How  microbes  control  the  health  of  the  reef  

   

By  Dr.  Michael  Sweet  Derby  University  and  Korallion  Lab  

How  Microbes  Control  Coral  Reefs  

Coral  reefs  have  been  described  as  the  rainforests  of  the  sea  

Represent    some  of  the  densest  and  most  varied  ecosystems  on  Earth  

Although  the  world’s  reefs  cover  only  0.2%  of  the  ocean’s  floor  nearly  one  million  species  can  be  found  in  and  around  them  

They  act  as  efficient  coastal  defences,  nurseries  for  reef  fish  and  an  important  source  of  tourism  for  many  countries  

Overall  500  million  people  are  thought  to  depend  on  reefs  and  they  have  an  economic  value  of  between  £70,000  –  500,000  per  square  

km  per  year.  

Corals  come  in  all  shapes  and  sizes  

Coral reef threatened worldwide

30% of the world's coral reefs are seriously damaged

60% of the world's reefs are at risk

by the 2030s, 90% be at risk from human activities

But  what  exactly  are  corals?  

Plant?  Animal?  Or  Mineral?  

mesoglea (acellular)

endoderm with

zooxanthellae

ectoderm with

mucus gland cells calcium carbonate exoskeleton

•  Corals  are  usually  sessile  and  colonial.    •  The  polyps  of  corals  secrete  a  matrix  of  organic  molecules  upon  which  calcium  carbonate  is  deposited.  

•  This  matrix  forms  the  eventual  skeleton  of  the  coral  colony.  

•  As  coral  colonies  grow,  old  polyps  die  and  leave  their  calcareous  skeletons  behind.    

•  Living  members  of  the  colony  form  a  layer  on  top  of  a  growing  reef  of  skeletal  remains.  

Corals  Are  Not  Defenceless  Organisms  

Specialized  sWnging  cells  called  cnidocytes  

Which  contain  organelles  called  nematocysts  

ProtecWve  mucus  layer  

However,  the  producWon  of  mucus  and  nematocysts  involve  significant  

amounts  of  energy  

What  is  coral  bleaching?  

Normal pigmentation is due to the symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) which reside in the tissues

10 µm

What  is  coral  bleaching?  

•  The  visual  whitening  of  the  coral  due  to  loss  of  pigment  

•  Which  allows  the  white  CaCO3  skeleton  to  be  seen  through  the  thin  coral  Wssue  layer  

Normal pigmentation is due to the symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) which reside in the tissues

10 µm

•  Parts  or  all  of  a  coral  colony  may  bleach  •  Variable  proporWons  of  the  community  may  bleach  •  Different  species  and  clones  have  different  suscepWbiliWes  

•  The  severity  of  bleaching  affects  the  outcome  (death  or  recovery)  

•  Less  serious  bleaching  may  be  ‘adapWve’  •  EsWmates  of  mortality  from  the  1998  event  vary  from  50-­‐100%  in  Seychelles  to  very  liele  on  the  GBR  

*http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/coral-bleaching/Broadscale-bleaching/beb-01.html

Bleaching severity affects outcome

What  is  happening  to  the  global  climate?  

1900 1950

2000 2050

Decadal mean surface temperature change with respect to the period 1880 to 1920. Source: Hadley Data Centre (http://www.met-office.gov.uk/sec5). The model predicts a 3.4°C global rise by 2100.

Global  mean  temperature  is  rising  

How  strong  is  the  link  between  climate  and  coral  bleaching?  

