Horses and Wagons

7/22/2019 Horses and Wagons

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. .

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. 8 (/ 7). 73 - . (. 3 )


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163

: . 6 ( )

: - . (Fagus sp) (Platanus sp) - (. ).

. 9 (/ 14). 72 - . (. 2 )

. 10 (/ 15). 88 -

. (. )


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: . - .

: (Castanea sativa) -(. 2 ).

. 11 (/ 17). 61 - .

. 12 (/ 3). 79 - . 29(. 2 )


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. 13 (/ 10). 78 - . 29(. 3 ).

. 14 (/ 16). 81 - . 28(. 3 )


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(. ).

: - ,

(Populus sp) (Salix sp) (. 2 ).

. 15 (/ 6). 64 - . 5(. 3 ).

. 16 (/ 12). 66 - . 25(. 3 ).


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. 18 (/ 8). 86 - . 25(. 2 ).


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.

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. . .

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13

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: - (29 ) - (20 ) . . :

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) .. (26 29) - . ( / 6,7 20 - . . 1) ( / 20 - . . 1).. 20 - - ( ), , , , . - - (. / 5, 7, 8, 16, 18, 19, 20 . 2) - (. / 10 17 . 2). ( / 11 . 2) .. , , - ... .

, . , , ... 541 24 .e-mail: [email protected]

, . , , . 431 00 .e-mail: [email protected]

, . , - , ... 541 24 .e-mail: [email protected]


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171

LIAS VOULGARIDISKONSTANTINOS PASSIALISSTERGIOS ADAMOPOULOS

IDENTIFICATION OF THE WOODEN FINDS FROM THE TUMULUS OF MIKRI DOXIPARA-ZONI

A group of samples (29) from the remains of carbonized wood, and a second group of smallsamples (20) of intact though much deteriorated wood from various sections of woodenconstructions and objects found during excavation were examined from the burial tumulus ofMikri Doxipara-Zoni. Research to identify types of wood was carried out on all the samples of bothseries, with the following results:

a. It was determined that for the various wooden constructions and objects in the burial tumulus,conifers (e.g. pine), ring-porous trees (e.g. deciduous oak, chestnut, mulberry, elm), and diffuse-porous (e.g. willow or poplar, beech or plane) broad-leaved types of wood were all employed.b. Most of the carbonized samples (26 of 29) come from the deciduous white oak. In some cases,

pine (samples with / 6, 7, and 20 seep e 1

) and chestnut (sample with / 20 seep e 1)

were identi ed.c. In the 20 samples of intact wood from various parts of wooden constructions or objects in theburial tumulus, it was determined following the application of a special recognition technique thatthey were of wood from pine (probably thepinus brutia ), mulberry, chestnut, willow or poplar,and beech or plane trees, woodland species found throughout the wider region. In some cases,identi cation was con ned to whether the wood came from a diffuse-porous broad-leaved (seesamples with / 5, 7, 8, 16, 18, 19, 20,p e 2) or simply a broad-leaved tree, due to the ex-tensive deterioration of the samples (see samples with / 10 and 17,p e 2). In one instance,identi cation was impossible (sample / 11,p e 2) by virtue of the total deterioration of thesample.

d. In one case, identi cation was done in situ on a sample from Cremation , which was from alamp-stand, due to the impossibility of extracting a small section of it for analysis at the Universityof Thessalonikis Laboratory of Forest Utilization. Identi cation showed that it was elm wood.


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, . . . . . . 2006. ( ) ..., . , . . 1983. . . . .

h d e , r. b. 1990. Identifying Wood: Accurate Results with Simple Tools. Connecticut.


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HORSES AND WAGONS

IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

I I


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177

: *

, - - . , , - , - 1. , , , , , , , - .

, - , , 2. - , - , 3.

. , , - 4. , -

1. , . Pritchett1980. Casson 1995. Pikoulas 1995. Crouwel 1992, 21-3. 1999. 2000-2003.Raepsaet 2002. Chandezon 2005, 209-10.

2. Wiesner 1968, F5-F11.3. Wiesner 1968, F 5-6, F 10, F 102. Hckmann 1982, 132-3. Crouwel 1992, 77.4. . 1994, 95-7.

Mann 2001, 82-113. Nicholson 2005, 25-116.

* . , , . - - ( ), , -. -, ( ) ( ).


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178

, - 5.

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- , , , 7. , , - , - -8. , 9. , , - 10. , .

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13 . -

5. - . : . 2 ( ), . 1 ( -), . 2 ( ), . 4 5 ( ), . 6 . 2 (), . 7 ( ), . 1 9 ( ), . 1 ( ).

6. . : Wiesner 1968, F 32-3, F 101. Chandezon 2005, 207-10.

7. , . Crouwel 1992, 13 . 2, 77-93.

8. (. 190 267) ( . 6,70).

9. : Vanhove 1987.Richardson Piggott 1982. Crouwel 1992, 82-3, 94, 98.

10. Lorimer 1903, 145-9. Littauer Crouwel 1977. Crouwel 1992, 85-7.11. Crouwel 1992, 78 . 381.12.

. Crouwel 1992, 83. Xagorari 1996, 26-7, 31, 88-90, 94-5.13 : Newhall Stillwell 1954, 197-204, . 43-44.

Raepsaet 1988.


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179

-

, . . - -, .

(E . 2) - 14. - , - , - , - . , , . . - - ( , , ) 15 -

16. , , , - - 17. -

14. , 26747: Crouwel 1992, 83 . 19,4. Xagorari 1996, 80 . 17 . 14.Mommsen 1997, 53 . 395.

