How accurately does CyAN represent cyanobacteria cell ...
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How accurately does CyAN represent cyanobacteria cell counts in Oregon Lakes? Victoria Avalos 1 , Daniel Sobota 1,2 , Steve Hanson 2 , Brian Fulfrost 2 , Pan Yangdong 1 , Eugene Foster 1,2 1 Portland State University, ESM Department; 2 Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Thank you to the Oregon DEQ for providing funding for the sondes, total algae sensors, and for the guidance and expertise. I would also like to thank the Edward D. and Olive C. Bushby Award at Portland State University for providing me with a scholarship that made this research possible. Thank you to the Pan- Foster- Edwards lab group and my peers for guiding me through the planning process for my research and much more. And thank you to Geoffrey Lee for the continued support. Acknowledgements 1. Carpenter, S. R., Brock, W. A., Cole, J. J., Pace, M. L. (2014). A new approach for rapid detection of nearby thresholds in ecosystem time series. Oikos. 123: 290- 297. 2. European Space Agency. (n.d.). Introducing Sentinel- 3 [web page]. Retrieved May 18 th 2018, from https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-3 3. Jacoby, J. M., Kann, J. (2007). The occurrence and response to toxic cyanobacteria in the Pacific Northwest, North America. Lake and Reservoir Management. 23 (2): 123-143. 4. Oregon Health Authority (OHA). (n.d.) Algae Bloom Advisory Archive [web page]. Retrieved March 5 th 2018, from https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/HEALTHYENVIRONMENTS/RECREATION/HARMFULALGAEBLOOMS/Pages/archive.aspx 5. Paerl, H. W., Paul, V. J. (2012). Climate change: links to global expansion of harmful cyanobacteria. Water Research. 46 (5): 1349- 1363. 6. Schaeffer, B. A., Bailey, S. W., Conmy, R. N., Galvin, M., Ignatius, A. R., Johnston, J. M., … Wolfe, K. (2018). Mobile device application for monitoring cyanobacteria harful algal blooms using Sentinel-3 satellite Ocean and Land Colour Instruments. Environmental Science and Modeling. 109: 93- 103. 7. Scheffer, M., Bascompte, J., Brock, W. A., Brovkin, V., Carpenter, S. R., Dakos, V., ... Sugihara, G. (2009). Early warning signals for critical transitions. Nature. 461 (3): 53- 59. 8. Wilkinson, G. M., Carpenter, S. R., Cole, J. J., Pace, M. L., Batt, R. D., Buelo, C. D., Kurtzweil, J. T. (2018). Early warning signals precede cyanobacterial blooms in multiple whole lake experiments. Ecological Monographs. 88(2): 188-203. 9. World Health Organization (WHO). (1999). Fieldwork: site inspection and sampling. In I. Chorus & J. Bartam (Eds.), Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water- A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring, and management (pages of chapter). New York: . E & FN Spon. References 1. Does CyAN accurately measure cell counts in Oregon Lakes? • Verification of CyAN app calculated counts versus physical cell counts 2. How well do satellite-derived data compare with in situ measures of cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs)? • Comparison of CyAN derived data to sonde collected data; benefits and limitations to each 3. How well can time series analysis for early detection of cyanoHABs be applied to satellite data? • Apply early warning detection methods to real-time data • Is there the possibility of substituting real-time data with CyAN or satellite data Research Questions and Objectives Field Verification • Weekly grab samples taken and preserved from June 21 st to September 21 st for cell count enumeration and and taxa identification • Sondes placed in each lake, recording dissolved oxygen saturation, pH, temperature, and specific conductance, chlorophyll concentrations and phycocyanin as relative fluorescence (RFU) • Monthly spatial and depth integrated analysis of both lakes Early Warning Signal Quickest detection method will be used for analyzing changes in lag-1 autocorrelation and standard deviation in 14 and 21 day rolling windows of chlorophyll a, phycocyanin RFU, and dissolved oxygen between the two lakes (Scheffer et al. 2009; Carpenter et al. 