How Do We Know? By James K. Dew, Jr.and Mark W. Foreman

8132019 How Do We Know By James K Dew Jr and Mark W Foreman

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HOW DO

WE KNOW

JAMES K DEW JR

MARK W FOREMAN

An Introduction to Epistemology





HOW DO

WE KNOW


JAMES K DEW JR

MARK W FOREMAN

Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions



InterVarsity Press

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copy983090983088983089983092 by James K Dew Jr and Mark W Foreman All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from

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ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983091983094-983094 (print)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983094983097983097983094-983089 (digital)

Printed in the United States of America infin

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

P 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092




Contents

Preace 983095

983089 What Is Epistemology 983097

983090 What Is Knowledge 983089983097

983091 Where Does Knowledge Come From 983091983089

983092 What Is ruth and How Do We Find It 983092983097

983093 What Are Inerences and How Do hey Work 983094983091

983094 What Do We Perceive 983095983097

983095 Do We Need Justiication 983097983093

983096 What Is Virtue Epistemology 983089983089983093

983097 Do We Have Revelation 983089983090983097

983089983088 How Certain Can We Be 983089983092983095

For Further Reading 983089983094983093

About the Authors 983089983094983097

Index 983089983095983089




Preface

E983152983145983155983156983141983149983151983148983151983143983161 983145983155 983137 983138983154983137983150983139983144 983151983142 983152983144983145983148983151983155983151983152983144983161 that deals with the

nature o our knowledge And while it is something that philosophers

normally deal with it holds major importance or all aspects o human

lie When scientists or example make a discovery they employ a par-

ticular epistemological method that helps them make discoveries When

theologians ormulate doctrinal statements they do so by relying on a

particular source o inormation Likewise when prosecutors argue the

guilt o someone who committed a particular crime they rely on certain

kinds o evidence and make a certain kind o inerence All o these

disciplines and many more make epistemological assumptions But this

is not all Even apart rom these disciplines normal people do the same

thing on a daily basis When we develop a belie by listening to a personrsquos

testimony seeing something with our eyes or recognizing that two state-

ments are contradictory we are operating on certain important episte-

mological assumptions In the end we all take epistemological positions

on things even i we do not realize it Tereore this branch o phi-

losophy requires proper attention

Tis book is an introduction to epistemology that is written rom a

Christian perspective It began several years ago with a conversation be-

tween its authors about the difficulty our students have with this par-

ticular branch o philosophy Tere are o course good introductions toepistemology and we find them helpul or various purposes Yet many

o these volumes are too technical or too ocused on a specific topic or

beginning philosophy students Tereore we have tried to write an in-




1048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

troduction that covers the major issues in epistemology while also

making the discussion as accessible as possible We hope that students

will find it beneficialMany people have helped us think through these issues We would like

to thank our riends and colleagues or their constant encouragement and

stimulation on these matters We especially thank Bruce Little Greg

Welty Jeremy Evans Rich Holland Gary Habermas Dave Beck Dave

Baggett Tom Provenzola Mike Jones Ed Martin and Craig Hinkson or

many helpul conversations on these issues Likewise the two blind re-

viewers o this volume offered comments that helped us sharpen the ocuso the book and we wish to thank them or their time and attention to

our work We would also like to thank ara Dew Wesley Davey Carrie

Pickelsimer and Billie Goodenough or their gracious help in editing the

manuscript o this book Tey have given countless hours to reading and

rereading the manuscript in preparation or printing and we are most

grateul or them Finally we would like to thank David Congdon and the

entire editorial board at InterVarsity Press or encouragement and support

on this project Tis book would not be possible without the help o these

individuals May God continue to bless each one o them or years to

come

James K Dew Jr

Mark W Foreman

June 10486261048632 1048626104862410486251048627




1

What Is Epistemology

H983151983159 983140983151 983159983141 983147983150983151983159 983159983144983137983156 983159983141 983147983150983151983159983103 Tis is the basic question that

