How are living things classified?
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Transcript of How are living things classified?
How are living things classified?
Part OneWhat is classification?PhylogenyBinomial NomenclatureDichotomous Keys
What is classification?
Whenever you place similar items together, you are classifying them.
Look at the images on the next page. What do they have in common? How many different ways can you divide these flying
things into groups? Choose a method to classify these objects. Start with
2 headings and then subdivide each group.
Phylogeny The evolutionary relationships between organisms. Used today to classify organisms into 6 Kingdoms:
Plantae (Plants) –complex multicellular cells, autotrophic (make own food) by photosynthesis
Animalia (Animals) – complex multicellular cells, heterotrophic (eat other organisms)
Fungi – complex multicellular cells, decomposer, ex. Mushrooms, mold, & mildew-heterotrophs
(Protistia) Protists – complex unicellular, ex. Algae, some are autotrophic and some are heterotrophic
Archaebacteria – one celled, live in extreme environments –autotrophic by chemosythesis
Eubacteria – one celled, most bacteria-some autotrophic and some heterotrophic
Classification by Phylogeny
DomainKingdoms
PhylumClass
OrderFamily
GenusSpecies
Pneumonic Device: Did King Phillip count only five green socks?
Domain is the largest category: Archaea, Bacteria, or Eukarya
Kingdom is the next largest category and then it gets subdivided into smaller and smaller groups.
Species is the smallest group - only organisms that are the same species and can mate & produce fertile offspring
How does all of this work?DomainKingdom
EukaryaAnimalia
EukaryaAnimalia
EukaryaAnimalia
EukaryaAnimalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Arthropoda
Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Insecta
Order Perissodactyla Perissodactyla Proboscidea Dictyoptera
Family Equidae Equidae Elephantidae Cryptocercidae
Genus Equus Equus Elephas Cryptocercus
species grevyi caballus maximus punctulatusCommon
Name Zebra Horse Elephant Cockroach
Questions
Which two organisms on the previous slide are most closely related?
Which are more closely related, the horse and cockroach or horse and elephant?
Binomial NomenclatureTwo word naming system. The first word is
the genus. A genus is a group of similar species. The second word is the species.
Example: Maple trees are in the genus Acer. There are many kinds of maple trees, so they have a species name also. Acer rubrum – Red MapleAcer saccharum – Sugar Maple
Why do we use Binomial Nomenclature?
Helps avoid mistakes. Example: Lizards
Green Iguana (Iguana Iguana)(Myska)
Desert Iguana (Disposaurus doralis)(Seaman)
• Organisms with similar evolutionary histories are classified together.– Question: Look at the names of these organisms.
Which are more closely related?• Panthera onca jaguar• Lynx rufus bobcat• Panthera tigris tiger• Puma concolor cougar
Gives descriptive information about the species.Example: Acer rubrum – Red Maple. Rubrum
is Latin for red.Allows information about organisms to be
easily organized into books, pamphlets, etc.
Question
List, in order, the 8 categories used to classify a single organism?
Dichotomous Keys
• Detailed list of identifying characteristics and scientific names
• PART TWO – A CLOSER LOOK INTO THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
Phyla of the Animal Kingdom
• Annelida• Arthropoda• Chordata• Cnidaria• Echinodermata• Mollusca• Nematoda• Porifera
Phylum Annelida
Bilateral symmetryUniformly segmented bodyParapodia – fleshy “legs”BristlesExamples: earthworms, bristle worms,
leeches
Phylum Annelida
Bristle Worm (Read)
Phylum Arthropoda
Bilateral symmetrySegmented bodyHard exoskeletonJointed legsExamples: insects, spiders, crustaceans
Phylum Arthropoda
(Sparks, 2007)
(FreeDigitalPhotos.net, no date)
(NOAA, 2005)
Phylum ChordataBilateral symmetryHave or had a tailNotochordEmbryonic gill slitsExamples: vertebrates, sea squirts
Phylum Chordata
(Elasmodiver.com, no date) (Fireflower Systems Limited, no date)
(Hicker, 2008)
Phylum Cnidaria
• Radial symmetry• Ring of tentacles around mouth• Stinging cells• Examples: jellyfish, sea anemones, coral
(Muller, 2001)
Phylum EchinodermataFive part radial symmetryTube feetSpiny skinExamples: sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea
urchins, sand dollars
Phylum Echinodermata
(Zubi, 2003)
(Zubi, 2005)
(Ditchburn, no date)
Phylum Mollusca Bilateral symmetry Have or had a shell Soft bodied with a muscular “foot” Examples: snails, slugs, bivalves, squid,
octopus
Phylum Mollusca
(Xylem Elements, 2008)(Zander, 2007)
(Huston, no date)
Phylum Nematoda Bilateral symmetry Round, unsegmented body Cuticle Example: round worms, hook worms, pin
worms
Phylum Nematoda
(Myers, 2001)
Phylum Porifera Asymmetrical or radial symmetry Have many pores Made up of a group of cells that have
aggregated but do not form tissues Example: Sponges
Phylum Porifera(Missouri Botanical Garden, 2002)
Follow-up Questions Sketch an organism with bilateral
symmetry and one with radial symmetry. Draw the lines of symmetry over your sketch.
