How Meditation Affect Your Brain
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Transcript of How Meditation Affect Your Brain
Kuliah Umum“Otak Manusia: Fakta dan Mitos”
How Meditation Affect Your Brain
Prof. Satyanegara
Kamis 9 Februari 2012Pukul 19.00-21.00 WIBWISMA PROKLAMASI
Jl. Proklamasi No. 41 Jakarta Pusat
Meditation?
is a process of focusing the mind and feelings to achieve "something“ peace or happiness.
Meditation showed a highly focused state of concentration, so that one can control the activity of central nervous system, including the regulatory region of the autonomic nervous activity (self hypnosis / self control)
HistoryIndian scriptures called “tantras” mentioned meditation techniques 5000 years ago. (meditationcenter.com)
Buddha, a major meditation icon, first made his mark around 500 B.C.
Popularized by Western cultures,
mid-20th century
1960s and 1970s, researchers began testing the effects of meditation
The Nervous system has 3 major functions:§ Sensory – monitors internal & external environment through presence of receptors
§ Integration – interpretation of sensory information (information processing);
§ Motor – response to information processed through stimulation of effectors
● muscle contraction● glandular secretion
Two anatomical divisions • Central nervous system (CNS)• Brain• Spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)• All the neural tissue outside CNS• Afferent division (sensory input)• Efferent division (motor output)
n Somatic nervous systemn Autonomic nervous system
General Organization of the nervous system
Frontal Lobe
Consciousness
Judgments
Response to environment
Controls our emotional response
Controls our expressive language
Abstract thought
Concentration, Attention
Language planning
Short term memory
Motor cortex
—Voluntary movement
Parietal Lobe
Location for touch perception.
Integration of different senses that allows for understanding a single concept
Sense of space and time
(postero-superior lobe)
Temporal Lobe
Hearing ability
Memory acquisition
language processing
(Wernicke’s area)
Vision
Occipital Lobe
Limbic lobe
set the human feelings
control the instinct / instinct
record a new memory
(experience or a particular atmosphere).
The diencephalon includes:
the thalamus and its geniculate bodies,
the hypothalamus,
the subthalamus,
the epithalamus.
The third ventricle lies between the halves of the diencephalon.
Hypothalamus has important regulatory
functionsTemperature
Emotional regulation: sad, Happiness
Growth (via thyroid stimulating hormone)
Hunger and thirst
Sexual behaviour
Defensive reactions: fear, rage
Control of various endocrine and activity rhythms (via hormones)
What pathways control autonomic responses?
Direct control arises from the hypothalamus,
-parabrachial nucleus,
-nucleus of the solitary tract
-neurons in the ventrolateral medulla.
Indirect control originates from the cortex, amygdala , and the periqueductal gray matter.
Click to edit Master text stylesSecond level
● Third level● Fourth level
● Fifth level
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Cardiovascular system blood vessels none to skeletal muscle vasodilation to skin and viscera vasoconstriction Heart rate, force of contraction increases decreasesRespiratory system diameter of air passages increases decreases respiratory rate increases decreasesEye dilate pupil constrict pupil accommodation distance vision near visionSweat gland increased secretion noneAdrenal gland secretes E, NE none
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Digestive system general level of activity decreases increases sphincters constrict dilate secretory glands inhibit stimulate salivary gland stimulate simulate
serous secretion watery secretionUrinary system kidneys decreases urine increases urine urinary bladder relaxes tenses
sphincter constricts relaxesMale reproductive system increases erection glandular secretion and ejaculation
Conciousness
is a result of various complex functions, based on alertness and awareness of oneself and environment.
AwarenessAlertness
Conciousness
ConsciousnessInvolves ARAS and the normally functioning cerebrum responding to the arrival of visual, auditory, and somatic afferent stimulations.
arousal Conciousness circuit
Brainstem (ARAS) thalamus
(nucleus intralaminar
& centromedial)
Cerebral cortex
awareness
Functional Mapping of Meditation
Meditation is a conscious mental process that induces a set of integrated physiologic changes termed the “relaxation response”
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to identify and characterize the brain regions that are active during a simple form of meditation.
Results
Significant signal increases were observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, hippocampus/parahippocampus, temporal lobe, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, and striatum, during meditation.
This indicates that the practice of meditation activates neural structures involved in attention and control of the autonomic nervous system.
Neuroreport. 2000 May 15;11(7):1581-5. Functional brain mapping of the relaxation response and meditation. Lazar SW,…, Benson H.
Brainwaves state
Beta: heightened state of alertness and focused concentration.
Alpha A state of relaxed mental awareness or reflection, visualization, problem solving and accessing deeper levels of creativity.
Theta a state of deep relaxation and meditation, enhanced creativity, stress relief, light sleep and dreaming.
Delta the slowest in frequency. A state of deep dreamless sleep.
Gamma the most rapid in frequency. when bursts of insight or high-level information processing occur.
Neurological activity when meditating
FRONTAL LOBE
..While focusing/ concentrating..
Prerontal lobe activity
GABA release
1
GABA release
PARIETAL LOBE
THALAMUS
Decreasing stimuli arriving at parietal
Parietal activity
Orientation association area (space and time)
Result: sense of wholeness
2
Neurological activity when meditating
Thalamus: what is and isn’t real
Thalamus makes differences between inner and outer
Thalamus activity
: decrease stimuli to cerebral cortex
Neurological activity when meditating
HIPPOCAMPUS
- Conveys emotional significance of experience
- Activates right lateral amygdala
AMYGDALA- Confers emotional significance on the lack of
incoming sensory information- Influences hypothalamus
3
Neurological activity when meditating
HYPOTHALAMUS
Ventromedial hypothalamus activates
parasympathetic nervous system
Produce relaxation,
happiness
4
Neurological activity when meditating
Endocrine change during meditation
Acetylcholine
GABA
Endorphine
DHEA-S
Melantonin
Lactate
Cortisol
Epinephrine
Physiological Effects
First discovered in 1946
Affect the heart rates and respiration rates of Indian yogis and Zen masters
More recently, researchers found meditation can decrease muscle tension
Physiological Effects
Positive effects on blood pressure
Decreases heart rate
Decreases blood lactate levels and carbon dioxide production
Lowers cortisol reduce stress
Can efficiently treat pain
Conclusion
Meditation first emerged in the philosophical framework of religious and spiritual Eastern societies.
Meditation is believed to help human maintain physical health, to achieve peace, and gain spiritual strength.
People are always try to find peace inside and outside the body meditation is necessary to reach a sense of happiness, and peace
There’re various techniques of meditation, but which is best suited to someone is depending on one’s beliefs and character