How Clean is Your Air and What Can You Do About It Denis Corr, Ph. D. Corr Research Upwind Downwind...

How Clean is Your Air and How Clean is Your Air and What Can You Do About It What Can You Do About It

Denis Corr, Ph. D.Corr Research

www.corr-research.com

Upwind Downwind Conference

http://www.corr-research.com/

Acknowledgements

Clean Air Hamilton

Green Venture

Julie Wallace, Ph. D.J. Wallace Associates

Pat DeLucaCentre for Spatial Analysis

McMaster University

Mobile Monitoring of Mobile Monitoring of Neighbourhoods in Hamilton, Neighbourhoods in Hamilton,

A i r Q u a l i t y M o n i t o r i n g S p e c i a l i s t s

ROTEK

City Air Quality TrendsCity Air Quality Trends

TSP PM2.5

NO2SO2

Downtown Industry

19521952 Great Fog, London , Great Fog, London , England England

11,000 deaths11,000 deaths

EpidemiologyEpidemiology

Current Summary of Percent Changes in Acute Mortality per 10 Units of

PollutantTalar Sahsuvaroglu, PhD, Senes 2012

Air PollutantNT Mortality

(changes per 10 pollution units)

Respiratory Hospital Admissions


Cardiovascular Hospital Admissions (changes per

10 pollution units)

PM2.5 (µg/m3) 0.77 - 0.8

PM10 (µg/m3) 0.45 2.1* 0.7

SO2 (ppb) 0.36 3.0 1.1*

NO2 (ppb) 0.68 4.9* 0.94

CO (ppm) 1.7 - 1.95*

O3 (ppb) 0.72 2.8* 0.2

Deaths from Deaths from Air Pollution Air Pollution

Each YearEach Year

Deaths from Deaths from Air Pollution Air Pollution

Each YearEach Year(Ontario Medical Association 2008)(Ontario Medical Association 2008)

Toronto Toronto 2,1002,100PeelPeel 700700

HamiltonHamilton 186 - 186 - 440440

HaltonHalton 330330

Health Effects/MortalityHealth Effects/Mortality

Exposure to PM2.5 over a few hours to weeks can trigger cardiovascular disease–related mortality and nonfatal events;

Longer-term exposure (eg, a few years) increases the risk for cardiovascular mortality to an even greater extent

Greater risk may include the elderly, patients with preexisting coronary artery disease, and perhaps those with diabetes. Recent data suggest that women and obese individuals might also be at higher risk. Brook et al, Circulation 2010, 121:2331-2378:

80% of mortality is in over 65 year old groupOntario Medical association 2008

For every $ of govt funds to reduce air pollution exposures, approx $50 to $150 is saved in the health care system and productivityCorr Research 2012

Air Quality Health IndexAir Quality Health Index

http://www.hamilton.ca/HealthandSocialServices/PublicHealth/AirQualityHealthIndexInfo.htm

How Clean is Your Air?How Clean is Your Air?

Not Clean EnoughNot Clean Enough

Turning Science into Turning Science into ActionAction

Mobile MonitoringMobile MonitoringWhat and where What and where

Is the air pollutionIs the air pollution

Affecting the health Affecting the health

Of the people of HamiltonOf the people of Hamilton

Instrument Rack MountsInstrument Rack Mounts

Equipment for Mobile MonitoringEquipment for Mobile Monitoring Mobile platform with minimum 30 Mobile platform with minimum 30

amp electrical supply and A/Camp electrical supply and A/C Carbon Monoxide Continuous MonitorCarbon Monoxide Continuous Monitor Nitrogen Oxides Continuous MonitorNitrogen Oxides Continuous Monitor Sulphur Dioxide Continuous MonitorSulphur Dioxide Continuous Monitor Particulate Continuous MonitorParticulate Continuous Monitor Two GPSTwo GPS Data Collection and HandlingData Collection and Handling Geographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems

IndustryIndustry

Emission Sources by Regions in Hamilton

Flamborough/

Waterdown

East Mtn

NE Ind

Stny Crk

National Pollutant Release InventoryNational Pollutant Release Inventory Total Point Source Emissions by ContaminantTotal Point Source Emissions by Contaminant

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

CO SOx NOx PM10

Tonnes

CO SOx NOx PM10

30,632 11,875 8,188 2,010Tonnes

What We’d Expect to SeeWhat We’d Expect to See

Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide – 66% Transportation, 23% Industry– 66% Transportation, 23% Industry

Sulphur Dioxide Sulphur Dioxide – 92% Industry, 5% Transportation– 92% Industry, 5% Transportation

Nitrogen Oxides Nitrogen Oxides – 57% Transportation, 37% Industry– 57% Transportation, 37% Industry

PMPM10 10 – 73% Open Sources/Road Dust, 18% – 73% Open Sources/Road Dust, 18% IndustryIndustry

Note: Note: MOE identified trackout/road dust resuspension as MOE identified trackout/road dust resuspension as a major a major problemproblem