 

Source: Brown BE (1997) Coral bleaching: causes and consequences. Coral Reefs 16:S129-S138

Bleaching  records  reflect  temperature  anomalies  

 

Source: http://psbsgi1.nesdis.noaa.gov:8080/

PSB/EPS/SST/data/ane98c.gif

12 May 1998: massive bleaching of corals on reefs in Maldives as SST r o s e + 2 . 1 ° C a b o v e 1950-1999 average for May

Sep  1994  May 1998

Jul 1998

Live  coral  cover  on  natural  reefs  in  Maldives  pre-­‐  and  post-­‐bleaching  

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

a b c d

% c

over

of l

ive

cora

lPre-bleaching

Post-bleaching

a, c Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN)

b, d Reef Check

But  bleaching  has  likely  evolved  alongside  corals!  

   

So  what’s  the  problem?  

Nem

atocyst  p

rodu

cWon

 

HEALTHY   BLEACHED  

Mucus  produ

cWon

 

HEALTHY   BLEACHED  

Bacterial  Load  

HEALTHY   BLEACHED  

AnWm

icrobial  Capability  

HEALTHY   BLEACHED  

SuscepWble  to  Coral  Diseases  

What  are  coral  diseases?  

•  Strictly  speaking,  most  are  ‘syndromes’  not  ‘diseases’  since  a  causal  agent  has  not  been  idenWfied  

•  The  broad  definiWon  of  disease  is  “any  perturba;on  from  the  healthy  state  that  impairs  the  func;on  of  the  organism”  (so  bleaching  is  a  disease)  

Impact/Response

Health Status

homeostasis compensation damage

reversible irreversible

stress

healthy

death

incurable

curable disease

The broad definition of disease

What  are  the  trends?  

Yellow  Band  Disease  

V.  coralliily;cus     V.  for;s    

V.  ro;ferianus     V.  harveyi  

V.  alginoly;cus  

Dark  Spot  Disease  

Rhabdocline  sp  

Similar  Scenario  to  a  New  Sponge  Disease  

So  What  Causes  White  Band  Disease?  

‘White  Band  Disease  lead  to  collapse  of  dominant  reef  building  corals  in  the  Caribbean’  

 

