Household Energy Supply and Use in Yemen: Volume I, Main Report
Household Energy End-use Project (HEEP) Nigel Isaacs ... · Household Energy End-use Project...
Transcript of Household Energy End-use Project (HEEP) Nigel Isaacs ... · Household Energy End-use Project...
Background & Overview Household Energy End-use Project (HEEP)
Nigel Isaacs, BRANZ Ltd.
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Summary
BRANZ Ltd – Brief IntroductionBuilt Environment & Greenhouse GasesHEEP – What is it? Start? Funding?Houses – SelectionMonitoring – Design & EquipmentOverview of Results & Some Useful FactsValue to Policy Development
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BRANZ Ltd.
Head Office: Judgeford, PoriruaOther offices:
NZ: Hamilton Australia: Sydney
Work: NZ, Australia, Asia, PacificEstablished 1969100 mainly technical staffOwned by building industry
Building ResearchIndependent provider of
Research, Testing & ConsultingInformation Services
www.branz.co.nz
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NZ Energy GHG 2005
Rest70%
Therm. Elect.24%
Com.4%
Res.2%
Rest69%
Res.Direct
2%
Com.Direct
4%
Res.Indirect
9%
Com.Indirect
5%
Other Elect.11%
Direct GHG(Thermal electricity unallocated)
Direct & Indirect GHG(Thermal Electricity allocated to users)
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Growth in GHG Emissions
Res.
Com.
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
1995 2000 2005
Res.
Com.
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
1995 2000 2005Large growth in GHG
– both absolute & % of energy GHG
kt CO2 equiv. GHG Emissions % of Energy GHG Emissions
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What is HEEP?
Household Energy End-use ProjectUnderstand hows, whys, wheres & whens of residential sector energy useNo change in behaviour or technologiesInterested in all fuel types
Electricity, natural gas, LPG, solid fuel, solar waterAnd the energy services they provide
e.g. space temperatures, hot water, television, radio, refrigeration, washing, drying, lighting, cooking, spa …
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HEEP – origins [1]
1969 National Development ConferenceExamine “cost effectiveness of heat insulation”To “reduce fuel use & cost of new power stations”
1971/72 Household Electricity Study1,651 houses, electricity only
29% only electric heating (HEEP = 23%)63% electric + other fuel heating (HEEP = 64%)8% only other fuel (HEEP = 13%)
75% houses were uninsulatedCooler than insulated & used less space heatingLower income, unknown other differencesCost $100,000 (about $1 million 2007)
1978 Twin Rivers Study publishedElectricity & gas use in new housing development
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HEEP – origins [2]
1980 NZ Electricity planned survey – Never happened1983 Official Review of Energy Statistics – Supported1984 NZERDC – Did not pick it up1988 CBPR proposal to Min. of Energy – Not accepted1992 Dr. Garth Harris promoted new survey – No funders1993 EECA proposed new survey – Support but no funds1996 BRANZ started HEEP
Key support from Frank Pool, EECA EECA, FRST & Building Research fundingMark Bassett, Andrew Pollard & Albrecht StoeckleinApril 1996: Wanganui monitoring (10 all-electric (?) houses)
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HEEP Funding 1999-2007
EECA9%
FRST61%
Other2%
Building Research
Levy25%
Transpower3%
Costs: $16,000 + GST per random monitored house$4.17 + GST per NZ house
Thanks to:
FRSTBuilding ResearchEECAFisher & Paykel Appliances LtdMinistry of Social DevelopmentPowerCo, WanganuiTransAlta NZ LtdTransPower NZ LtdWEL Energy Trust
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Monitoring Design
Early approach (Year 1)‘End-use’ (lots $)
Detailed monitoringAppliance or circuitAll end-uses
‘Whole House’ (less $)All fuelsHeating / Non-heating
‘Distribution Level’ (few $)Up to 50 housesStreet transformer
Maintained through HEEP
Survey 1. …. 2. ….
Survey 1. …. 2. ….
00 06 12 18 00
Survey 1. …. 2. ….
Survey 1. …. 2. ….
00 06 12 18 00
SurveyA. B. C.
Survey A. B. C.