###

#

###

#

#

##

### ###########

###

##

#

##

#####

##

#######

#

##

###

#

##

#

##

#

##

###########

##

########

#

#

#######

##

##

###

#########

##

#

#

##

#

########### #

#

# ###

##

########

####################################

#

#

#

#

#

##

##

#

##

########

##

##

########

###

#

###

###########

###########

#

##

#

##

#

#

##

###############

##

#

##

#

#

#

#

## #

### #

#

#

##

##

#

#

#

##

####

##

###

###

##

#####

### ##

#

No

December 8, 2005

1 0 1 2 Kilometers

NO ppbResidential

Sample

Industry

Wind

(Higher Impacts on Women and Over 60s) (Higher Impacts on Women and Over 60s) Exposure to Traffic and the Onset of Myocardial Infarction, Exposure to Traffic and the Onset of Myocardial Infarction,

A. Peters et al, NEJM, Oct 21, 2004A. Peters et al, NEJM, Oct 21, 2004

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Odds Ratio

TrafficAdjusted

BicycleAdjusted

GettingUp

Outside

Augsburg

Traffic Exposure and Myocardial Infarction

Traffic ModellingTraffic ModellingJulie Wallace, CSPA, McMasterJulie Wallace, CSPA, McMaster

High Pollution Triangle

NOMarch 9th 2007

Traffic

Traffic

Traffic

Industry

School StudySchool StudyMorning – Idling VehiclesMorning – Idling Vehicles

Monitoring Vehicle at SchoolMonitoring Vehicle at School

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

8:59

9:05

9:11

14:0

0

14:0

6

14:1

2

14:1

8

14:2

4

14:3

0

14:3

6

14:4

2

14:4

8

14:5

4

15:0

0

15:0

6

15:1

2

15:1

8

15:2

4

15:3

0

15:3

6

15:4

2

15:4

8

15:5

4

NO (ppb)

MorningStudent Dropoff

AfternoonStudentPickup

Natural Experiment

pp

b

Afternoon – Vehicle Engines Afternoon – Vehicle Engines OffOff

Ben Garden, Savas Kanaroglou, Pat DeLuca, Spatial analysis Unit, McMaster University

Industry

Workshop Dec 11 2006Workshop Dec 11 2006

Trackout/Road Dust ReductionTrackout/Road Dust Reduction

50 attendees including industries, 50 attendees including industries, suppliers and government staffsuppliers and government staff

ParticulateParticulate

Before

After

P. DeLuca, CSPA

Noise BarriersNoise Barriers

Air quality improvement Air quality improvement effectseffects

Noise Barrier EffectNoise Barrier EffectHighway DownwindHighway Downwind

Noise Barrier

QEW No Noise Barrier

Noise Barrier

NO - No Barrier Away from QEW

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

395

NO Behind Barrier

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

McMaster Institute of Environment and HealthA Public Health Assessment ofMortality and Hospital Admissions

Attributable to Air Pollution in HamiltonPrepared by:Talar Sahsuvaroglu, PhD and Michael Jerrett, PhD

School of Geography and GeologyMay, 2003

Wind

Health Close-upCentennial/Queenston

15% mortality increase

SW Health Impacts– PM10 less than SW Health Impacts– PM10 less than 500500

Wind

NE – Aggregated Health ImpactNE – Aggregated Health Impact

Wind

Neighbourhood Neighbourhood

Air Quality Air Quality

HamiltonHamilton

BackgroundBackground

Other partners :

Conserver Society - community/source identification Green Venture - community co-ordination/supportRotek Environmental Inc. - air monitoring/logistics/ data analysis/supportMinistry of Environment – monitoring equipment/vehicle Hamilton Public Health – community identification

Methodology:-Methodology:-

Measure individual pollutantsMeasure individual pollutants

Calculate health impacts Calculate health impacts

Sum for total impact Sum for total impact

Summary of Percent Changes in Acute Mortality per 10 Units of

PollutantTalar Sahsuvaroglu, PhD, Senes 2012

Air PollutantNT Mortality


Respiratory Hospital Admissions


Cardiovascular Hospital Admissions (changes per

10 pollution units)

PM2.5 (µg/m3) 0.77 - 0.8

PM10 (µg/m3) 0.45 2.1* 0.7

SO2 (ppb) 0.36 3.0 1.1*

NO2 (ppb) 0.68 4.9* 0.94

CO (ppm) 1.7 - 1.95*

O3 (ppb) 0.72 2.8* 0.2

Program:

•Neighbourhood meetings, including site choices•Neighbourhood mobile air quality monitoring•5 Neighbourhoods to be targeted•Discussion/explanation of data•Publication and reporting of findings to the public.