ID Type Closest  match ND ND ND WB WB WB Amp Amp Amp Gent Gent Gent Met Met Met Para Para ParaOceanicola Gram-­‐negative NR_043915.1 0 0 0 2 2 3 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0Sandarakinotalea Gram-­‐negative NR_041300.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 5 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 4 3 4Sphingopyxis  litoris Gram-­‐negative NR_043955.1 2 2 3 2 2 2 4 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0Anaeroplasma  bactoclasticum   Mollicutes NR_044675.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 2 3 3 5 4 5 1 2 2 5 4 4Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria AF544885 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 4 0 2 2 3 3 4Pseudoalteromonas Gram-­‐negative GQ406782 2 3 4 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 0 0 0Kocuria Gram-­‐positive GQ391989 4 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 3Thermoprotei Archaea NR_029316.1 2 3 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 4 4 5 4 2 2 5 3 3Nautella  italica   Gram-­‐negative NR_042673.1 0 3 0 3 3 2 2 4 4 0 0 0 1 2 2 4 4 4Bacteroides  coprophilus   Gram-­‐negative NR_041461.1 5 6 5 2 2 3 4 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rubrimonas  cliftonensis   Gram-­‐negative NR_037114.1 3 5 3 4 3 4 5 6 5 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0Treponema  lecithinolyticum   Gram-­‐negative NR_026247.1 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0Clostridium  ramosum   Gram-­‐positive NR_029247.1 3 4 4 3 3 4 0 0 0 2 4 4 0 0 0 2 3 2Chelonobacter Gram-­‐negative NR_044466.1 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0Geobacillus   Gram-­‐positive NR_028789.1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 0 3 4 3Parachlamydia  acanthamoebae   Gram-­‐negative NR_026357.1 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 4 0 0 0Spiroplasma Mollicutes NR_036849.1 5 4 4 2 3 4 2 3 3 5 4 5 1 2 3 5 4 4Mycoplasma Mollicutes NR_041845.1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 5 6 6 2 3 4 4 4 4Lactobacillus  reuteri   Gram-­‐positive NR_025911.1 1 3 3 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0Mollicutes Mollicutes NR_041845.1 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 6 5 5 2 3 3 0 3 3Photobacterium  aplysiae Gram-­‐negative NR_043188.1 0 0 0 4 4 4 2 3 4 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0Geothrix Unknown NR_036779.1 4 3 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 4 4 5 4 3 4 3 3 3Comamonas   Gram-­‐negative NR_044039.1 0 0 0 3 4 4 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0Leptobacterium  flavescens   Gram-­‐negative NR_041638.1 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 3 4 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0Pseudoalteromonas Gram-­‐negative GQ391963 4 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 0 0 0 3 3 1 4 4 3Halobacteria Archaea NR_028199.1 0 0 0 3 4 3 2 3 2 5 5 6 3 3 3 2 3 3Treponema Gram-­‐negative NR_029296.1 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0Asteroleplasma   Mollicutes NR_044657.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 5 4 4 6 5 5 1 2 2 5 5 4Roseofilum  reptotaenium Cyanobacteria HM048872   4 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 2 3 3 1 2 2Vibrio  carchariae Gram-­‐negative JF792090 0 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0Methanomicrobia Archaea NR_028238.1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 5 5 4 3 3 4 2 3 3Lactobacillus  suebicus Gram-­‐positive NR_042190.1 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0 2 4 3 1 2 2 0 0 0Alphaproteobacteria Gram-­‐negative AF544964 3 2 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 6 4 4Nocardiopsis  alba   Gram-­‐positive JF792076   3 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 5 4 4 2 2 2 5 3 3Tenacibaculum   Gram-­‐negative NR_044498.1 2 3 4 3 5 2 4 4 3 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0Nitrobacter   Gram-­‐negative NR_042449.1 5 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Roseovarius  crassostreae   Gram-­‐negative NR_041731.1 0 0 0 3 4 2 4 3 2 0 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 0Bacillus Gram-­‐positive NR_028674.1 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 0 4 1 0 3 2 2 0 0 0Acholeplasma Mollicutes NR_042958.1 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 2 2 5 4 5Thalassobacter Gram-­‐negative NR_044471.1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0Cyclobacterium Gram-­‐negative NR_043903.1 0 0 0 3 2 2 4 4 3 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0Betaproteobacteria Gram-­‐negative AY323190 0 0 0 2 2 2 4 3 2 0 0 0 5 3 4 4 3 3Legionella   Gram-­‐negative NR_044963.1 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 4 3 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 0Alphaproteobacteria Gram-­‐negative AY323140 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 4Actinobacteria Gram-­‐positive JX549405 0 2 1 3 1 2 0 1 1 4 3 3 1 2 2 3 4 4Vibrio  rotiferianus Gram-­‐negative JF792073 4 3 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 3 4Alphaproteobacteria Gram-­‐negative AY323132 0 2 2 3 3 2 4 3 4 5 4 4 1 2 0 3 3 2Pseudoalteromonas Gram-­‐negative AB675038 3 2 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 4 3 3Streptococcus Gram-­‐positive NR_042777.1 2 3 3 2 1 2 0 1 3 5 4 4 3 2 3 0 3 3Mycoplasma Mollicutes NR_041845.1 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 2 4 2 4Pyrobaculum Archaea NR_044615.2 0 1 0 3 2 2 0 2 4 3 3 4 1 1 2 1 2 2Sphingobium Gram-­‐negative NR_042479.1 0 2 3 3 4 2 3 3 5 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 2 3Roseobacter  litoralis   Gram-­‐negative NR_027593.1 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0

Cyanobacteria   α-­‐Proteobacteria   CFB  δ-­‐Proteobacteria   γ-­‐Proteobacteria   PlancWnomycetales  Unknown   β-­‐Proteobacteria   Firmicutes  chloroplasts   Green  sulfur  Bacteria   ε-­‐  Proteobacteria  Verrucomicrobia   AcWnobacteria  

