restoration to accelerate natural accelerate natural recovery so that recovery so that habitat forming habitat forming processes are processes are maintainedmaintained
Restoration Treatments (1994Restoration Treatments (1994--1998)1998)
Control/Remove Control/Remove CattleCattleRiparian ReforestationRiparian ReforestationRestructure ChannelRestructure ChannelRoad AbandonmentRoad AbandonmentOffOff--Channel Channel DevelopmentDevelopment
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Developing a Monitoring Strategy Developing a Monitoring Strategy
Fish ResponseFish ResponseBiologicalBiological
Increase LWD LevelsIncrease LWD LevelsChannel ComplexityChannel Complexity
Treat Incision/Bank ErosionTreat Incision/Bank ErosionReconnect FloodplainReconnect Floodplain
Grow Mature ForestGrow Mature ForestRiparian ForestRiparian Forest
Grazing/TemperatureGrazing/TemperatureRemove StressorsRemove Stressors
What/HowWhat/HowObjectivesObjectives
Monitoring ParametersMonitoring Parameters
AnnuallyAnnuallyFence WeirFence WeirSmoltsSmolts
AnnuallyAnnuallyEscapementEscapementAdultsAdults
5 year intervals5 year intervalsPlotsPlotsRiparianRiparian
2 year intervals2 year intervalsWolmanWolmanPebblesPebbles
2 year intervals2 year intervalsSurveySurveyCrossCross--SectionsSections
2 year intervals2 year intervalsAmbient Ambient MonitoringMonitoring
HabitatHabitat
AnnuallyAnnuallyThermographsThermographsTemperatureTemperatureWhenHowWhat
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Monitoring ChallengesMonitoring Challenges
Limited PreLimited Pre--project project Data Data Monitoring Monitoring ““ChasesChases””RestorationRestorationBeforeBefore--After DesignAfter Design$$
Removing Stressors Removing Stressors ––Part 1Part 1
Cattle Restricted Cattle Restricted (1994(1994--1998) & 1998) & Removed (1998)Removed (1998)
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Riparian MonitoringRiparian Monitoring
Fixed Radius PlotsFixed Radius Plots0.2 acre0.2 acre17 Plots (RM 0.217 Plots (RM 0.2--2.5)2.5)7 years following 7 years following initial plantingsinitial plantings
Riparian ResponseRiparian Response
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50
100
150
200
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300
350
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Plot Number
Tree
s/A
cre
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Riparian ResponseRiparian Response
Conifers free to Conifers free to grow in 5 yearsgrow in 5 years~20~20--3030’’ in 12 yearsin 12 yearsMinor damageMinor damagePasture exotics Pasture exotics prevalentprevalentFunctional?Functional?
GeomorphologyGeomorphology
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Increasing Channel ComplexityIncreasing Channel Complexity
LWD/CW
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Reach 1 Reach 2 Reach 3
Num
ber o
f Pie
ces
1994199619992000
Bank ErosionBank Erosion
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Channel Complexity Channel Complexity -- Habitat ResponseHabitat Response
Changes in Pool Area
0102030405060708090
Reach 1 Reach 2 Reach 3
Perc
ent P
ool H
abita
t
1994199619992000
Channel ComplexityChannel Complexity--Habitat ResponseHabitat Response
6363250250205205193193153153TotalTotal
--7070339911111010>1.5>1.5
8686131315151616771.251.25--1.501.50
535323232020131315151.01.0--1.251.25
12712750503131313122220.750.75--1.01.0
838386867171525247470.50.5--.75.75
54547373595970705050.25.25--0.50.5
0022000022<0.25<0.25
% Change% Change20002000199919991996199619941994Residual Pool Depth Residual Pool Depth
(m)(m)
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Channel ComplexityChannel Complexity--Habitat ResponseHabitat Response
Width to Depth Ratio
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Reach 1 Reach 2 Reach 3
1994199619992000
Removing Stressor Removing Stressor –– Part 2Part 2
y = -4.8973x + 50.303R 2 = 0.738
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1992
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Perc
ent C
anop
y
05101520253035404550
Day
s <1
6 C
