Hospital acquired infection
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Transcript of Hospital acquired infection
HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION
( NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS )
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HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION( NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS )
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DEFINITION• HOSPITAL -ACQUIRED INFECTIONS ALSO
CALLED NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS (FROM NOSOCOMION, MEANING HOSPITAL ) ARE DEFINED AS INFECTIONS DEVELOPING IN PATIENTS AFTER ADMISSIONS TO THE HOSPITAL WHICH WERE NIETHER PRESENT NOR IN INCUBATION AT THE TIME OF HOSPITALISATION.
• SUCH INFECTIONS MAY MANIFEST DURING THEIR STAY IN THE HOSPITAL OR ,SOMETIMES AFTER THE PATIENT IS DISCHARGED.
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DEFINITION• HOSPITAL -ACQUIRED INFECTIONS ALSO CALLED
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS (FROM NOSOCOMION, MEANING HOSPITAL ) ARE DEFINED AS INFECTIONS DEVELOPING IN PATIENTS AFTER ADMISSIONS TO THE HOSPITAL WHICH WERE NIETHER PRESENT NOR IN INCUBATION AT THE TIME OF HOSPITALISATION.
• SUCH INFECTIONS MAY MANIFEST DURING THEIR STAY IN THE HOSPITAL OR ,SOMETIMES AFTER THE PATIENT IS DISCHARGED.
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•FACTORS INFLUENCING INFECTION
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• 1.AGE:Neonates & elderly persons of extreme ages run a greater risk of acquiring hospital infection because of their longer stay in hospitals & inefficient immunity.
• 2. INFECTED PATIENTS : Community -acquired or non-hospital infection with which the patient enters the hospital is due to pathogenic organisms.There risk of spread of infection from these patients to their close contacts ( susceptible patients & attending staff )
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• 3.DRUG RESISTANCE : the occurance of drug resistant organism , especially coliforms & staphlococcus aureus that sometimes show increased virulence or transmissibility is usually hospital acquired.
• 4. SUSCEPTIBLE PATIENTS :Hospitalised patients with pre-existing diseases , such as diabetes , immunosuppression , patients inspecial care units or with prosthetic implants are `at risk` groups & more susceptible to hospital infections.
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• SURGICAL PROCEDURES ; The natural defense mechanisms of the body surface may be bypassed by injury or by a diagnostic or therapeutic intervention such as insertion of a uretral or intravenous catheters . These are iatrogenic infections.
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SOURCES
• ENDOGENOUS• EXOGENOUS
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ENDOGENOUS
• MANY OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS ARE CASAUSED BY THE PATIENT`S OWN FLORA WHICH ARE NOT PATHOGENIC UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS , BUT ONLY THEN THERE IS UNDERLYING DISEASE.THIS IS CALLED AS AUTOINFECTION.
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EXOGENOUS
• HOSPITAL INFECTION IS MOSTLY EXOGENOUS FROM OTHER PEOPLE OR IMMEDIATE OBJECTS IN THE ENVIORNMENT.
• 1. CONTACT WITH OTHER PATIENTS & STAFF : People are by the most imp. Sources & reservoirs of infection including patients & hospital personnel suffering from infection , or asymptomatic carriers.
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• ENVIORNMENTAL SOURCES :• These includes inaminate objects , air,
water & food in the hospital.• (a)Inaminate objects : equipments,
materials ,lights ,table ,blankets ,medical equipments, floors, food & water e.g. coliforms-common.
• (b) : Urban population & hospital over-crowding is responsible for an increase in the bacterial count in the hospital air .
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• Surfaces : • Surfaces contaminated by
patients secretions , excretions , blood & body fluids , animals & insects are also sources of hospital infection.
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