ID Type Closest  match ND ND ND WB WB WB Amp Amp Amp Gent Gent Gent Met Met Met Para Para ParaOceanicola Gram-­‐negative NR_043915.1 0 0 0 2 2 3 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0Sandarakinotalea Gram-­‐negative NR_041300.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 5 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 4 3 4Sphingopyxis  litoris Gram-­‐negative NR_043955.1 2 2 3 2 2 2 4 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0Anaeroplasma  bactoclasticum   Mollicutes NR_044675.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 2 3 3 5 4 5 1 2 2 5 4 4Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria AF544885 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 4 0 2 2 3 3 4Pseudoalteromonas Gram-­‐negative GQ406782 2 3 4 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 0 0 0Kocuria Gram-­‐positive GQ391989 4 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 3Thermoprotei Archaea NR_029316.1 2 3 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 4 4 5 4 2 2 5 3 3Nautella  italica   Gram-­‐negative NR_042673.1 0 3 0 3 3 2 2 4 4 0 0 0 1 2 2 4 4 4Bacteroides  coprophilus   Gram-­‐negative NR_041461.1 5 6 5 2 2 3 4 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rubrimonas  cliftonensis   Gram-­‐negative NR_037114.1 3 5 3 4 3 4 5 6 5 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0Treponema  lecithinolyticum   Gram-­‐negative NR_026247.1 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0Clostridium  ramosum   Gram-­‐positive NR_029247.1 3 4 4 3 3 4 0 0 0 2 4 4 0 0 0 2 3 2Chelonobacter Gram-­‐negative NR_044466.1 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0Geobacillus   Gram-­‐positive NR_028789.1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 0 3 4 3Parachlamydia  acanthamoebae   Gram-­‐negative NR_026357.1 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 4 0 0 0Spiroplasma Mollicutes NR_036849.1 5 4 4 2 3 4 2 3 3 5 4 5 1 2 3 5 4 4Mycoplasma Mollicutes NR_041845.1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 5 6 6 2 3 4 4 4 4Lactobacillus  reuteri   Gram-­‐positive NR_025911.1 1 3 3 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0Mollicutes Mollicutes NR_041845.1 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 6 5 5 2 3 3 0 3 3Photobacterium  aplysiae Gram-­‐negative NR_043188.1 0 0 0 4 4 4 2 3 4 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0Geothrix Unknown NR_036779.1 4 3 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 4 4 5 4 3 4 3 3 3Comamonas   Gram-­‐negative NR_044039.1 0 0 0 3 4 4 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0Leptobacterium  flavescens   Gram-­‐negative NR_041638.1 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 3 4 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0Pseudoalteromonas Gram-­‐negative GQ391963 4 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 0 0 0 3 3 1 4 4 3Halobacteria Archaea NR_028199.1 0 0 0 3 4 3 2 3 2 5 5 6 3 3 3 2 3 3Treponema Gram-­‐negative NR_029296.1 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0Asteroleplasma   Mollicutes NR_044657.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 5 4 4 6 5 5 1 2 2 5 5 4Roseofilum  reptotaenium Cyanobacteria HM048872   4 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 2 3 3 1 2 2Vibrio  carchariae Gram-­‐negative JF792090 0 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0Methanomicrobia Archaea NR_028238.1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 5 5 4 3 3 4 2 3 3Lactobacillus  suebicus Gram-­‐positive NR_042190.1 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0 2 4 3 1 2 2 0 0 0Alphaproteobacteria Gram-­‐negative AF544964 3 2 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 6 4 4Nocardiopsis  alba   Gram-­‐positive JF792076   3 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 5 4 4 2 2 2 5 3 3Tenacibaculum   Gram-­‐negative NR_044498.1 2 3 4 3 5 2 4 4 3 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0Nitrobacter   Gram-­‐negative NR_042449.1 5 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Roseovarius  crassostreae   Gram-­‐negative NR_041731.1 0 0 0 3 4 2 4 3 2 0 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 0Bacillus Gram-­‐positive NR_028674.1 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 0 4 1 0 3 2 2 0 0 0Acholeplasma Mollicutes NR_042958.1 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 2 2 5 4 5Thalassobacter Gram-­‐negative NR_044471.1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0Cyclobacterium Gram-­‐negative NR_043903.1 0 0 0 3 2 2 4 4 3 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0Betaproteobacteria Gram-­‐negative AY323190 0 0 0 2 2 2 4 3 2 0 0 0 5 3 4 4 3 3Legionella   Gram-­‐negative NR_044963.1 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 4 3 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 0Alphaproteobacteria Gram-­‐negative AY323140 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 4Actinobacteria Gram-­‐positive JX549405 0 2 1 3 1 2 0 1 1 4 3 3 1 2 2 3 4 4Vibrio  rotiferianus Gram-­‐negative JF792073 4 3 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 3 4Alphaproteobacteria Gram-­‐negative AY323132 0 2 2 3 3 2 4 3 4 5 4 4 1 2 0 3 3 2Pseudoalteromonas Gram-­‐negative AB675038 3 2 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 4 3 3Streptococcus Gram-­‐positive NR_042777.1 2 3 3 2 1 2 0 1 3 5 4 4 3 2 3 0 3 3Mycoplasma Mollicutes NR_041845.1 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 2 4 2 4Pyrobaculum Archaea NR_044615.2 0 1 0 3 2 2 0 2 4 3 3 4 1 1 2 1 2 2Sphingobium Gram-­‐negative NR_042479.1 0 2 3 3 4 2 3 3 5 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 2 3Roseobacter  litoralis   Gram-­‐negative NR_027593.1 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0