undergirds the discipline o epistemology We take it or granted that we

know many different things but we rarely ask this basic question about

our knowledge In act most people assume that intellectual questions

like these are unimportant and have a great aversion to pursuing them

Yet because we make errors in judgment that are ofen costly to us this

is the kind o question that we should take seriously Tis is especially

true regarding the big choices in lie

Tis book recognizes the importance o asking these kinds o ques-

tions and offers an introductory treatment o the basic questions and

issues in epistemology It is designed or those who have no background

in philosophy and lack amiliarity with these issues In this chapter we

deal with preliminary issues and make a case or the importance o epis-

temology In the remainder o the book we offer a brie sketch o the

major epistemological issues

W983144983137983156 I983155 E983152983145983155983156983141983149983151983148983151983143983161 983137983150983140 W983144983161 D983151 W983141 N983141983141983140 I983156983103

Philosophy is a discipline that addresses a range o important intellectual

questions For example some philosophers pursue a branch o phi-

losophy called metaphysics which examines ultimate reality by consid-

ering things like the nature o time reedom essences God and the soulto name just a ew Ethics is a discipline o philosophy that examines

morality and human actions Here philosophers debate peoplersquos actions

and moral systems In contrast to these areas o philosophy epistemology




10486251048624 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

is a branch o philosophy that deals with the nature and sources o

knowledge and develops a theory o knowledge As such epistemology

is reerred to as the study o knowledge Within this field philosophersmight ask the ollowing kinds o questions

bull What does it mean to say that we know something

bull How do we come to know various things

bull What is truth and how do we find it

bull What does it mean to have epistemic justification and is this necessary

bull What are epistemological virtues and are they helpul or us

bull How reliable are our perceptions

bull Can we have certainty

Tese along with other important questions represent the kind o

things we will look at in this book We will say a bit more about these

questions shortly

Beore we do that however we should consider why epistemology isimportant and why we should give it any attention For some people it

seems oolish or even arrogant to ask epistemological questions Tere

is a sense in which this is understandable Afer all most people go

through lie gaining knowledge about all kinds o things without ex-

ploring these kinds o questions Perhaps they say asking epistemic

questions is a waste o time and mental energy And they might say

philosophers who raise such questions solve no puzzles and only create

more intellectual problems

o these concerns we offer two kinds o response First it is unnatural

and unruitul to avoid epistemological questions Tat is we by our

nature as human beings long or knowledge and depend on it or all

aspects o lie such that not asking these kinds o questions cuts off

natural and needed intellectual growth Consider or example the way

a child seeks afer knowledge Children have an unquenchable thirst or

understanding about their world I (Dew) happen to have by Godrsquos good

avor our beautiul children Watching them grow up is ascinating

Tey learn to eat crawl walk ride bikes and much more But most un

o all they learn how to think And when this begins to happen our




What Is Epistemology 10486251048625

conversations explode with questions As a ather I am daily bombarded

with questions about trivial things like the ollowing

ldquoDaddy what is a treerdquoldquoDaddy why is the sky bluerdquo

ldquoDaddy why do we wear shoesrdquo

ldquoDaddy do I need to wear clothes todayrdquo

ldquoDaddy where are you goingrdquo

ldquoDaddy how do I turn on the Wiirdquo

ldquoDaddy why canrsquot we play outside in the night timerdquo

But trivial questions are not the only kind o questions that mychildren ask Tey also ask about the big things in lie Just when I am

