Housing & Interior Design

Unit 2: Architectural Design and Construction

Architecture

Study of specific housing characteristics

Blueprint

Set of architectural drawings used in the construction of a building, using symbols to represent structural features

Cornice

A decorative strip at the area where the roof and the walls meet

Eaves

The lower portion of the roof that overhangs the wall

Elevation

The finished exterior appearance of a given side of a house

Floor Plan

A diagram of a home or other structure that shows the arrangement of rooms

Glazing

The placing of glass in windows

Green Design

Philosophy that treats environmental attributes as design goals

Insulation

Material used to restrict the flow of heat between a house’s interior and the outdoors

LEED Certification

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

An accreditation which recognizes good environmental and ecological building and design practices

Orientation

The position of a home on its site and the direction the home faces

Overhang

The projection area of a roof or upper story beyond the wall of the lower part

R-Value

A measure of insulation’s capacity to resist winter heat loss and summer heat gain

Soffit Light

Type of built-in lighting enclosed in a box-like structure that directs light downward

Split-Level

A modern style of architecture developed for sloping lots with multi-levels

Vapor Barrier

Materials added to walls and attic areas to help reduce drafts and prevent moisture from getting into a home

Weather Stripping

Strips fastened along the edges of windows and doors to reduce drafts and heat loss

Architectural Styles: Garrison

Named after early garrisons, or forts Second story overhanging, allowed extra

space without widening the foundation, always on the front of house and sometimes on the sides and rear

Overhang also created a supporting effect that prevented 2nd story floor from sagging

Symmetrical Design Steep Roof Small Panes of Glass

Architectural Styles: Garrison

Architectural Styles: Saltbox

Type of Cape Cod Created by adding a lean to in the back Name comes from shape of boxed used at the

time to store salt 2- 2 ½ stories tall Steep Gable Roof; back side of roof extended

to the first floor Large central chimney Large windows with small panes of glass

Architectural Styles: Saltbox

Architectural Styles: Spanish

Resemble old mission churchesWindows and doors are arch shapedWrought Iron found on balconies or

windowsMade of stucco or adobeRoof covered with red tilesCame to America in 1800’s

Architectural Styles: Spanish

Architectural Styles: Gothic

High, steep roofExposed framing members on outsideLots of gingerbreadComplex and ornate windows & doorsOverhanging roof with bracesPeople were fascinated with use of ban

saws and what they could make. This was a fad that came along in 1800’s.

Architectural Styles: Gothic

Architectural Styles: Italianate

Large 2-3 story homeOverhanging eaves on top storyDecorative ironworkHeavy cornice lines along roof with

bracketsOften have square or octagonal towersFirst built in U.S. in 1837

Architectural Styles: Italianate

Architectural Styles: Victorian

Became popular after Civil War; named after Queen Victoria of England

Lots of decorative trim called gingerbread

High porches, steep gable roofs, tall windows, high ceilings, dark stairways, long halls, and a turret, or small tower

Owners tried to outdo each other on amount of trimwork

Architectural Styles: Victorian

Architectural Styles: Craftsmen

May also be called BungalowOne story with low pitched roofMade of brick or stoneWindows are set high so furniture can be

placed beneath themCovered porch with columnsPopular in early 1900’s

Architectural Styles: Craftsmen

Architectural Styles: Georgian

Popular during King George I, II, III reign of England

Symmetrical and simple exterior lines Windows with small panes of glass Captain’s walk or widow’s walk at top of house Tall chimney at each end of the home Decoration under eaves. Especially to doors

and windows Style changed due to where it was built: stone

in Mid Atlantic, wood in New England, brick in South

Architectural Styles: Georgian

Architectural Styles: English Tudor

2 – 2 ½ story home, second story overhanging bottom

Stonework on bottom-half , stucco and timber on top half: HALF TIMBER

Massive chimney High peak roof lines Small, leaded glass windows Bedrooms on second floor Protruding second story supported by wooden

brackets

Architectural Styles: English Tudor

Architectural Styles: Art Deco

Flat roof, metal framed windowsDistinctive door decorationsBecame popular in 1920-1930’s due to

Hollywood.Curved lines, glass block wallsBoatlike appearanceRectangular shape

Architectural Styles: Art Deco

Architectural Styles: Federal

Popular after American Revolution Boxlike shape, 2 stories high Symmetrical, flat roof surrounded by a

balustrade: fence like part on roofline Small portico on front that was supported by

columns Pediments, found over porticos. Segmental or

triangular pieces used as decoration

Architectural Styles: Federal

Architectural Styles: Four Square or Prairie

Prairie made popular by Frank Lloyd Wright. Designed them to accommodate changes taking place in families

Prairies not built in boxlike rooms, interiors flowed together by using porches, large windows, and terraces.

Prairies blended well with their surroundings Made out of natural stone and other materials Four Square homes 2 – 2 ½ stories, boxlike Hip roof with a one story veranda ( porch) Faced the street and had hipped dormer in front Symmetrical, plain porch columns, little decoration One of the most popular styles in early 1900’s

Architectural Styles: Prairie/Four Square

Architectural Styles: French Manor

Made of stone or brick, steep roof line1- 2 ½ storiesAsymmetrical shape, large chimneysSome have half timberingLarge homesCurved doorways and entrances in

middle of home. Some may have central turret ( tower) for entrance.

Architectural Styles: French Manor

Identifying Roof Shapes: HIP

Identifying Roof Shapes: GAMBREL

Identifying Roof Styles: GABLE

Identifying Roof Styles: MANSARD

Identifying Roof Styles: SALTBOX

Identifying Roof Styles: FLAT

Identifying Roof Styles: SHED

Identifying Roof Styles: DORMER

Identifying Windows: GOTHIC

Identifying Windows: FAN

Identifying Windows: CIRCLE HEAD

Identifying Windows: Palladian

Identifying Windows: BAY

Identifying Windows: ORIEL

Identifying Windows: DOUBLE HUNG

Identifying Windows: HORIZONTAL SLIDING

Identifying Windows: AWNINGswing outward at bottom

Identifying Windows: HOPPERtop sash swings inward

Identifying Windows: JALOUISE

Identifying Windows: CASEMENT

Building Materials: FOUNDATION OF A HOME; PIER TYPE

Building Materials: FOUNDATION SLAB

Building Materials: FOUNDATIONFOOTINGS

Very bottom of the foundation is the footing.

1. Usually made from concrete and reinforced with steel rods

2. Must be proper width and thickness to support weight of house