13  PotenWal  Bacterial  Pathogens  ID Type Closest  match ND ND ND WB WB WB Amp Amp Amp Gent Gent Gent Met Met Met Para Para Para

Oceanicola Gram-­‐negative NR_043915.1 0 0 0 2 2 3 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0Sandarakinotalea Gram-­‐negative NR_041300.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 5 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 4 3 4Sphingopyxis  litoris Gram-­‐negative NR_043955.1 2 2 3 2 2 2 4 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0Anaeroplasma  bactoclasticum   Mollicutes NR_044675.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 2 3 3 5 4 5 1 2 2 5 4 4Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria AF544885 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 4 0 2 2 3 3 4Pseudoalteromonas Gram-­‐negative GQ406782 2 3 4 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 0 0 0Kocuria Gram-­‐positive GQ391989 4 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 3Thermoprotei Archaea NR_029316.1 2 3 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 4 4 5 4 2 2 5 3 3Nautella  italica   Gram-­‐negative NR_042673.1 0 3 0 3 3 2 2 4 4 0 0 0 1 2 2 4 4 4Bacteroides  coprophilus   Gram-­‐negative NR_041461.1 5 6 5 2 2 3 4 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rubrimonas  cliftonensis   Gram-­‐negative NR_037114.1 3 5 3 4 3 4 5 6 5 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0Treponema  lecithinolyticum   Gram-­‐negative NR_026247.1 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0Clostridium  ramosum   Gram-­‐positive NR_029247.1 3 4 4 3 3 4 0 0 0 2 4 4 0 0 0 2 3 2Chelonobacter Gram-­‐negative NR_044466.1 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0Geobacillus   Gram-­‐positive NR_028789.1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 0 3 4 3Parachlamydia  acanthamoebae   Gram-­‐negative NR_026357.1 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 4 0 0 0Spiroplasma Mollicutes NR_036849.1 5 4 4 2 3 4 2 3 3 5 4 5 1 2 3 5 4 4Mycoplasma Mollicutes NR_041845.1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 5 6 6 2 3 4 4 4 4Lactobacillus  reuteri   Gram-­‐positive NR_025911.1 1 3 3 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0Mollicutes Mollicutes NR_041845.1 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 6 5 5 2 3 3 0 3 3Photobacterium  aplysiae Gram-­‐negative NR_043188.1 0 0 0 4 4 4 2 3 4 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0Geothrix Unknown NR_036779.1 4 3 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 4 4 5 4 3 4 3 3 3Comamonas   Gram-­‐negative NR_044039.1 0 0 0 3 4 4 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0Leptobacterium  flavescens   Gram-­‐negative NR_041638.1 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 3 4 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0Pseudoalteromonas Gram-­‐negative GQ391963 4 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 0 0 0 3 3 1 4 4 3Halobacteria Archaea NR_028199.1 0 0 0 3 4 3 2 3 2 5 5 6 3 3 3 2 3 3Treponema Gram-­‐negative NR_029296.1 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0Asteroleplasma   Mollicutes NR_044657.