OCEANS AND BEACHESEARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

THE OCEAN DRIVES CLIMATE AND WEATHER.

WWW.FLIKR.COM, PHOTO: US FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

THE WATER THAT EVAPORATES FROM THE OCEAN BECOMES PART OF THE WATER

CYCLE

WATER.USGS.GOV

75% OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE IS COVERED BY THE OCEAN

• WWW.UCAR.EDU

• EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG

THE DEEPEST PART OF THE OCEAN IS 7 MILES (OR 11KM)

WWW.ZETATALK.COM

97 PERCENT OF EARTH’S WATER IS OCEAN

WWW.METED.UCAR.EDU

PRESSURE DEEP IN THE OCEAN IS GREATER THAN AT THE TOP.

• WWW.CALCTOOL.ORG300 × 225

MOUNTAINS AND VOLCANOES ARE FOUND ON THE BASE OF THE OCEAN FLOOR.

HTTP://WWW.NCGEOLOGY.COM/ENO_INTERACTIVE_WEBS/GEOLOGIC_PRINCIPLES_GEOLOGIC_STORY.HTML

THERE ARE MOUNTAINS AND VALLEYS UNDER THE OCEAN

SOME OF THESE MOUNTAINS ARE BIGGER THAN THE BIGGEST MOUNTAINS ON LAND.

IN THE DEEPEST PARTS OF THE OCEAN, THE WATER IS 11 KILOMETERS DEEP.

TO DATE, WE HAVE EXPLORED LESS THAN FIVE PERCENT OF THE OCEAN.

WWW.BIGOCEANMANAGERS.ORG

OCEAN WILDLIFE IN THE LAST 50 YEARS HAS DECREASED

POLLUTION

OCEANA ACIDIFICATION MAY CAUSE MANY NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON A VARIETY OF MARINE SPECIES AND ECOSYSTEMS, WHICH WOULD HAVE RIPPLING CONSEQUENCES THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE OCEAN. ONE OF THE MOST DEVASTATING IMPACTS OF RISING OCEAN ACIDITY COULD BE THE COLLAPSE OF FOOD WEBS.

SHALLOW-WATER CREATURES, LIKE THESE CORALS, ARE EXTREMELY VULNERABLE TO CARBONIC ACID. SCIENTISTS ARE CALLING FOR DRASTIC MEASURES TO AVERT MASSIVE BLEACHING OF THE WORLD'S REEFS.

BEFORE AND AFTER BLEACHING: CLIMATE.NASA.GOV

OVERFISHING

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC HOME » OCEAN » PHOTO GALLERY: OVERFISHING

WWW.NCEAS.UCSB.EDU

ON AVERAGE, CHRONIC OVERFISHING COSTS U.S. COMMERCIAL FISHERMEN ABOUT FOUR TIMES AS MUCH EACH YEAR AS THE DEEPWATER HORIZON SPILL IS PROJECTED TO COST THE COMMERCIAL FISHERMEN OF LOUISIANA IN AN AVERAGE POST-SPILL YEAR. WWW.THEATLANTIC.COM

POLLUTION FROM INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE HAVE GONE INTO THE OCEAN

In the United States, ocean dumping of industrial wastes is prohibited. Yet the vastness of the open sea provides a haven for illegal dumping.

Read more: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Po-Re/Pollution-of-the-Ocean-by-Sewage-Nutrients-and-Chemicals.html#ixzz36Y1O4p9e

Disease-causing microbes are the primary human health risk in sewage-contaminated waters, and the main cause of recreational beach closures. Here a sign warns San Diego beachgoers of sewage in the waters.

