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![Page 1: How Does Smart Growth Impact Climate Change Emissions? Bay Area Air Quality Management District Advisory Councils Air Quality Planning Committee 11 April.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070305/55150622550346a87d8b45d4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
How Does Smart Growth Impact Climate Change Emissions?
Bay Area Air Quality Management DistrictAdvisory Council’s Air Quality Planning Committee
11 April 2007
Dr. John HoltzclawChair, Sierra Club Transportation Committee
Consultant: NRDC
[email protected]/density
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Urban vs. Sprawl Auto Use
SPRAWL TRANSIT
VILLAGE URBAN CENTER
METRO CENTER
San Ramon CA Rockridge, North Beach, Manhattan Oakland CA San Francisco
Res. Density (hh/res. acre) 3.2 10 100 200
Holtzclaw, Using Residential Patterns and Transit to Decrease Auto Dependence and Costs, 1994; Newman and Kenworthy, Cities and Automobile Dependence, 1989
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3 Hh/Res Acre (Courtesy City of Portland)
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Community Transformation courtesy Steve Price http://www.sierraclub.org/sprawl/community/transformations/index.asp
Transform only main street - San Pablo Ave in El Cerrito, CA
As Shown Census Tract Avg. C T Before Transf.No Parking 60 hh/res ac 15 hh/res ac 9 hh/res acSurface Parking 30 hh/res ac 12 hh/res ac 9 hh/res ac
(census tract is 8 x 10 blocks)
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San Francisco
North Beach
Paul and Tira
90 Hh/Res Acre
Backyard, No parking
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San Francisco - North Beach
90 Hh/Res Ac Underground parking
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San FranciscoWest of Union Square 3 x 4 block zone
7 live theatres, fine hotels, cafes and markets
1 to 36 stories, mostly 4 - 16 stories
467 - 536 Hh/Res Ac15% of land residential
limited parking
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San FranciscoWest of Union Square 3 x 4 block zone
7 live theatres, fine hotels, cafes and markets
1 to 36 stories, mostly 4 - 16 stories
467 - 536 Hh/Res Ac15% of land residential
limited parking
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Urban vs. Sprawl Auto Use
SPRAWL TRANSIT
VILLAGE URBAN CENTER
METRO CENTER
San Ramon CA Rockridge, North Beach, Manhattan Oakland CA San Francisco
Res. Density (hh/res. acre) 3.2 10 100 200
Holtzclaw, Using Residential Patterns and Transit to Decrease Auto Dependence and Costs, 1994;
Newman and Kenworthy, Cities and Automobile Dependence, 1989
Transit (veh/hr nearby) 1 27 90 very high
Shopping (5 w/in 1/4 mi) no homes 25% of homes all homes all homes
Pedestrian amenities low medium high high
Autos/capita 0.79 0.66 0.28 0.12 Auto miles/capita 10,591 6,455 2,759 1,145 Ann. auto costs/capita $8,200 $5,030 $1,900 $800
www.sflcv.org/density
Housing sales prices $295/ft2 $407/ft2 $1,858/ft2 higher
Ann lbs CO2 emissions/capita 14,827 9037 3863 1603
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Location Efficient Mortgage
LEM research
Institute for Location Efficiency
Center for Neighborhood Technology (Chicago)Natural Resources Defense Council
Surface Transportation Policy Project
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LEM Research
Nearly 3000 neighborhoods (TAZs)Chicago, LA and San Francisco metro areas
How do: densities (3 measures) shopping proximity public transit ped/bike (grid, short, narrow, sidewalks, setbacks) family income family sizeimpact: vehicles (census data) VMT (odometer readings from smog checks -- total driving, not just commutes)
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Driving vs Residential Density
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0 50 100 150 200
Households/Residential Acre
An
nu
al
VM
T/H
h
SF
LA
Chicago
0- 5 Hh/RA = sprawl
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Auto Mileage, Density & Stage of LifeMTC's 1990 Houehold Travel Survey
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Households/Residential Acre
Da
ily H
ou
se
ho
ld M
ilea
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Single Adults
Adults, kids <16
Adults, kids 16-21
Retired
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Driving vs Density by Household SizeChicago, Los Angeles & San Francisco regions
<2 pop/hh2-4 pop/hh
>4 pop/hh
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Households/Residential Acre
An
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/Hh
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Driving vs Density by IncomeChicago, Los Angeles & San Francisco regions
Poor (<$30K)
Middle IncomeWealthy (>$60K)
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Households/Residential Acre
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MT
/Ho
use
ho
ld
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Annual Household Driving – San Francisco
VMT per Household875 - 50005001 - 1000010001 - 1500015001 - 2000020001 - 2500025001 - 3000030001 - 43000
Household Mileage
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V e h / H h , V M T / V e h a n d V M T / H h i n m e t r o p o l i t a n S a n F r a n c i s c o
2336.0$
000112.03471.0
312.600519.111520.22722.4
2386.1
Tr
H
Pe
RA
HHh
Veh P
22136$
01743.00704.0102759.015041.0103860419.0
PPed
H
P
TA
H
Veh
VMT
V M T
H h
V e h
H h
V M T
V e h
F o r t h e 3 m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s , t h e R 2 = 7 9 – 9 6 % f o r V e h / H h a n d 8 0 – 9 4 % f o r V M T / H h .