2014; Wilkinson et al. 2018). CyAN Study Location Preliminary /Expected Results Cyanobacteria Taxa Identification • Identify and analyze taxa that are present in each lake • Look for changes in community compositions before blooms • Does CyAN favor a specific species? Cyanobacteria cell counts • Cell enumerations for samples at both lakes • Statistical analysis/ comparison to CyAN derived cell counts and Early warning detection • If cell counts are accurate, apply cell counts from CyAN to early warning detection method described in Wilkinson et al. (2018) • If cell counts are not compatible, try using spectral shape or other satellite derived patterns • Do historical cell counts from CyAN show the same patterns of detection? Next Steps The Cyanobacteria Assessment Network (CyAN) is an android mobile application created by the EPA (Figure 1). This app uses satellite imagery from European Space Agency Sentinel-3 satellite Ocean and Land Colour Instrument and SeaDAS software to calculate cyanobacteria cell counts (cells/mL). Little verification has been done on the app, especially in Oregon. Schaeffer et al. (2018) performed a verification using CyAN reported cell counts and OHA cyanoHAB advisories (Figure 2), however there are no verifications of cell counts. Limitations: • Minimum surface area of 300m x 300m without shoreline (Schaeffer et al. 2018) • Cloud coverage, smoke from wildfires, solar reflection can interfere with output • Does not have the ability to detect toxin levels/ species identification Figure 3. Watersheds of Odell and Crescents shown in red (a), and their location in Oregon (b). Odell Is the Northern most lake and watershed, while Crescent lake is the Southern most lake and watershed. Figure 2. A verification of the CyAN application on Odell Lake by comparing satellite derived cyanobacteria abundance results with presence/absence of an Oregon Health Authority Bloom advisory from Schaeffer et al. 2018. Materials and Methods Figure 5. The mean and standard deviation of cell counts calculated by the CyAN app for both lakes. The cell counts peak at 403,168 ± 243035 cells per millileter for Odell on July 23 rd , 2019 (a).The sondes located in Odell and Crescent Lake recorded concentration of chlorophyll a (b), relative fluorescence of blue-green algae (c), percent saturation of dissolved oxygen (d) and pH (e) every 15 minutes. Values for Odell Lake are shown in green and values for Crescent lake are shown in blue. Crescent Lake (reference) Odell Lake (experimental) Area (km 2 ) 14.9 13.9 Elevation (m) 1,475 1,459 Max Depth (m) 81 86 Land cover Evergreen Forest(83%) Developed (0.08%) Evergreen Forest (80%) Developed (1.01%) Inlet Summit Lake Trapper Creek Outlet Crescent Creek Odell Creek cyanoHAB No Recorded History Recent OHA Recreational Advisories Table 1. Comparison of the two study sites, Crescent Lake and Odell Lake. Figure 4. Crescent Lake (left) and Odell Lake (right) on July 23 rd /24 th , 2019 during the peak bloom at Odell, according to CyAN app (a). Dolichospermum has been detected in grab samples taken from this day (b). Figure 1. Schematic of how the CyAN application uses Sentinel 3 Ocean Land Colour Instrument (OCLI) data to calculate cyanobacteria abundance, using calculations in Schaeffer et al. (2018). a. b. Contact Information Victoria Avalos Master of Science Student Environmental Science and Management Portland State University [email protected] d. C. a. b. e.
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HowaccuratelydoesCyANrepresentcyanobacteriacellcountsinOregonLakes?
VictoriaAvalos1,DanielSobota1,2,SteveHanson2,BrianFulfrost2,PanYangdong1,EugeneFoster1,21PortlandStateUniversity,ESMDepartment;2OregonDepartmentofEnvironmentalQuality
ThankyoutotheOregonDEQforprovidingfundingforthesondes,totalalgaesensors,andfortheguidanceandexpertise.Iwouldalsoliketothankthe EdwardD.andOliveC. Bushby Award atPortlandStateUniversityforprovidingmewithascholarshipthatmadethisresearchpossible.ThankyoutothePan- Foster- Edwardslabgroupandmypeersforguidingmethroughtheplanningprocessformyresearchandmuchmore.AndthankyoutoGeoffreyLeeforthecontinuedsupport.