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 5 4 4 6 5 5 1 2 2 5 5 4Roseofilum  reptotaenium Cyanobacteria HM048872   4 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 2 3 3 1 2 2Vibrio  carchariae Gram-­‐negative JF792090 0 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0Methanomicrobia Archaea NR_028238.1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 5 5 4 3 3 4 2 3 3Lactobacillus  suebicus Gram-­‐positive NR_042190.1 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0 2 4 3 1 2 2 0 0 0Alphaproteobacteria Gram-­‐negative AF544964 3 2 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 6 4 4Nocardiopsis  alba   Gram-­‐positive JF792076   3 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 5 4 4 2 2 2 5 3 3Tenacibaculum   Gram-­‐negative NR_044498.1 2 3 4 3 5 2 4 4 3 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0Nitrobacter   Gram-­‐negative NR_042449.1 5 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Roseovarius  crassostreae   Gram-­‐negative NR_041731.1 0 0 0 3 4 2 4 3 2 0 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 0Bacillus Gram-­‐positive NR_028674.1 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 0 4 1 0 3 2 2 0 0 0Acholeplasma Mollicutes NR_042958.1 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 2 2 5 4 5Thalassobacter Gram-­‐negative NR_044471.1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0Cyclobacterium Gram-­‐negative NR_043903.1 0 0 0 3 2 2 4 4 3 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0Betaproteobacteria Gram-­‐negative AY323190 0 0 0 2 2 2 4 3 2 0 0 0 5 3 4 4 3 3Legionella   Gram-­‐negative NR_044963.1 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 4 3 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 0Alphaproteobacteria Gram-­‐negative AY323140 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 4Actinobacteria Gram-­‐positive JX549405 0 2 1 3 1 2 0 1 1 4 3 3 1 2 2 3 4 4Vibrio  rotiferianus Gram-­‐negative JF792073 4 3 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 3 4Alphaproteobacteria Gram-­‐negative AY323132 0 2 2 3 3 2 4 3 4 5 4 4 1 2 0 3 3 2Pseudoalteromonas Gram-­‐negative AB675038 3 2 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 4 3 3Streptococcus Gram-­‐positive NR_042777.1 2 3 3 2 1 2 0 1 3 5 4 4 3 2 3 0 3 3Mycoplasma Mollicutes NR_041845.1 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 2 4 2 4Pyrobaculum Archaea NR_044615.2 0 1 0 3 2 2 0 2 4 3 3 4 1 1 2 1 2 2Sphingobium Gram-­‐negative NR_042479.1 0 2 3 3 4 2 3 3 5 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 2 3Roseobacter  litoralis   Gram-­‐negative NR_027593.1 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0

Oceanicola      Sandarakinotalea    Anaeroplasma  bactoclas;cum    Parachlamydia  acanthamoebae  Photobacterium  aplysia  Comamonas    Halobacteria    Asteroleplasma  Vibrio  charchariae    Lactobacillus  suebicus    Roseovarius  crassostreae    Bacillus    Cyclobacterium      