not expecting something heavy rom them they might also ask

ldquoDaddy what happened to Gramps when he diedrdquo

ldquoDaddy why do we have to dierdquo

ldquoDaddy will my riend who is sick ever get betterrdquo

ldquoDaddy where does God liverdquo

ldquoDaddy when will Jesus come backrdquo

When children ask such questions they are trying to understand their

world Tey come into this world knowing and understanding very little

and spend the rest o their lives trying to figure out everything Seeking

knowledge and trying to understand how we get this knowledge is a

natural thing or us to do In act sometimes it is hard not to ask episte-

mological questions

Also consider the way the world changed by asking epistemological

questions In the seventeenth century Francis Bacon introduced a new

method o gaining knowledgemdashthe inductive method It is sae to say

that advances were already taking place beore him but with Bacon

modern science was thrust orward with a new method capable o dis-

covery and invention Within a short time modern science was surging

orward and the world would be orever changed oday we reap the

benefits o the scientific revolution which was built on a major episte-

mological shif I intellectuals had not been asking these questions thenyou would be walking to work instead o driving your car

We are also reminded o how natural and ruitul it is to seek afer

knowledge when we consider our lives and careers Many o us work in




10486251048626 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

jobs that require specific kinds o knowledge or a particular set o skills

I we lacked these we would not be able to do what we do Tus people

go to college and trade schools to learn what they need to know Failureto pursue these kinds o knowledge would greatly limit our ability to

work and provide or our amilies

As a second way o response we should note that or some questions

the stakes are so high that we would be ools not to seek the best possible

answers and inormation that may be available For example consider

once again the questions that my children ofen ask me ldquoDaddy what

happens when we dierdquo As a Christian I answer that question in a par-ticular way I explain to my children how God made us and what happens

at death Tis response however assumes that God does exist and that

Christianity is ultimately true But this raises the question as to how we

know that these belies are true When someone loses a loved one that

person whether a Christian or a non-Christian naturally wonders

whether or not God really exists And given humanityrsquos general desire to

live and avoid death it is oolish not to seek answers to these philo-

sophical questions I God does not exist then one is ree to live any way

one sees fit But i God does exist then how one lives would surely matter

a great deal Tus the reality o death orces us to think about the exis-

tence o God which in turn orces us to think about how we might know

i God exists or not

Or consider the way that the legal system works In the United States

or example people are ofen sentenced to death afer being convicted o

murder How do we know they committed murder It might be the case

that eyewitnesses saw this particular murder take place and gave a report

to the police Or it might be the case that there was sufficient circum-

stantial evidence to warrant a murder conviction In either case decisions

about lie and death are being based on the strength o a particular kind

o inormation But is it possible that eyewitness testimony is not com-

pletely accurate Perhaps the witnesses thought they saw something that

they did not see And even though there may be sufficient circumstantialevidence to convict someone o murder it might still be possible that all

o this evidence is coincidental and thus the convicted party is innocent

We raise these points not because we are trying to undercut the legal





system Rather we raise these points to illustrate the way lie-and-death

decisions are based on epistemological assumptions We ofen assume

that eyewitnesses see everything as it actually is or that circumstantialevidence is completely conclusive But these assumptions are possibly

alse Failure to engage in epistemological considerations could have dire

consequences Tereore we suggest that epistemology is an important

pursuit or all people not just or intellectuals and philosophers

W983144983151 I983155 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147 F983151983154983103

Tere are a large number o excellent books on epistemology Studentswho want to pursue epistemology urther will have plenty o resources

at their disposal to satisy their curiosity Yet over the years we have

noticed that those who are new to philosophy have an especially difficult

time with epistemology Philosophy itsel is hard enough but or most

students epistemology is ofen the hardest o all

Tis book is written or those with no background in philosophy It is

easy to find good resources that deal with the inormation in a more

technical or academic ashion or that give greater attention to a particular

issue than we have here Many o these books however are too technical

or beginning philosophy students Moreover books that are accessible

or beginning students are ofen ocused on specific topics within episte-

mology and are not intended to offer a broad introduction We attempt

to survey the major issues in epistemology in a concise and accessible

ashion giving students the basics o what they need to know to go urther

in philosophy or or pursuing their own unique discipline In short this

is an epistemology or beginners not or advanced philosophers

Tere is one other important eature o this bookmdashit brings a Christian

perspective to bear on the questions o knowledge Tis does not mean

that our only goal is to tell readers about Christianity Rather it identifies

our perspective In most places our treatment o an issue will be similar

to other non-Christian perspectives But in other places we will try to

show how certain epistemological issues intersect with a Christian per-spective and what Christianity has to say about these issues A case in point