Read more: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Po-Re/Pollution-of-the-Ocean-by-Sewage-Nutrients-and-Chemicals.html#ixzz36Y1gsLfr

THERE ARE MORE THAN 300 ”DEAD ZONES” IN THE EARTH’S OCEANS

MAWWW.COMPASSCAYMAN.COM

RINE DEAD ZONES NOFISHLEFT.WORDPRESS.COM

PLASTIC HAS COLLECTED IN A MASS TWICE THE SIZE OF TEXAS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN

• WWW.PLASTICOCEANS.NET WWW.THEMISTSOFAVALON.NET

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WWW.TERRAIN.ORG

GLOBAL WARMING, CLIMATE CHANGE, INCREASING SEA LEVEL, ACIDIFICATION ARE AFFECTING THE OCEAN

• WWW.TEACHOCEANSCIENCE.NET

THE MAP SHOWS SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES (SST) IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN, GULF OF MEXICO, AND THE CARIBBEAN SEA ON AUGUST 23, 2011. THE MEASUREMENTS COME FROM THE ADVANCED MICROWAVE SCANNING RADIOMETER (AMSR-E) ON NASA’S AQUA SATELLITE

AND THE MODERATE RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER (MODIS) INSTRUMENTS ON BOTH THE TERRA AND AQUA SATELLITES. THE SATELLITES MEASURE THE TEMPERATURE OF THE

TOP MILLIMETER OF THE OCEAN. HTTP://WWW.NASA.GOV/APPLIED-SCIENCES/OCEANS.HTML#.U7BUFBFBMM0

DUE TO CONSTRUCTION ALONG THE COASTLINES THERE HAS BEEN LOSS OF CORAL REEFS, MANGROVE FORESTS,

WETLANDS

WWW.RONA.UNEP.ORG

WWW.LIVESCIENCE.COM600 × 392SEARCH BY IMAGE

FUR SEAL CAUGHT IN PLASTIC DEBRIS. CREDIT: BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY

HOW DO OUR LIVES DEPEND ON THE OCEAN?

• WHILE NEARLY HALF OF THE WORLD'S HUMAN POPULATION LIVES WITHIN 50 MILES OF A COAST, ALL OF US DEPEND ON THE OCEAN AND THE RESOURCES IT PROVIDES, WHETHER IT BE FOR FOOD WE EAT OR THE OXYGEN WE BREATHE. THE OCEAN PROVIDES INVALUABLE BENEFITS AND SERVICES:

• HTTP://WWW.SEAWEB.ORG/MARKETS/HEALTH.PHP WWW.CUBASUN.NET

• CLIMATE REGULATION: OCEAN DYNAMICS STRONGLY AFFECT CLIMATE AND WEATHER PATTERNS, TRANSFERRING HEAT FROM THE EQUATOR TO THE POLES AND MODERATING CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS IN THE ATMOSPHERE.

• FOOD: SEAFOOD IS A MAJOR FOOD STAPLE AND PROTEIN SOURCE. PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF SEAFOOD IS INCREASING AROUND THE GLOBE.

• ECONOMY: OCEAN-RELATED INDUSTRY PROVIDES REVENUE THROUGH FISHING, SEAFOOD DISTRIBUTION, TOURISM, RECREATION AND TRANSPORTATION. SEAFOOD HAS BECOME ONE OF THE MOST EXPORTED ITEMS IN THE GLOBAL MARKET TODAY.

• TRANSPORTATION: OCEAN-BOUND SHIPPING ACCOUNTS FOR MORE THAN 90 PERCENT OF GLOBAL TRADE.

• MEDICINE: BIOMEDICAL PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM MARINE PLANT AND ANIMAL SOURCES PROVIDE IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PRODUCTS AND HEALTH BENEFITS.

• RECREATION: THE OFTEN-INTANGIBLE BENEFITS DERIVED FROM SPENDING TIME IN AND AROUND THE OCEAN ARE LARGELY IMMEASURABLE.

“THE OCEAN IS OUR LAST FRONTIER.”

• “THE OLD STAR TREK INTRO PROCLAIMED THAT SPACE WAS THE “FINAL FRONTIER. WELL, THE TRUTH IS THAT THERE IS PLENTY OF PIONEERING LEFT TO DO RIGHT HERE ON EARTH, MUCH OF IT UNDERNEATH THAT VAST EXPANSE OF BLUE THAT CALLED THE OCEAN.”

• MAPPING EARTH'S FINAL FRONTIER — THE OCEAN FLOOR BY: JONATHAN WILSON JUNE 6, 2014