Which of the following is an animal?a. Mushroomb. Spiderc. Maple treed. Bacteria
Useful Websites Visual of types of symmetry
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article//arthropods_04
Sources BBC. Coral. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/pictures/galleries/newsid_1842000/1842534.stm Chpt. 10: Sponges, Cnidarians, & Worms. Jellyfish. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://ez002.k12.sd.us/Chapter%20Ten%20Science.htm Daniel, L., Ortleb, E., Feather, R.M., Rillero, P., Leach Snyder, S., & Zike, D. (2005). Indiana
Science: Grade 7. New York: Glencoe. Ditchburn, Derrick. (no date). Sea urchin shell. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://www.dereila.ca/dereilaimages/Marine.html Elasomodiver.com. (no date). Sea Squirt. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from
http://www.elasmodiver.com/BCMarinelife/BCML%20Urochordata.htm Fireflower Systems Limited. (no date). Mountain Goat. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008
from http://www.fireflower.ca/page_envi_case2.php?lang=en FreeDigitalPhotos.net. (no date). Butterfly. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from
http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/details.php?gid=63&sgid=&pid=202 Indiana’s Academic Standards Resource. (2003). That’s Classified. Indiana Department of
Education. 171-176. Hicker, Rolf. (2008). Bald Eagle. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://www.travel.hickerphoto.com/bird_watching_eagles.jsp Huston, Turner. Squid. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://students.umf.maine.edu/~hustontf/squid.html Jaikaran, S. (2007). Spongebob Squarepants. Online Image. Message posted to
http://www.shivanjaikaran.com/blog/?m=200707 Missouri Botanical Garden. (2002). Sponge. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://www.mbgnet.net/salt/coral/animals/sponges.htm
Sources Muller, Michael. (2001). Animal Diversity: Form and Function. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/animaldiversity.htm Myers, P. (2001). Nematoda 1 & 2. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nematoda.html Myska, Petr. (no date). Green Iguana. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from
http://www.vivanatura.org/Iguana%20iguana%20ExtraPhotos.html NOAA (2005). Crab. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/islands01/log/sep29/media/crab.html Read, Geoffrey. (no date). Bristle Worm. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from
http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/SeaLife/MarineAnimalsWithoutBackbones/3/ENZ-Resources/Standard/1/en Seaman, Richard. (no date). Desert Iguana. Online Image. Retrieved from
http://www.richard-seaman.com/Reptiles/Usa/Nevada/ValleyOfFire/index.html Secondary Science Program: Rhode Island College. (No date). The Six Kingdoms. Retrieved August
3, 2008, from http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/Index.htm Sparks, Matthew. (2007). Bee. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/05/bigcity_bees.php Xylem Elements. (2008). Slug. Online Image. Message posted to
http://www.xylemelements.com/blog/?m=200803 Zander, Jon. (2007). Bivalve. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Unknown_Bivalve.JPG Zubi, Teresa. (2003). Seastar. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://www.starfish.ch/c-invertebrates/seesterne.html Zubi, Teresa. (2005). Sea Urchin. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://www.starfish.ch/c-invertebrates/seesterne.html