00 06 12 18 00
“End-use” Monitoring “Whole House” Monitoring “Distribution Level” Monitoring
Year 1
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Monitoring Design
Pilot study explored variability Space heating sample required = 375Estimate with < 10% error & 90% confidence
Monitoring periodPilot explore 6 month12 months monitoring used
Contact by letter, phone or person1,687 households contacted24% participation rateOver 400 participated (some dropped out)
Year 9
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BRANZ HEEP Monitoring
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Cou
nt
Non-random (39)Random (397)
350 houses
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HEEP numbers
Year Random Houses
~400 random houses62 non-random houses
1999 43 1,200 ‘temperature’ locations2000 17 850 dataloggers2001 48 255 solid fuel fires & burners2002 100 14,000 power measurements2003 100 440 hot water systems2004 100 175 LPG heaters
Monitored Locations
Year 9
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12 month monitoring
Purpose built dataloggersElectricity
Electronic meters with pulsePower line carrier systems
Natural GasConventional meter with pulse output
LPG (invented by BRANZ)Thermocouples monitor ‘discrete’ panels
Sold fuel (wood, coal) (Invented by BRANZ)Thermocouple monitor flue temperature
Other ‘fuels’ (invented by BRANZ)Diesel, Solar Water Heater, ‘Wet back’ water heater
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Installation surveys
House occupants Household characteristicsBuilding useEnergy billsBackground, behaviour and attitudesUse of energy & services
Physical houseFloor plans, construction, insulationWater system (inc. temperatures)
AppliancesStandby, ‘on’ or ‘off’, plugged in?
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HEERA Model
Household Energy Efficiency Resource AssessmentA modelling framework to
construct NZ residential sector energy use scenariosanalyse and compare the scenario energy usedevelop energy-efficiency actions and estimate effect
Built around Business-As-Usual case (BAU)Scenario(s) change number, growth, per unit energy use, etc
Three modulesModule 1: MS-Excel Model & DatabaseModule 2: MS-Access Model & DatabaseModule 3: Output Processor & Database
Expert useRequires understanding of reality, not just plugging in numbers
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HEERA Model Structure
Algorithms developed from HEEP data (and modified by scenarios)Stock: appliance numbers and change-by-yearEnergy: use by area/appliance
Module 1 Module 2 Module 3
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Not all fun
5 fridges/freezers accidentally defrosted5 other appliances damaged1 porcelain ornament crushed by logger1 linen cupboard soaked (no more wet-back flow monitoring!)2 houses damaged removing meters2 LPG cabinet heater incidents 1 LPG connection valve repaired.4 house occupants died
Year 9
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Technology Transfer
10 ‘Annual Reports’Years 1,2 & 3 published by EECAYears 4 – 10 BRANZ Study Reports
Since January 2004 downloads:14,000 copies of Executive Summaries870 copies of annual reports (Year 7-10)Many talks to industry & public800 international e-mails
STUDY REPORT
No. SR 155 (2006)
Energy Use in New Zealand Households Report on the Year 10 Analysis for the
Household Energy End-use Project (HEEP)
Nigel Isaacs (ed), Michael Camilleri, Lisa French & Andrew Pollard (BRANZ Ltd), Kay Saville-Smith & Ruth Fraser (CRESA), Pieter
Rossouw (CRL Ltd), John Jowett
Supported by:
The work reported here was jointly funded by the Building Research Levy and the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology from the Public Good Science
Fund.
© BRANZ 2006
ISSN: 0113-3675
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Some numbers
Per house Minimum MaximumFloor area 51m2 315m2
Number of people (per house) 1 10Occupancy (1 person per …) 178m2 10m2
Number of lights 7 143Appliance power measurements 7 82Sewing machines 22Largest freezer ~ 3,000 l Televisions 9Electric hot water cylinders 15 litres 315 litres
Electric Water cylinders:90% of houses = 1 DHW cylinder 9% of houses = 2 DHW cylinders 1% of houses = 3 DHW cylinders
Year 9
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Stationary Fuels & End-uses
Hot Water29%
Range6%
Other appliances
13%
Refrigeration10%Lights
8%
Heating34%
Includes electricity, natural gas, LPG, coal & wood (‘solid fuel’) Source: HEEP Year 10
Electricity69%
Oil0.1%
Solid Fuel20%
Nat Gas9%
LPG2%
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Application to policy - examples
NZ Building Code Clause H1 Energy EfficiencyRealistic houses & operation
Standby electricityQuantify & help set MEPS levels
Baseload electricityIdentified importance of heated towel rails
Space heating fuelsQuantified wood (~530 MW power station)New heat pumps = New power station(s)
Many other possibilitiesUp to imagination
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Current HEEP team
BRANZ (Data & analysis)Michael Camilleri Lisa FrenchNigel Isaacs
CRESA (Social science)Ruth FraserKay Saville-Smith
CRL Energy Ltd (Modelling)Pieter Rossouw
John Jowett (Statistical support)
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BRANZ staff involved with HEEP
Lynda AmitranoSarah BishopSean Flanagan Mark HearfieldSusan KeddyHelen MallonDesiree PickeringAndrew PollardRodger StanfordSue StevensAlbrecht StoeckleinJeremy TriesNorm Wood
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Field Staff & Summer Students
Patrick ArnoldMike DavisAlasdair DuncanAndrew Egan Ruwan Fernanado Ron FindlayHamish Garland Caroline HendricksDaniel Jang
Lou KolffJacky LeeKen MitchellJack Rutherford Sally SimpsonJudith SteedmanNick Smith Krystle StewartGarry Summers
Victoria University of Wellington BBSc 331 class of 2004 helped with installations