ID Closest  Match  (%) ND WB Amp Gent Met ParaAlveolate  sp. HM561010  (99)Philaster  sp. HM030719  (99)Alveolate  sp. HM561010  (95)Varistrombidium  kielum DQ811090  (100)Pseudocarnopsis  sp. HQ013358  (100)Glauconema  sp. JN406267  (100)Unidientified  Phyllopharyngid FN598325  (95)Dysteria  sp. FJ868205  (98)Dysteria  derouxi AY378112  (100)Paracineta  limbata FJ865207  (100)Trachelotractus  sp. FJ876954  (95)Trochilioides  recta JN867017  (100)Unidentified  Phyllopharyngid FN598325  (98)Trachelotractus  sp FJ876954  (98)Anteholosticha  scutellum FJ156105  (100)Protocruzia  adherens AY217727  (100)

Bacterial  induced  necrosis  

‘Our  Novel  Approach’      

v Paromomycin    

v Ampicillin  

v Gentamicin  

v Metronidazole  

-­‐  Gram  posiWve  and  some  gram  negaWve  

-­‐  Protozoa's  

-­‐  Gram  negaWve  

-­‐  Broad  spectrum  

Reduces  Number  of  PotenWal  Pathogens  to  3  

Vibrio  carchariae 0 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0Methanomicrobia 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 5 5 4 3 3 4 2 3 3Lactobacillus  suebicus 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0 2 4 3 1 2 2 0 0 0Alphaproteobacteria 3 2 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 6 4 4Nocardiopsis  alba   3 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 5 4 4 2 2 2 5 3 3Tenacibaculum   2 3 4 3 5 2 4 4 3 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0Nitrobacter   5 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Roseovarius  crassostreae   0 0 0 3 4 2 4 3 2 0 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 0Bacillus 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 0 4 1 0 3 2 2 0 0 0

ID ND ND ND WB WB WB Amp Amp AmpGentGent Gent Met Met Met Para Para Para

ID Closest  Match  (%) ND WB Amp Gent Met ParaAlveolate  sp. HM561010  (99)Philaster  sp. HM030719  (99)Alveolate  sp. HM561010  (95)Varistrombidium  kielum DQ811090  (100)Pseudocarnopsis  sp. HQ013358  (100)Glauconema  sp. JN406267  (100)Unidientified  Phyllopharyngid FN598325  (95)Dysteria  sp. FJ868205  (98)Dysteria  derouxi AY378112  (100)Paracineta  limbata FJ865207  (100)Trachelotractus  sp. FJ876954  (95)Trochilioides  recta JN867017  (100)Unidentified  Phyllopharyngid FN598325  (98)Trachelotractus  sp FJ876954  (98)Anteholosticha  scutellum FJ156105  (100)Protocruzia  adherens AY217727  (100)

Same  with  the  ciliates  

v  IndicaWon  that  one  or  more  microorganisms  (a  consorWum)  are  the  primary  pathogens  of  WBD  

v An  iniWal  systemic  bacterial  infecWon  

v Causes  necrosis  of  the  symbioWc  algae  and  Wssues    

v Followed  by  ciliate  histophagy;    Philaster  sp.  feeds  off  the  health  compromised  Wssues  