Suggested Monitoring TargetsMid Mountain (Fennel to Mohawk), Gourley (Garth, Mohawk, West 5th, Stonechurch),Limeridge MallRymal and Paradise, Meadowlands, Sanford School (North End), Gage / Kenilworth....Mtn to Burlington StDelta West, Eva Rothwell Centre (460 Wentworth North)McAnulty Blvd / Grenfell St (North of Centre Mall off Kenilworth, near St. Christopher) /Cope StBeach Blvd / Van Wagner’s Beach / Riverdale East (check QEW highway impacts), Sam Manson Park (Nash and Kentley), Dundas (Pleasant, Littlejohn, Pleasant Valley) /Westdale, Strathcona, Kirkendall, Durand, Jones Rd / Arvin Ave (Stoney Creek)Red Hill, Neighbourhood Associations, Proposed Big Box Stores

Neighbourhoods MonitoredNeighbourhoods Monitored

DundasDundasLimeridge MallLimeridge MallNear MountainNear MountainDeltaDeltaLawrence Ave to Burlington StLawrence Ave to Burlington StNorth West EndNorth West EndEva Rothwell CentreEva Rothwell CentreMcAnulty BlvdMcAnulty BlvdBeach Blvd/Eastport DrBeach Blvd/Eastport DrJones Rd/Arvin AveJones Rd/Arvin Ave

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

PM2.5 PM10 SO2 CO NO NO2

Overall Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant

Which neighbourhoods Which neighbourhoods have above average have above average

impacts? impacts?

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Average

Estimated % Increased Mortality Riskby Neighbourhood vs. Highway

Highway

Jam

es S

t N

.

Vic

toria

St.

Burltn

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00


Average

NW End

NW End vs. Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00


Average

NW End

NW End No Burl St

NW End (no Burl) vs. Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant

McAnulty Blvd

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00


Average

McAnulty

McAnulty vs. Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant

Wen

twor

th

N

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00


Average

Wentworth N Eva Rothwell Centre

Wentworth N. Eva Rothwell vs. Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant

QEW

Jones

Barton

Arvin

Stoney Creek

QEW

QEW

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00


Average

Jones Rd Arvin Ave

Jones Rd Arvin Ave vs. Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant

Beach Blvd

Eastport Dr

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50


Average

Beach East Wind Lake

Beach SW Wind QEW

Beach Blvd. vs. Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00


Average

Eastport Dr East Wind QEW

Eastport Dr SW Wind City Industry

Eastport Dr. vs. Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant

Lincoln Alexander Expy

ConclusionsConclusions

Air pollutants impact all Air pollutants impact all neighbourhoods in Hamiltonneighbourhoods in Hamilton Estimated mortality risk increases Estimated mortality risk increases range from 2.5 to 7.7 % range from 2.5 to 7.7 %

Particulate and Oxides of Nitrogen Particulate and Oxides of Nitrogen are main causes are main causes

Highways, arterial roads are Highways, arterial roads are highest risk 12%highest risk 12%

So what can we do?So what can we do?

Personal Personal (How do I avoid becoming a (How do I avoid becoming a

statisticstatistic))Get outside.... But... Stay in cleaner areasReduce personal exposureJog/walk/cycle in residential areasStay upwind of roads/intersections where possiblePut car ventilation system on recycle before you go on the highwayTake the GO Train or least polluting optionsPhone/email/write municipal, provincial, federal decision makers to make air quality a priority

MunicipalMunicipalAggressive road cleaningEnforce dust trackout/anti idling bylawsDevelop pedestrian/cycling/electric assist routesContinue Green Fleet options for own and other fleetsHealth Unit promote Air Quality Health Index and outreach for behavioural change to reduce personal exposuresSupport AQHI local mappingEnhance air monitoring (including mobile)Support community air quality improvement initiativesLobby other levels of government to make air quality a priorityPromote rational, science based decision making

ProvincialProvincialUpgrade air standards, add Nitric Oxide standardControl emissions, industrial, automotive and trucksPromote natural gas use, particularly for heavy trucksProvide natural gas refuelling at all highway gas stations and weigh scalesPrioritize all day GO Train service and Light Rail TransitContinue aggressive Green Fleet options for own and other fleetsPromote Air Quality Health Index and outreach for behavioural change to reduce personal exposuresSupport AQHI local mappingEnhance air monitoring (including mobile)

ProvincialProvincial

Support community air quality improvement initiativesLobby other levels of government to make air quality a priorityPromote rational, science based decision making

FederalFederal

Increment vehicle emission standards Push towards natural gas fuelling of heavy trucksPromote Air Quality Health Index and outreach for behavioural change to reduce personal exposuresSupport AQHI local mappingEnhance air monitoring (including mobile)Support community air quality improvement initiativesLobby other levels of government to make air quality a priorityPromote rational, science based decision making

A i r Q u a l i t y M o n i t o r i n g S p e c i a l i s t s

ROTEK

City Air Quality TrendsCity Air Quality Trends

TSP PM2.5

NO2SO2

Continuous Continuous ImprovementImprovement

Community Community InvolvementInvolvement

How Clean is Your Air and What Can You Do About It Denis Corr, Ph. D. Corr Research Upwind Downwind...

Documents

Transcript of How Clean is Your Air and What Can You Do About It Denis Corr, Ph. D. Corr Research Upwind Downwind...