is chapter 1048633 where we deal with the issue o divine revelation On this note

let us say something about the kinds o issues we cover in this book




10486251048628 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

W983144983137983156 I983155983155983157983141983155 W983145983148983148 W983141 C983151983158983141983154983103

Afer the general introduction offered here in chapter 1048625 chapter 1048626 ex-

amines the question o knowledge Specifically it answers the questionWhat is knowledge For most students this is an odd question but it is

significant nonetheless Chapter 1048626 traces the history o the answer to this

question Tis historical treatment goes back to Plato and shows that

most philosophers have understood knowledge to be justified true belie

o know something one must first believe it and have justification or it

and it must in act be true Although this definition o knowledge has

endured or more than two thousand years it received a significant chal-lenge in the twentieth century rom Edmund Gettier Chapter 1048626 outlines

what the Gettier problem is and how various philosophers have re-

sponded to it

Chapter 1048627 ocuses on the sources o our knowledge Specifically it

answers the ollowing question Where does knowledge come rom o

answer this question the chapter looks at various sources First it con-

siders the place o reason in our knowledge Here we consider the workso Plato and Descartes who were suspicious o our senses and confident

in our ability to use reason It then looks at other philosophers like Lu-

cretius Bacon Locke and Hume who took a different perspective rom

that o Plato and Descartes Tese empiricists thought that experience

played a central role in giving us knowledge In act many o these phi-

losophers thought that knowledge could come only rom the senses ex-

perience and observations Tis chapter also examines the value o tes-

timony rom other people and how this inorms our belies and provides

knowledge Ten it notes the possibility that we have divine revelation

rom God and how this might give us knowledge o nonphysical things

Here we do not make a case or revelation because we do that in chapter

1048633 Instead we note the two possible kinds o revelation that we might

havemdashnatural and special Finally chapter 1048627 considers aith as a source

o revelation arguing that despite what is ofen argued by some believers

aith is not a source o inormation

Chapter 1048628 explores the question o truth answering the questions

What is truth and how do we find it Against relativism it first argues

that there are in act some things that are true o reality But once this is





done it considers the nature o truth itsel What is it about a particular

proposition that allows us to deem it as a true statement In light o this

question chapter 1048628 considers various definitions o truth the correspon-dence theory o truth coherentism and pragmatism According to the

correspondence theory a true proposition will be one that corresponds

to the way things really are in the world I the statement does not cor-

respond it is not true As we point out there this approach has been the

dominant view or well over two thousand years More recently some

philosophers have rejected this view in avor o either coherentism or

pragmatism Coherentists argue that a true statement is one that is con-sistent with or coheres with everything else we believe or think we

know Pragmatism by contrast says that true statements are those that

workmdashor are valuablemdashor a particular individual or group o people

Chapter 1048628 examines each o these positions arguing that both coher-

entism and pragmatism offer some helpul insights in identiying truth

claims Afer all i a statement is really true it will be consistent with

other things we know and will work or us Yet these two criteria by

themselves are insufficient as definitions or truth because a proposition

can be consistent with other belies and beneficial in some way but still

be alse In this chapter we explain how these are necessary conditions

or truth but not sufficient conditions or truth In the end we argue that

a correspondence theory o truth must be affirmed

In chapter 1048629 we consider inerences and how they unction in our

thinking We first examine the nature o inerences to show how they

work and how ofen we employ them in our thinking even i we are not

consciously aware o doing so Specifically we explore the relationship

between knowledge claims and the evidence that supports those claims

to show how inerences make the interpretive move rom evidence to

claim Once this is done we then describe the different kinds o iner-

ences that we make Deductive inerences or example move rom a set

o premises to the conclusion I the premises o a deductive argument

are true and the structure o the argument is valid then the conclusionso these arguments are absolutely certain Inductive inerences move

