How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead...
Transcript of How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead...
![Page 1: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
How Mishandling Frozen Semen
can Lead to Unexplained
Breeding Failure
What You and Your Staff Need to
Know
NCBA January 2011
Brad Stroud, DVM
Stroud Veterinary Embryo Services
Weatherford, Texas
![Page 2: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Objectives of Presentation
• Define an industry problem
• Briefly review the science of freezing cells
• Review the science of thermal exposure damage
• Show exposures commonly seen with frozen semen
• Illustrate proper handling techniques
• Tips for Dewar management
• Debate solutions for handling problems
![Page 3: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Reasons for Low Fertility
• Nutritional stress
• Poor heat detection
• Inadequate AI skills
• Viral, bacterial, metabolic diseases
• Genetic influences
• Poor semen quality
• Mishandled frozen semen
![Page 6: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
SVES Frozen Semen Spot TestVideotape____ TC
: : :00
Sire ID:___________________ Stud ID_______ Batch #_____________
Reg#: _________________ Owner:______________ Date:_______
Dewar ID_______________ Canister_______ Cane Code__________
Flush Quality Rating: __Excellent __Good __Fair __Poor __Unacceptable
Conc % Motile RFM Direction Spiral __Morphology
__ High __0 __<5 __Rapid __Linear __ No __Excellent
__ Med __5-10 __11-20 __Med __Circular Tight __Yes __Good
__ Low __20-30 __>30 __Slow __Circular Med __Fair
Shipped___Stud ___ Owner ___Spastic __Circular Large __Poor
Extender___Milk ___ Other __Twitching __Asymmetrical __Heads
Notes: __Midpieces
Evaluator________ __Tails
This test is subjective, and may not be an accurate assessment
of this semen's ability to fertilize ova. It is however, a relatively
reliable pre-insemination screening exam. Brad Stroud, DVM
![Page 7: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Effect of semen quality on fertilization and embryo
quality in superovulated cattle (227 bulls)
Semen
Quality*
% Fertilized
(n = 9,732)
% Excellent
Embryos (n = 4,035)
Excellent 82.1a 61.2a
Good 67.7b 55.7b
Fair 58.3c 53.9c
Poor 51.8d 33.7d
(Schrick et al., 2003)(abcdP<0.002)
(*Semen quality combined concentration, % motile, RFM,
direction of movement and morphology)
![Page 8: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Origin of
Shipment
Total # of
Shipments
# Classified
Unaccept
able
%
Unacceptable
Bull studs 426 9 2.1
Owners/others 314 25 8
SVES Data
Effect of Origin of Shipment on Percent
Classified Unacceptable (Beef Bulls
Only)
![Page 10: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What happens to water molecules
when they are frozen?
![Page 11: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The primary objective in freezing
biological cells using slow
cooling is to remove the
intracellular water
![Page 12: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Commercial Freeze Medium
Ethylene Glycol
Glycerol
![Page 13: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cryomicrophotograph
of oocyte during
crystallization
![Page 14: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Bovine Embryos
are slow cooled
to – 30 Celsius
![Page 15: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Plunged into liquid
nitrogen bath
![Page 16: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Plastic straws are then placed into
goblets and canes
![Page 17: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The cells are now safely preserved in liquid
nitrogen or vapor for an indefinite period of
time .
![Page 18: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Glass Transition Temperature of
Water
![Page 19: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
-70 C
-100 C
-130 C
-150 C
- 190 C
Glass Transition
Temperature of
Water
- 130°Celsius
![Page 20: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Membrane Damage to
SpermPlasma
Membrane
Outer
Acrosomal
Membrane
Abnormal Morphology of
Bovine Spermatazoa
A.D. Barth
R.J. Oko
![Page 21: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cell damage
Loss of acrosome
Slide from Dick Saacke, VPI
DIC wet mounts
![Page 22: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Damaged acrosomes
= enzyme leakage
= fertilization failure
![Page 23: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Important Fact
![Page 24: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The duration and degree
of the exposure above
- 130°C determines the
extent of the damage done
to cryopreserved cells
![Page 26: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
From the time it’s collected,
![Page 29: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Processed,
![Page 30: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Frozen,
![Page 31: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Stored,
![Page 32: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Shipped,
![Page 33: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
And ultimately thawed for
insemination...
![Page 34: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Many opportunities exist for
accidental thermal exposure,
especially after it reaches the
farm or breeding center...
![Page 35: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The list of
personnel on a
farm, ranch, or
breeding center
that routinely
handle frozen
semen samples
is long...
![Page 36: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The list of
personnel on a
farm, ranch, or
breeding center
that routinely
handle frozen
semen samples
is long...
![Page 37: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The list of
personnel on a
farm, ranch, or
breeding center
that routinely
handle frozen
semen samples
is long...
![Page 38: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The list of
personnel on a
farm, ranch, or
breeding center
that routinely
handle frozen
semen samples
is long...
![Page 39: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The list of
personnel on a
farm, ranch, or
breeding center
that routinely
handle frozen
semen samples
is long...
![Page 40: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The list of
personnel on a
farm, ranch, or
breeding center
that routinely
handle frozen
semen samples
is long...
![Page 41: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The list of
personnel on a
farm, ranch, or
breeding center
that routinely
handle frozen
semen samples
is long...
![Page 42: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The list of
personnel on a
farm, ranch, or
breeding center
that routinely
handle frozen
semen samples
is long...
![Page 43: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The list of
personnel on a
farm, ranch, or
breeding center
that routinely
handle frozen
semen samples
is long...
![Page 44: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Thermal exposure opportunities are
aplenty.
• Receiving a shipment
• Searching for samples to
thaw
• Thawing samples
• Preparing a dry shipper
• Preparing shipments
• Taking inventory
• Breaking a cane!!!!
• Dewar to Dewar transfer
• Cattle sales
• Storage conditions
• Who’s responsible?
– Courier
– Farm secretary
– Owner
– Farm manager
– Animal handlers
– Staff support
– Lab staff
– Veterinarian
– Embryologist
– Others?
![Page 45: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Major Objective When Handling
Frozen Semen and Embryos
Keep the internal temperature
of straws below
– 130°Celsius at all times
![Page 49: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
8 Second Rule
•Canes or canisters should not be exposed any longer than 8 seconds in the neck of a Dewar.
•Remember, it takes 10 to 12 seconds for the internal temperature of a straw of frozen semen to reach – 100 C in the neck of a medium sized ranch Dewar half full in LN2
•Recrystallization begins at – 130 C
![Page 50: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Essential tools for
manipulating straws of frozen
semen• Towel clamps
• Forceps
• Hemostats
• Liquid N bath
• Eye protection
![Page 51: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• How many farms, or ranches have
an organized educational
curriculum in place for handling
and storing frozen semen and
embryos?
![Page 52: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Challenge is educating a lot of folks
who don’t think they need
educating!
![Page 53: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
But damage occurs 130 degrees C
below the freezing point of water
DIC wet mounts
![Page 54: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The bottom line...
1. The fate of reproductive and medical patients
is in the hands of numerous potential handlers
of cryopreserved cells and tissues.
2. Many, if not most, have never been formally
educated in the art and science of handling
frozen cells.
3. Education is the key to solving the problem
4. More work should be done to show the effects
of thermal exposures on various cell types
![Page 55: How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained ... · How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040702/5d65d8d588c993aa7e8b8fe7/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
DVD Training Video
All Staff Should
Watch
www.frozendvd.com