v Can  be  treated  with  two  types  of  anWbioWcs    

White  Syndrome  and  Brown  Band  Disease  

Taxon  (SP.) H H H H WS WS WS WS AMP AMP AMP AMP PARA PARA PARA PARA MET MET MET METAcidimicrobialesCorynebacteriumBacteroidetesFlavobacteriaceaeFlavobacteriaceaeLeeuwenhoekiellaFlavobacteriumSandarakinotaleaSediminicolaTenacibaculumWinogradskyellaAmoebophilaceaeFlammeovirgaceaeEkhidnaceaeEkhidnaceaeSaprospiraceaeAureispiraLewinellaCyanobacteriaCyanobacteriaUlvophyceaeRhodophytaStramenopilesChroococcalesSpirulinaXenococcaceaePseudanabaenaceaeHalomicronemaProchlorococcusLentisphaeralesClostridiaceaeClostridiaceaeLeptotrichiaProteobacteriaAlphaproteobacteriaThalassospiraKordiimonadaceaeHyphomonadaceaeHyphomonasRhizobialesRhodobacteraceaeRhodobacteraceaeRuegeriaAnaerosporaRickettsialesRickettsialesRickettsiaceaeRickettsialesErythrobacteraceaeSpirobacillalesBacteriovoraxArcobacterHelicobacteraceaeGammaproteobacteriaAlteromonadalesAlteromonadalesAlteromonadaceae

Taxon  (SP.) H H H H WS WS WS WS AMP AMP AMP AMP PARA PARA PARA PARA MET MET MET METAcidimicrobialesCorynebacteriumBacteroidetesFlavobacteriaceaeFlavobacteriaceaeLeeuwenhoekiellaFlavobacteriumSandarakinotaleaSediminicolaTenacibaculumWinogradskyellaAmoebophilaceaeFlammeovirgaceaeEkhidnaceaeEkhidnaceaeSaprospiraceaeAureispiraLewinellaCyanobacteriaCyanobacteriaUlvophyceaeRhodophytaStramenopilesChroococcalesSpirulinaXenococcaceaePseudanabaenaceaeHalomicronemaProchlorococcusLentisphaeralesClostridiaceaeClostridiaceaeLeptotrichiaProteobacteriaAlphaproteobacteriaThalassospiraKordiimonadaceaeHyphomonadaceaeHyphomonasRhizobialesRhodobacteraceaeRhodobacteraceaeRuegeriaAnaerosporaRickettsialesRickettsialesRickettsiaceaeRickettsialesErythrobacteraceaeSpirobacillalesBacteriovoraxArcobacterHelicobacteraceaeGammaproteobacteriaAlteromonadalesAlteromonadalesAlteromonadaceae

Taxon  (SP.) H H H H WS WS WS WS AMP AMP AMP AMP PARA PARA PARA PARA MET MET MET METAcidimicrobialesCorynebacteriumBacteroidetesFlavobacteriaceaeFlavobacteriaceaeLeeuwenhoekiellaFlavobacteriumSandarakinotaleaSediminicolaTenacibaculumWinogradskyellaAmoebophilaceaeFlammeovirgaceaeEkhidnaceaeEkhidnaceaeSaprospiraceaeAureispiraLewinellaCyanobacteriaCyanobacteriaUlvophyceaeRhodophytaStramenopilesChroococcalesSpirulinaXenococcaceaePseudanabaenaceaeHalomicronemaProchlorococcusLentisphaeralesClostridiaceaeClostridiaceaeLeptotrichiaProteobacteriaAlphaproteobacteriaThalassospiraKordiimonadaceaeHyphomonadaceaeHyphomonasRhizobialesRhodobacteraceaeRhodobacteraceaeRuegeriaAnaerosporaRickettsialesRickettsialesRickettsiaceaeRickettsialesErythrobacteraceaeSpirobacillalesBacteriovoraxArcobacterHelicobacteraceaeGammaproteobacteriaAlteromonadalesAlteromonadalesAlteromonadaceae

Verrucomicrobiaceae  Reinekea      

CILIATES  

The  future  

It  is  unlikely  that  the  thermal  tolerance  threshold  is  staWc,  but  the  upper  limits  and  possible  rate  of  

change  are  unknown  

AdaptaWon  

     

How  microbes  control  the  health  of  the  reef  

   

By  Dr.  Michael  Sweet  Derby  University  and  Korallion  Lab  

           

     

THANK  YOU!