Acknowledgements1. Carpenter,S.R.,Brock,W.A.,Cole,J.J.,Pace,M.L.(2014).Anewapproachforrapiddetectionofnearbythresholdsinecosystemtimeseries.Oikos.123:290- 297.2. EuropeanSpaceAgency.(n.d.).IntroducingSentinel- 3[webpage].RetrievedMay18th 2018,fromhttps://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-33. Jacoby,J.M.,Kann,J.(2007).TheoccurrenceandresponsetotoxiccyanobacteriainthePacificNorthwest,NorthAmerica.LakeandReservoirManagement.23(2):123-143.4. OregonHealthAuthority(OHA).(n.d.)AlgaeBloomAdvisoryArchive[webpage].RetrievedMarch5th 2018,fromhttps://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/HEALTHYENVIRONMENTS/RECREATION/HARMFULALGAEBLOOMS/Pages/archive.aspx5. Paerl,H.W.,Paul,V.J.(2012).Climatechange:linkstoglobalexpansionofharmfulcyanobacteria.WaterResearch.46(5):1349- 1363.6. Schaeffer,B.A.,Bailey,S.W.,Conmy,R.N.,Galvin,M.,Ignatius,A.R.,Johnston,J.M.,…Wolfe,K.(2018).MobiledeviceapplicationformonitoringcyanobacteriaharfulalgalbloomsusingSentinel-3satelliteOceanandLandColourInstruments.
EnvironmentalScienceandModeling.109:93- 103.7. Scheffer,M.,Bascompte,J.,Brock,W.A.,Brovkin,V.,Carpenter,S.R.,Dakos,V.,...Sugihara,G.(2009).Earlywarningsignalsforcriticaltransitions.Nature.461(3):53- 59.8. Wilkinson,G.M.,Carpenter,S.R.,Cole,J.J.,Pace,M.L.,Batt,R.D.,Buelo,C.D.,Kurtzweil,J.T.(2018).Earlywarningsignalsprecedecyanobacterialbloomsinmultiplewholelakeexperiments.EcologicalMonographs.88(2):188-203.9. WorldHealthOrganization(WHO).(1999).Fieldwork:siteinspectionandsampling.InI.Chorus&J.Bartam (Eds.),ToxicCyanobacteriainWater- Aguidetotheirpublichealthconsequences,monitoring,andmanagement(pagesofchapter).
NewYork:.E&FNSpon.
References
1. DoesCyANaccuratelymeasurecellcountsinOregonLakes?• VerificationofCyANappcalculatedcountsversusphysicalcellcounts
2. Howwelldosatellite-deriveddatacomparewithinsitumeasuresofcyanobacteriaharmfulalgalblooms(cyanoHABs)?• ComparisonofCyANderiveddatatosondecollecteddata;benefitsand
limitationstoeach3. HowwellcantimeseriesanalysisforearlydetectionofcyanoHABsbe
appliedtosatellitedata?• Applyearlywarningdetectionmethodstoreal-timedata• Istherethepossibilityofsubstitutingreal-timedatawithCyANor
satellitedata
ResearchQuestionsandObjectives
FieldVerification• WeeklygrabsamplestakenandpreservedfromJune21st toSeptember21st
forcellcountenumerationandandtaxaidentification• Sondesplacedineachlake,recordingdissolvedoxygensaturation,pH,
temperature,andspecificconductance,chlorophyllconcentrationsandphycocyaninasrelativefluorescence(RFU)
• MonthlyspatialanddepthintegratedanalysisofbothlakesEarlyWarningSignalQuickestdetectionmethodwillbeusedforanalyzingchangesinlag-1autocorrelationandstandarddeviationin14and21dayrollingwindowsofchlorophylla,phycocyaninRFU,anddissolvedoxygenbetweenthetwolakes(Scheffer etal.2009;Carpenteretal.2014;Wilkinsonetal.2018).