rom a very broad evidential base to make general interpretive claims

about that evidence Unlike deductive inerence induction allows or a




10486251048630 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

vast expansion o knowledge but does not yield absolute certainty Fi-

nally abductive inerence takes one or two pieces o evidence and seeks

the best possible explanation o this evidence Tis chapter concludes bynoting the various errors that we can make in drawing inerences

Chapter 1048630 explores the issue o perception Specifically it tries to

answer the question What do we perceive Tis might seem like an odd

question but it is important When we see the dog Buddy in ront o us

do we see Buddy himsel or just some visual representation o him And

i it is just a visual representation o Buddy how do we know that our

perception o him reflects the way he really is In light o these kinds oquestions we consider various models o perception Direct realism or

example suggests that we see the objects themselves (Buddy) directly and

thus we see things the way they really are But various philosophers have

rejected this due to particular problems that it aces Others have argued

or an indirect realism (or representationalism) which says we do not see

the objects themselves (Buddy) but rather we see some mental represen-

tation o the objects Indirect realists argue however that these represen-

tations genuinely reflect the objects themselves But this view also has

some problems Finally some have argued or a phenomenological view

o perception which says that we have only mental representations and

that these may or may not reflect reality itsel Afer considering each

perspective we along with a growing number o philosophers argue or

a return to some orm o direct realism Yet it is a chastened orm o

direct realism which recognizes the very real possibility o misperception

In chapter 1048631 we address the issue o epistemic justification In par-

ticular we deal with the question Do we need justification We first

describe what it means to have epistemic justification and then survey

the debate between internalists and externalists about whether or not we

need justification Justification we note has to do with being rational

about our belies An internalist believes that in order to be rational one

must have evidence or onersquos belies In other words i a person believes

that God exists then she must have reasons or thinking this way i sheis to be rational Tis is called internalism because it says that a person

must have epistemic access to the reasonsmdashshe must possess them in-

ternally Externalists disagree suggesting that or a person to be rational





it may not be necessary or him to have reasons and evidence that

support his belies Afer all they contend all o us believe various kinds

o things without examining the evidential basis or them Afer consid-ering this debate between internalists and externalists we conclude that

both have some positives

Chapter 1048632 surveys an important issue in epistemologymdashintellectual

virtue and virtue epistemology We describe what a virtue is noting that

it is some quality or characteristic that produces well-being By contrast

vices are those qualities or characteristics that are detrimental to the

person While virtue is normally considered to be a moral issue episte-mologists also have a long practice o incorporating virtues into their

epistemology In this chapter we explain how certain intellectual qual-

ities like studiousness humility honesty courage and careulness aid

and assist us in properly apprehending the world in which we live In

other words these intellectual qualities help us to see clearly and avoid

epistemological error

In chapter 1048633 we address an issue that is unique to our introduction to

epistemologymdashdivine revelation Specifically we consider whether or

not there is such a thing as divine revelation We argue that we are within

our epistemic rights or believing that God has revealed himsel to us In

act we argue that this revelation comes in two basic ormsmdashgeneral and

special As Christian theologians have long argued natural revelation is

the revelation that God has given us o himsel which is ound in the

created order We consider the various kinds o theological scientific

and philosophical objections to natural revelation that have been given

but argue that these arguments are not convincing We conclude that this

revelation is limited in what it can tell us about God and nonphysical

things but it is there nonetheless Special revelation is the revelation that

God has given us about himsel that comes to us through Jesus Christ

and the Bible In this chapter we are especially interested in our rationale

or believing that Jesus and the Bible give us inormation about God In

short our approach is christocentric We argue that because o the resur-rection o Jesus we have good reason to think that he was who he claimed

