How Energy Legislation will Affect the Data Centre

Andrew Jones, RCDD,

Carbon Reduction CommitmentEnergy Efficiency Scheme (CRC)gy y ( )

• Who is aware of the UK CRC?Who is aware of the UK CRC?• Who understands the costs and reporting

obligations?• Who is ready to reduce energy

consumption by 5% every year?• Who has created a business process to• Who has created a business process to

collect the data you need to comply?• Who is going to get fined £50,000 and face

two years imprisonment?

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Agenda

Energy Legislation

• Help you understand the legislation and energy costs in the Data Centre

• Explain the real reason for the legislationExplain the real reason for the legislation• Are you included?• Your costs and potential impact

• Case Study : Saving 25% of energy in the Data Centre

Data Centre Case Study

• Questions & Answers

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Carbon Reduction Commitmentwhat is it?what is it?

• UK “Cap & Trade” scheme to reduce energy use year by year. Designed to create a shift in awareness, behaviour and infrastructure

• Scheme started on 1 April 2010• In April 2012 allowances must be purchased for

every tonne of CO2 emitted in 2011-2012, at a fixed price of £12 / tonne CO2

• From 2014 allowances will be capped by 5% per year and publically auctioned, price is expected to rise!

• Government publish an annual league table showing the comparative performance of the top 5000 participating organisations 1 tonne CO2 = 1,838 kWh

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Business Drivers – Mandatory Legislation

Mandatory legislation Voluntary schemes

• Kyoto Protocol : 1997• UK Energy Act : Nov 2008

Mandatory legislation Voluntary schemes

• BS EN 16001• The Green Grid PUE

• UK Climate Change Act : Nov 2008(Introduced CRC Scheme)

The Green Grid PUE• EU Code of Conduct on Data

Centre Energy Efficiency• BICSI 002 2010 Data Center• BICSI 002-2010 Data Center

Design and Implementation Best Practices

EU Data Centres Electricity Usage

2007 : 56 TWh (3% of UK electricity)2020 : 104 TWh (6% of UK electricity)

Enterprise IT Energy UseClient PC : 31%Servers : 16%Printers : 14%Network : 13%Telecom : 11%

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Telecom : 11%

Business Drivers – Energy Costs

Energy Costs

• UK Business electricity costs have increased by 58% since 2010• The increase was 36.9% in 2010, 13.6% in 2011, and so far in

Energy Costs

2012 we’ve seen rises of 4.3%

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Business Drivers – Security of Supply

• UK electricity consumption is increasingU e ec c y co su p o s c eas g• UK generation capacity is declining• Nuclear capacity has not been replaced• Coal replaced by gas powered stations• Coal replaced by gas powered stations• Since 2004 UK is a net importer of gas• Electric vehicles will increase electricity

fdemand still further

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1 Electric Car = 3 Households

Can renewables fill the gap?

• UK uses 195 kWh / day / person (red)http://www.withouthotair.com

USA = 250…mainly extracted hydrocarbons• Use a mix of all possible renewable technologies

180 kWh / day / person (green)

6%17%

• Tide : Severn + The Wash + Strangford Lough Barrage + Blackpool Lagoon

• Deep offshore : 9 km strip around the whole UK 8%

p pcoastline

• Shallow offshore : 4 km strip around the whole UK coastline (44,000 x 3MW)

27%( , )

• PV Farm : Cover 5% of UK (£200,000 / person)• Solar heating : all south facing roofs• Inland wind : Cover the windiest 10% of UK 7%

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• Inland wind : Cover the windiest 10% of UK 7%11%

Raw Materials Risks

• Green technologies need large quantities of g g qrare earth metals

• Of 57 key minerals 11 have reached peak production

• At present, China produces 97% of the world’s rare earth metals supply, almost 100% of the associated metal production,

d 80% f h hand 80% of the rare earth magnets.• China recently blocked REM

shipments to Japan in ath k t d di tthree week trade dispute

• 2012 : China are restricting REM exports

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Rationing by Tradable Energy Quotas

• Governments have two mechanisms for reducing demand…taxation and rationing.

• Increasing taxation leads to ‘energy poverty’.• The UK government are considering rationing by

T d bl E Q t (TEQ)Tradable Energy Quotas (TEQ).• Individual adults would receive an equal per capita

Entitlement of electronic TEQs units, free-of-charge. • Organisations the government and all other energy• Organisations, the government and all other energy

users would have to buy their units at a weekly Tender, or auction.

• The number of units issued into the economy via the yweekly Entitlement and Tender would be determined by either the availability of energy resources or the national carbon budget.

h h f f l l l

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• The purchase of any fuel or electricity would require the surrender of TEQs units

Who does the CRC legislation apply to?

• Any UK organisation with one of the 175,000 half hourly electricity meters in 2008 must disclose information (20 000 organisations)meters in 2008 must disclose information (20,000 organisations)

• Any organisation spending more than £500,000 on electricity in 2008 must join the allowance trading scheme (5,000 organisations)

ll f h l• All state-funded schools & universities• All central government departments regardless of size• Qualification is based on electricity but if you qualify you must

collect and report on all non-transport fossil fuels (mainly gas, oil)• CRC targets highest parent organisation who must report on

energy usage of all subsidiaries• What if I already buy 100% renewable or generate all my own

electricity? It does not matter! You still have to make reductions.