H / R A i s H o u s e h o l d s / R e s i d e n t i a l A c r e s , H / T A i s H o u s e h o l d s / T o t a l A c r e , $ / P i s I n c o m e / C a p i t a ,P / H i s P e r s o n s / H h , T r i s Z o n a l T r a n s i t D e n s i t y a n d P e d i s P e d / B i c y c l e F r i e n d l i n e s s
R e p o r t e d i n : J o h n H o l t z c l a w , * R o b e r t C l e a r , H a n k D i t t m a r , D a v i d G o l d s t e i n a n d P e t e r H a a s ,L o c a t i o n E f f i c i e n c y : N e i g h b o r h o o d a n d S o c i o - E c o n o m i c C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s D e t e r m i n e A u t o O w n e r s h i pa n d U s e - - - S t u d i e s i n C h i c a g o , L o s A n g e l e s a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n n i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y ,V o l . 2 5 ( 1 ) , p p 1 - 2 7 , M a r c h 2 0 0 2 . h t t p : / / w w w . t a n d f . c o . u k / j o u r n a l s / o n l i n e / 0 3 0 8 - 1 0 6 0 . h t m l
A l s o r e p o r t e d a t h t t p : / / w w w . s i e r r a c l u b . o r g / s p r a w l / t r a n s p o r t a t i o n / h o l t z c l a w - a w m a . p d f
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0 300 600 900
450
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1502
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Ann
ual
VM
T/H
ouse
hold
Zonal Transit Density
Hh/Res Acre
Impact of Density and Transit on DrivingSan Francisco Bay Area
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0 300 600 900450
300
150
2
0
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15000
20000
25000
Ann
ual
VM
T/H
ouse
hold
Zonal Transit Density
Hh/Res Acre
Impact of Density and Transit on DrivingSan Francisco Bay Area
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Collateral Benefitsof Compact Development
Saving building materials,heating & cooling energy, and water
cuts energy use and pollution
(Phillips & Gnaizda, CoEvolution Quarterly, Summer 1980)
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0 1 2 3 4 5
heat, cool home
driving
autos
lumber
pipe, wiring
The Costs of Sprawl:Urban Infill vs Suburban Sprawl
Relative Impacts
urban infill (100 units/res acre)sprawl
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0 10 20 30 40
Relative Impacts
water
land; species
pavement
The Costs of Sprawl:Urban Infill vs Suburban Sprawl
urban infill (100 units/res acre)
sprawl
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The Cool Cities Pledge, originally called the U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement, states:. . .C. We will strive to meet or exceed Kyoto Protocol targets for reducing global warming pollution by taking actions in our own operations and communities such as:1. Inventory global warming emissions . . .2. Adopt and enforce land-use policies that reduce sprawl, preserve open space, and create compact, walkable urban communities;3. Promote transportation options such as bicycle trails, commute trip reduction programs, incentives for car pooling and public transit;. . .