to be I that is the case then he gives us inormation about God and so

does the Bible




10486251048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

Chapter 10486251048624 concludes the book by exploring the problem o skep-

ticism and the possibility o having certainty Skepticism offers a grim

outlook about the possibilities o knowledge We first survey the differentkinds o skepticism such as methodological skepticism metaphysical

skepticism and Pyrrhonian skepticism Afer this we look at the leading

skeptical thinkers throughout history to see why they said what they did

Here we look at Pyrrho o Ellis Sextus Empiricus Reneacute Descartes David

Hume and Immanuel Kant Afer considering the different reasons that

skeptics have given we argue that they offer good reminders that epis-

temic error is always possible but they do not justiy their ultimate con-clusions Tere are good reasons or thinking that we can have knowledge

Here we consider these reasons but point out that this still does not yield

certainty or the vast majority o our belies

C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150

Each o these issues will be dealt with in more detail in the ollowing

chapters Students may choose to read this book straight through rom

beginning to end or may decide to read one particular chapter at a time

depending on their interest or need Te book is designed so that either

one o these approaches will work

Discussion Questions

983089 What kinds o issues does epistemology deal with

983090 Despite the suspicions o some why is epistemology such an im-portant discipline

Copyrighted Material www ivpress compermissions





HOW DO

WE KNOW


JAMES K DEW JR

MARK W FOREMAN




InterVarsity Press





InterVarsity Press











ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983091983094-983094 (print)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983094983097983097983094-983089 (digital)




P 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092




Contents

Preace 983095













Index 983089983095983089




Preface



























1048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159


















come

James K Dew Jr

Mark W Foreman

June 10486261048632 1048626104862410486251048627




1

















W983144983137983156 I983155 E983152983145983155983156983141983149983151983148983151983143983161 983137983150983140 W983144983161 D983151 W983141 N983141983141983140 I983156983103










10486251048624 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159













questions shortly











































mological questions















10486251048626 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




















i God exists or not























W983144983151 I983155 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147 F983151983154983103




























10486251048628 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

W983144983137983156 I983155983155983157983141983155 W983145983148983148 W983141 C983151983158983141983154983103










sponded to it





























































10486251048630 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




































































does the Bible




10486251048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159












C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150












InterVarsity Press





InterVarsity Press











ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983091983094-983094 (print)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983094983097983097983094-983089 (digital)




P 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092




Contents

Preace 983095













Index 983089983095983089




Preface



























1048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159


















come

James K Dew Jr

Mark W Foreman

June 10486261048632 1048626104862410486251048627




1

















W983144983137983156 I983155 E983152983145983155983156983141983149983151983148983151983143983161 983137983150983140 W983144983161 D983151 W983141 N983141983141983140 I983156983103










10486251048624 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159













questions shortly











































mological questions















10486251048626 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




















i God exists or not























W983144983151 I983155 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147 F983151983154983103




























10486251048628 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

W983144983137983156 I983155983155983157983141983155 W983145983148983148 W983141 C983151983158983141983154983103










sponded to it





























































10486251048630 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




































































does the Bible




10486251048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159












C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150












Contents

Preace 983095













Index 983089983095983089




Preface



























1048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159


















come

James K Dew Jr

Mark W Foreman

June 10486261048632 1048626104862410486251048627




1

















W983144983137983156 I983155 E983152983145983155983156983141983149983151983148983151983143983161 983137983150983140 W983144983161 D983151 W983141 N983141983141983140 I983156983103










10486251048624 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159













questions shortly











































mological questions















10486251048626 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




















i God exists or not























W983144983151 I983155 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147 F983151983154983103




