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Penalties for non-compliance

• Failure to register is a fine of £5000 + £500 per day• Failure to register is a fine of £5000 + £500 per day• Failure to disclose information is £500 per meter• Failure to submit annual report is £5000 + £500 per day

(fi t 40 d ) th £1000 d B tt ki(first 40 days) then + £1000 per day. Bottom ranking on Performance League Table

• Incorrect reporting £40 / tonne CO2 if error > 5%• Falsification or reckless statements will result in fine up

to £50,000• Non-compliance with enforcement notice –

imprisonment up to two years• Reputational risk to your brand by being at the bottom

of the league table!

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CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme Summary

• The CRC scheme started on 1 April 2010 first payment is due in• The CRC scheme started on 1 April 2010, first payment is due in April 2012. Additional ‘Green’ taxes will appear soon.

• Security of supply – UK generation capacity reduction by 2015, UK is increasingly relying on imported gas to generateUK is increasingly relying on imported gas to generate electricity.

• Renewables require vast quantities of REM’s sourced almost exclusively from China.y

• Government legislation and market forces are combining to drive energy costs up.

• Businesses which prepare for and take advantage of the new p p genergy reality will prosper – failure to do so could be catastrophic.

• Energy reduction technologies are going to be vital in the DC.

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How do we manage the energy if we can't monitor it?

Case Study :L D t C tLarge Data Centre

Hot is the new Cool

Andrew Jones, RCDD,

How much electricity does one server use?

• According to Ofgem UK average household g g gelectricity consumption is 3,300 kWh per year.

• Which is equivalent to one 376W device running all year (3300kWh / 365 x 24 = 376W)

• Dell R210 (11th generation, high efficiency server) uses between 115-185W for each server.

• Assuming average data centre PUE

• 1 server ≈ 1 household

• 1 Rack ≈ 1 street

==• 1 Rack ≈ 1 street =

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Case Study (Large Data Centre)

• Client had difficulty monitoring temperature in real-time.

• Problems with hot-spots > 30°c• Overcooling in some areas < 11°c• Overcooling in some areas < 11 c• Wanted to increase supply air temperature

but feared breaching SLAs.• Needed high definition temperature

measurement across the data centre.• Using multi-award winning technology.

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Raising Temperature = Saving Money

• Most data centres historically run between 18-21°c

• In 2008 ASHRAE TC 9.9 second edition recommend :

Class Allowable RecommendedClass Allowable Recommended

Class 1 15 - 32°c 18 - 27°c

Class 2 10 - 35°c 18 - 27°c

• Higher temperatures allow almost 100% use of free cooling (no chillers are required)

• For every 1°c degree the temperature is increased savings of around 5% per year can be achieved.

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ASHRAE TC 9.9 2011

• In 2011 ASHRAE introduced new environmental classes

Class Allowable Recommended * Description

Mi i iti l t i

with a wider operational envelope in a whitepaper

Class A1 15 - 32°c 18 - 27°c Mission critical enterprise servers and storage

Class A2 10 35°c 18 27°cVolume servers,storage products personalClass A2 10 - 35 c 18 - 27 c storage products, personal computers, and workstations

Class A3 5 - 40°c 18 - 27°c Office or lab environment

Class A4 5 45°c 18 27°c Office or lab environmentClass A4 5 - 45°c 18 - 27°c Office or lab environment

* Unchanged from 2008 recommended limits

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ASHRAE TC 9.9 2011

• Wider envelope allow greater energy savings

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ASHRAE TC 9.9 2011 - Altitude

• Limits must be de-rated for altitude

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ASHRAE TC 9.9 Third Edition

• ASHRAE will publish the third edition ofASHRAE will publish the third edition of “Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments” in 2012

• See ASHRAE TC 9.9 web site http://tc99.ashraetcs.org/

ThirdThird

p // g/

• Wider operating range allows considerable i b l lcost savings, temperatures must be closely

monitored to reduce risk.

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The fibre as your temperature sensor

• Optical loss determine the maximum distance we can transmit data over a standardised fibre link

• Material attenuationAb ti b t t ifi l thAbsorption by atoms, at specific wavelengths

• Waveguide attenuation Bends in the fibre - macrobends microbendsBends in the fibre - macrobends, microbends

• Fibre coupling lossesSplices, connectors etc…p ,

• Scattering processes : Collectively called ‘noise’ in a comms link. Rayleigh, Brillouin, Raman

LordRayleigh1842-1919

SirRaman1888-1970

MrBrillouin1889-1969

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1842-1919 1888 19701889-1969

Measuring distance

Simple principle – How OTDR’s work today

1m 2m 3m

1/100,000 seconds = 1m2/100,000 seconds = 2m3/100,000 seconds = 3m

3m

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Raman Scattering – Anti-Stokes for temperature

• Raman scattering is the interaction of a photon with molecular vibrations(Only 1 in 10,000,000 photons)