CyAN
StudyLocation Preliminary/ExpectedResults
CyanobacteriaTaxaIdentification• Identifyandanalyzetaxathatarepresentineachlake• Lookforchangesincommunitycompositionsbeforeblooms• DoesCyANfavoraspecificspecies?Cyanobacteriacellcounts• Cellenumerationsforsamplesatbothlakes• Statisticalanalysis/comparisontoCyANderivedcellcountsandEarlywarningdetection• Ifcellcountsareaccurate,applycellcountsfromCyANtoearlywarning
detectionmethoddescribedinWilkinsonetal.(2018)• Ifcellcountsarenotcompatible,tryusingspectralshapeorothersatellite
derivedpatterns• DohistoricalcellcountsfromCyANshowthesamepatternsofdetection?
NextSteps
TheCyanobacteriaAssessmentNetwork(CyAN)isanandroidmobileapplicationcreatedbytheEPA(Figure1).ThisappusessatelliteimageryfromEuropeanSpaceAgencySentinel-3satelliteOceanandLandColourInstrumentandSeaDASsoftwaretocalculatecyanobacteriacellcounts(cells/mL).Littleverificationhasbeendoneontheapp,especiallyinOregon.Schaefferetal.(2018)performedaverificationusingCyANreportedcellcountsandOHAcyanoHABadvisories(Figure2),howevertherearenoverificationsofcellcounts.Limitations:• Minimumsurfaceareaof300mx300mwithoutshoreline(Schaefferetal.
2018)• Cloudcoverage,smokefromwildfires,solarreflectioncaninterferewith
output• Doesnothavetheabilitytodetecttoxinlevels/speciesidentification
Figure3.WatershedsofOdellandCrescentsshowninred(a),andtheirlocationinOregon(b).OdellIstheNorthernmostlakeandwatershed,whileCrescentlakeistheSouthernmostlakeandwatershed.
Figure2. AverificationoftheCyAN applicationonOdellLakebycomparingsatellitederivedcyanobacteriaabundanceresultswithpresence/absenceofanOregonHealthAuthorityBloomadvisoryfromSchaefferetal.2018.
MaterialsandMethodsFigure5. ThemeanandstandarddeviationofcellcountscalculatedbytheCyAN appforbothlakes.Thecellcountspeakat403,168±243035cellspermillileterforOdellonJuly23rd,2019(a).ThesondeslocatedinOdellandCrescentLakerecordedconcentrationofchlorophylla(b),relativefluorescenceofblue-greenalgae(c),percentsaturationofdissolvedoxygen(d)andpH(e)every15minutes.ValuesforOdellLakeareshowningreenandvaluesforCrescentlakeareshowninblue.
CrescentLake(reference)
OdellLake(experimental)
Area(km2) 14.9 13.9
Elevation(m) 1,475 1,459
MaxDepth(m) 81 86
Landcover
EvergreenForest(83%)Developed(0.08%)
EvergreenForest(80%)
Developed(1.01%)
Inlet SummitLake Trapper Creek
Outlet CrescentCreek OdellCreek
cyanoHAB NoRecordedHistory
RecentOHARecreationalAdvisories
Table1.Comparisonofthetwostudysites,CrescentLakeandOdellLake.
Figure4.CrescentLake(left)andOdellLake(right)onJuly23rd/24th,2019duringthepeakbloomatOdell,accordingtoCyAN app(a).Dolichospermumhasbeendetectedingrabsamplestakenfromthisday(b).
Figure1. SchematicofhowtheCyAN applicationusesSentinel3OceanLandColour Instrument(OCLI)datatocalculatecyanobacteriaabundance,usingcalculationsinSchaefferetal.(2018).
a.
b.
ContactInformationVictoriaAvalosMasterofScienceStudentEnvironmentalScienceandManagementPortlandStateUniversityvavalos@pdx.edu
d.C.
a. b.
e.