10486251048628 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

W983144983137983156 I983155983155983157983141983155 W983145983148983148 W983141 C983151983158983141983154983103










sponded to it





























































10486251048630 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




































































does the Bible




10486251048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159












C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150












Preface



























1048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159


















come

James K Dew Jr

Mark W Foreman

June 10486261048632 1048626104862410486251048627




1

















W983144983137983156 I983155 E983152983145983155983156983141983149983151983148983151983143983161 983137983150983140 W983144983161 D983151 W983141 N983141983141983140 I983156983103










10486251048624 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159













questions shortly











































mological questions















10486251048626 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




















i God exists or not























W983144983151 I983155 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147 F983151983154983103




























10486251048628 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

W983144983137983156 I983155983155983157983141983155 W983145983148983148 W983141 C983151983158983141983154983103










sponded to it





























































10486251048630 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




































































does the Bible




10486251048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159












C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150












1048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159


















come

James K Dew Jr

Mark W Foreman

June 10486261048632 1048626104862410486251048627




1

















W983144983137983156 I983155 E983152983145983155983156983141983149983151983148983151983143983161 983137983150983140 W983144983161 D983151 W983141 N983141983141983140 I983156983103










10486251048624 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159













questions shortly











































mological questions















10486251048626 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




















i God exists or not























W983144983151 I983155 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147 F983151983154983103




























10486251048628 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

W983144983137983156 I983155983155983157983141983155 W983145983148983148 W983141 C983151983158983141983154983103










sponded to it





























































10486251048630 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




































































does the Bible




10486251048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159












C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150












1

















W983144983137983156 I983155 E983152983145983155983156983141983149983151983148983151983143983161 983137983150983140 W983144983161 D983151 W983141 N983141983141983140 I983156983103










10486251048624 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159













questions shortly











































mological questions















10486251048626 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




















i God exists or not























W983144983151 I983155 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147 F983151983154983103




























10486251048628 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

W983144983137983156 I983155983155983157983141983155 W983145983148983148 W983141 C983151983158983141983154983103










sponded to it





























































10486251048630 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




































































does the Bible




10486251048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159












C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150












10486251048624 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159













questions shortly











































mological questions















10486251048626 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




















i God exists or not























W983144983151 I983155 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147 F983151983154983103




























10486251048628 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

W983144983137983156 I983155983155983157983141983155 W983145983148983148 W983141 C983151983158983141983154983103










sponded to it





























































10486251048630 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




































































does the Bible




10486251048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159












C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150

































mological questions















10486251048626 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




















i God exists or not























W983144983151 I983155 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147 F983151983154983103




























10486251048628 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

W983144983137983156 I983155983155983157983141983155 W983145983148983148 W983141 C983151983158983141983154983103










sponded to it





























































10486251048630 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




































































does the Bible




10486251048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159












C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150












10486251048626 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




















i God exists or not























W983144983151 I983155 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147 F983151983154983103




























10486251048628 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

W983144983137983156 I983155983155983157983141983155 W983145983148983148 W983141 C983151983158983141983154983103










sponded to it





























































10486251048630 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




































































does the Bible




10486251048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159












C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150



















W983144983151 I983155 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147 F983151983154983103




























10486251048628 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

W983144983137983156 I983155983155983157983141983155 W983145983148983148 W983141 C983151983158983141983154983103










sponded to it





























































10486251048630 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




































































does the Bible




10486251048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159












C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150












10486251048628 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159

W983144983137983156 I983155983155983157983141983155 W983145983148983148 W983141 C983151983158983141983154983103










sponded to it





























































10486251048630 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




































































does the Bible




10486251048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159












C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150
















































10486251048630 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159




































































does the Bible




10486251048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159












C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150












































does the Bible




10486251048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159












C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150












10486251048632 H983151983159 D983151 W983141 K983150983151983159












C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150










How Do We Know? By James K. Dew, Jr.and Mark W. Foreman

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Transcript of How Do We Know? By James K. Dew, Jr.and Mark W. Foreman