Canopy Days> Linear (Canopy) Linear (Days>)
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Habitat ResponseHabitat Response--Segment 1Segment 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Mar-9
7
Jul-9
8
Dec-99
Apr-0
1
Sep-02
Par
ticle
Siz
e (m
m) X-Sec #4
X-Sec #3X-Sec #2X-Sec #1
Habitat ResponseHabitat Response--Segment 3Segment 3
%Change%Change2004200420002000199919991998199819961996
--65.465.455.255.249.349.362.062.066.766.785.285.2MeanMean
--35.135.177776060101101104104XX--Sec 19Sec 19
--115.6115.6454525259797XX--Sec 18Sec 18
--85.285.254546363100100XX--Sec 17Sec 17--38.338.360606969383818188383XX--Sec 16Sec 16
--31.931.94747505053536262XX--Sec 15Sec 15
--25.025.0606058581201207575XX--Sec 14Sec 14--126.5126.534343232404060607777XX--Sec 13Sec 13
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Habitat Response SummaryHabitat Response Summary
Response Rapid Response Rapid ~2~2--5 years5 yearsResponse Variable Response Variable by Geomorphologyby GeomorphologyTreatments Treatments Functional over Functional over TimeTime1999 Flood of 1999 Flood of RecordRecord
Flood of RecordFlood of Record
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Floodplain ReconnectionFloodplain Reconnection
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15
16
17
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19
20
0 20 40 60 80
Horizontal Distance (Feet)
Elev
atio
n (F
eet)
1997199819992001
0
1
2
3
4
5
NC <0.3 <.61 <.92 <1.22 >1.22
Bed Elevation (m)
Freq
uenc
y
Floodplain ReconnectionFloodplain Reconnection
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Floodplain Reconnection
Biological Monitoring Biological Monitoring -- CohoCoho
R 2 = 0.3713
0
1020
30
40
50
6070
80
1986
1988
1990
1992
199419
9619
9820
0020
0220
04
Red
ds/M
ile
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Biological MonitoringBiological Monitoring-- ChumChum
R2 = 0.5659
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Red
ds/M
ile
Biological Monitoring Biological Monitoring -- ChinookChinook
R2 = 0.0137
0
5
10
15
20
25
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Red
ds/M
ile
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Biological Monitoring Biological Monitoring -- SteelheadSteelhead
R2 = 0.0009
010
2030
4050
6070
8090
100
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Estim
ated
Esc
apem
ent
Biological Monitoring Biological Monitoring -- SmoltsSmolts
R2 = 0.4132
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
1987 1988 1989 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Num
ber
of S
mol
ts
Coho 1+ Steelhead Cutthroat Linear (Coho 1+ )
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Restoration ScorecardRestoration Scorecard
??Biological ResponseBiological Response
YesYesChannel ComplexityChannel Complexity
NoNoReconnect FloodplainReconnect Floodplain
Established but not Established but not FunctionalFunctional
Riparian ForestRiparian Forest
YesYesRemove StressorsRemove Stressors
OutcomeOutcomeObjectiveObjective
ConclusionsConclusionsHabitat restoration efforts in combination with Habitat restoration efforts in combination with natural recovery can rapidly improve stream natural recovery can rapidly improve stream habitat conditions.habitat conditions.Restoration efforts focused on treating channel Restoration efforts focused on treating channel incision must be dramatically scaled up.incision must be dramatically scaled up.Fish population responses are difficult to Fish population responses are difficult to measure, expensive and require patience.measure, expensive and require patience.–– Limitations in study design!Limitations in study design!–– Other limiting factors?Other limiting factors?–– Lag in response?Lag in response?–– Restoration incomplete?Restoration incomplete?
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Acknowledgments
Washington Washington Department of ParksDepartment of ParksWDNRWDNR--Jobs for the Jobs for the Environment ProgramEnvironment ProgramBIABIA--Watershed Watershed Restoration ProgramRestoration ProgramDr. Jack Dr. Jack OrsborneOrsborne