HOW a Computer Works ? Anatomy of Microprocessor.
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Transcript of HOW a Computer Works ? Anatomy of Microprocessor.
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HOW a Computer Works ?
Anatomy of Microprocessor
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Microprocessor
Millions of super-fast transistor switches control streams of binary data
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CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU runs Program Stored in Memory –typically RAM or ROM
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Structure of Memory
Memory stores Instructions and Data in an array of registers that can be accessed by a unique address value.
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Binary (Machine) Instructions
Instruction Structure Architecture (ISA) – User’s view of Microprocessor
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Assembly Code
Programming Language (Code) provides the required Algorithm:Assembly - low levelC - higher level
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Control Unit and ALU
Digital Systems split into Data Path and Control Path
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Data Registers
ALU result stored in a Register (sometimes called Accumulator).Registers are controlled by the Set and Enable Signals from CU.
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CPU System Bus
CPU Registers belong to Data Path . They are attached to the CPU System Bus.
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Registers Latch Data
Data on Data Bus is changing fast. Registers hold the values captured at different times.
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Instruction register (IR)
At times System Bus carries Instructions ... they are captured in IR for use by CU
↑ IR
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Flags Register
Flags: Zero (ZF), Carry (CF), Overflow (OV), Sign (SF) etc
Flags Register stores the status following ALU operation:
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Program Counter (PC)
↑ PC
Program Counter holds the memory address of the current instruction
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Memory Address Register (MAR)
↑ MAR
MAR holds the memory address of the data to be fetched.
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Conditional Instructions
Conditional instructions provide the algorithmic Flow Control
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Ports
↑ Interface to External World
A Port normally involves a group of registers holding data and port configuration
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Microprocessor Pins
There is always shortage of pins, so some have multiple (configurable) options.
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Motherboard
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Non-volatile Storage
Non-volatile memory keeps data even if power is off.Examples: ROM or FLASH ROM.
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Hard Drive (HD)
Hard Drive is a non-volatile storage medium .Unlike random addressable memory, HD uses data formatting so the processor cannot run any code stored on HD directly from there.
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Computer System
Microprocessor = CPU on a single IC chip
Microcontroller = CPU + MEMORY + PORTS on a single IC chip