• Stokes - Red Shift• Molecule absorbs some of the

Stokes - molecule absorbs energy

photons energy• Reflected photon has lower energy

(red shift)

• Anti-Stokes - Blue Shift• Molecule loses energy• Reflected photon has higher energy

(blue shift)(b ue s t)

• Temperature is determined from the backscattered Stokes / Anti-Stokes power ratio

Anti-stokes - molecule loses energy

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power ratio

Temperature Accuracy & Resolution

• Measures using standard 50/125 zip cordg / p• 4 x sensing fibres each up to

5 km in length (MM 50/125 fibre)• 1.0m length resolution • 20,000 points per unit• 0 1°c to 0 01°c accuracy• 0.1°c to 0.01°c accuracy

0.1°c = 15 Seconds0.01°c = 3000 Seconds

pera

ture

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Length

Tem

p

Advantages of fibre as a temperature sensor

• Easily installed without any downtime or interruption of service

• With fibre we can simultaneously measures thousands of temperature points at 1m intervals

• Low cost – the sensor is made from standard multi-mode 50/125 optical fibre zip cord - very cost effective

• No electronics, wireless, batteries or moving parts in , , g pmonitoring zones. Totally passive, minimal maintenance.

• Immune to shock/vibration and electromagnetic interference

• Inherent high reliability (fibre has a design life of 30+ years) • Extremely small for access in legacy areas with restricted

space

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space• High temperature range -200°c to +500°c

Monitoring Alternatives

• Air temperature monitoring• High Level – Fibre optic zip cord attached to high level

catenary support cables.

• Run down hot and cold isles above racks• Run around equipment in racks• Sub-floor to detect supply air temperatures

• Leak Detection• On floor slab to detect water leaks from cooling systems• Ideal for electrically insulating coolant liquids e.g. 3M

Fl i t™

www.grcooling.com

Fluorinert™

• Bus bar monitoring• Along electrical bus bars to measure temperature

particularly around joints. Detect early signs of hot spots.

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particularly around joints. Detect early signs of hot spots.

High definition energy monitoring for the Data Centre

• Traditional sensors make individual spot measurements.

• Using fibre optic sensing we make thousands of temperature measurements giving a High Definition view of energy performance.

• By monitoring in High Definition risk is reduced as data centre temperatures are raised.

• Some clients are spending £5m/year on electricity for individual data centres. Saving 5%=£250k/year.

4 x Temperature points – no problem1000 x Temperature points – Problems obvious

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Visualisation Software

• High Definition and real time view of Data Centre Floor Plandata centre energy consumption

• Real time display of critical hotspots• Monitoring - Current and historical g

analysis of temperature data• Notification – User defined zones and

alarms (average, min, max)( g , , )• Control - DC-View will trigger alarms and

send SMS / SNMP / Email / ModBus to the data centre managerg

• Verification – automate audit of energy reduction with high definition benchmarking

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g

Non-Data Centre Applications – Wind Farms

• In UK power distribution must be owned by a different company to power generation. The powerdifferent company to power generation. The power cable is not large enough for peak wind conditions.

• Multimode comms fibre in power cable is used to measure the temperature of the power cable core.easu e e e pe a u e o e po e cab e co e

• The utilisation of the cable can be doubled by dynamically modelling the thermal performance of the cable.

• Occasional peak loads for short periods can be accommodated based on thermal inertia of sub-sea cable system.y

• Turbines no longer need to be turned off when generated capacity exceeds cable design capacity.

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Data Centre Case Study Results

• To comply with CRC our clients need to safelyincrease temperatures from 18°c to 27° over theincrease temperatures from 18 c to 27 over the next 5 years

• For every 1°c degree the temperature is increased cost savings of around 5% per year can be achievedcost savings of around 5% per year can be achieved

• You need high definition monitoring tools to manage the energy being usedV if h ff i f ll i• Verify the effectiveness of all improvements

• Full historical record of thermal performance• Visualise energy consumption in real time for staff, Manage

Reduce

suppliers and clients• By monitoring in high definition the client can

minimise the risks as temperatures increase

Monitor

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• The result; Energy reduced and money saved!

Further Reading

http://www.lloyds.com/News-and-Insight/360-Risk-Insight/Research-and-Reports/Energy-Security/Energy-Security

http://teqs.net/report/ http://blog.energy.gov/blog/2010/12/15/department-energy-releases-new-critical-materials-strategy

p gy y gy y

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http://www.withouthotair.comhttp://peakoiltaskforce.net/download-the-report/2010-peak-oil-report/

http://tc99.ashraetcs.org/documents/ASHRAE%20Whitepaper%20-%202011%20Thermal%20Guidelines%20for%20Data%20Processing%20Environments.pdf

Contact details

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LinkedIn Bicsi RCDD Groupp

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Gas Consumption p

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Gas Trade

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Electricity Consumptiony p

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UK Power station closures

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Nuclear station closures

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Lloyds Sustainable Energy Security

http://www.lloyds.com/News-and-Insight/360-Risk-Insight/Research-and-Reports/Energy-Security/Energy-Security

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Sustainable Energy – without the hot air

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