15. Crouwel 1992, 87 . 440-441.16. 1978, 175-78. 1994, 180-1, . 2-3, 184-5.17. 79, -

:Karageorghis 1973, 60-8, 75-84. 2002, 158-60.

. 1 , 16685 (. ).

. 2 , - 26747 (: Xagorari M., Untersuchungen zufrhgriechischen Grabsitten, . 14).


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. 3 , 8632 (. ).

. 4 , 8648 (. ).

. 5 , 8651 (. ).

. 6 , - 8636 (. ).

. 7 -

, - 8646 (. ).

. 8 .

/(. . ) .


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181

18 .

, - , , . - , - . - - , , (), , , , 19. .

( , ) - (E . 3). - - , . - , ( ) ( ) -

18. : Hckmann 1982,10-46, 141-57.

19. , - . , , - , (. ) . -

- ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). , : 1985, 104 . 157, 138 . 224, 172-3 . 281, 183-4. 295, 240-1 . 391, 272 . 443. 1996, 114-5, 136. , : Skarlatidou 2002, 299 . 34. 38. - , . : 2007, 67. , , : -

- 1989, 50. , ( . ) 14 . . , - . ( . ), 9. - : 1989, 7. - , , : . . , ( . ), 44 . , 46 . . 1989, 157 . . , , - . . 2007, 117, 120-121, 125, 127. - 2009. . . . : ( ). , , , . - 15 6 , . : 2009, 122 . 8. - . -. , . , . 22 28.


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182

20. 21 (E . 4) - , -

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(E . 3-5), 25 (E . 6-7), .

20. , (. ), , . , . -

. 2009, 119, . 4, 120, . 5, 121, . 7(), 122, . 9, 123, . 10 ().21. 1985, 240.22. .

(. . 19) , .

23. . .

24. , - , , - . , . , , . 2009, 120, . 6.

25. ( ), ( ), - ( ), ( ) ( ). - , , - , .


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26. : - 1985, 104.

27. 5 . .. () 4 ( ) . ..28. , , (2007)

, . - 2007, 115-6, 128-9. 2007, 88. ., -, . , - . , 121 , - . 1985.

29. : 1985, 140-1, 170-2, 184, 241, 273.

. 9 - (. . ).


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184

, . -

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- - - 31, - . - - , . - , - . , -, .

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32. (E . 10), - . -

30. 1985, 104, 173, 184, 240, 272.31. . . Hirschfeld,

. . . 803 990 , - , Akademisches Kunstmuseum 16: Ahlberg 1971, 220 . 53-5, 223. - 1981, 14-5 . 29 -, 42.CVA thens 5, 86-8 . XI, . 53, . 102 104 (. Kourou).

32. : Hckmann 1982, 135-7. Crouwel 1992, 78 . 377-378. : Lorimer 1903, 137-38 . 3-4. Crouwel 1992, 94 . 27,1, 97-8 . 27,3.

. 10 . , Staatliche Museen F 507(. ).


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185

. -

, -, , . . , , - -. - 33. , -, , - , .

. , (E . 11), - 34 . , , -, , , . , ,

33. , , , , , , -: Lorimer 1903, 139 . 5. Crouwel 1992, 84 . 21, 2.

34. . , Museo Archeo-logico Nazionale . . 1846: Gbrici 1927, 322-3, 336-7, . 90, 3. Lehnstaedt 1970, 43, 71-2, 75, 134, 191 . 7. , F 77:CVA Louvre 9, e . 1, 2b-3b. Malagardis 1988, 116, 119 . 98 . 7. - . 1379 , Museum of Fine Arts 1979.618: Blair Brownlee1989. , . 10429: Wolters Bruns 1940, . 9 . 11 44, 4. , CA 3279:CVA Louvre 17, . 30, 4.

. 11 , -

F 77 (. ).


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186

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.

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39.

35. . . 9.36. Lorimer 1903, 144. 1994, 179-80.37. . Hayashi 1992, 30-66. -

: Brommer 1977, 24-5.38. : , 79: Laxander

2000, 18-9, 164 . 42 ,. 12. 2006, 15-8, 62, . 20, . 8, 20. , . - 1281: 2006, 10, 59-60 . 7 . 3, 7. , Museo Archeologico Civico 130: Laxander 2000,166, . 68, . 13,1. 2006, 266 . 9. . - Tbingen, Universitt D53:CVA 3, 14, . 6, 4. To - (): De Miro 1982. - , .

39. , - , , : Crouwel 1992,

. 12 - . , Mississippi University Museum

1977.3.69 (. ).


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95 . 483. 2006, 16-8, 38-9. , , .

40. : , .1286: 2006, 81-2 . 146 . 42, 146. , 26648: Moore Pease Philippides1986, 281 . 1498 . 102. Mississipi, University Museum 1977.3.69 ( Rob-inson): CVA Robinson Collection 1, III He, . 22, 2. Laxander 2000, 19, 162 . 32, . 13, 2-4. 2006, 38-9, 66 . 41 . 24, 41. , Muse Rodin 860:CVA Mus. Rodin 1, . 18, 6-7. - , Museo Archeologico Nazionale SA 153: Lehnstaedt 1970, 36, 103, 197 . 54. , Museo Archeologico P. Orsi 19881: Lehnstaedt 1970, 197 . 55. - , , . Compigne, Muse Vivenel 975: Robertson 1986, 85-6 . 5a-b. . , - , Metropolitan Museum of Art 24.97.34: Crouwel 1992, 94 . 482.ThesCRA 2004, 14 . 87.

. 13 . , Walters Art Gallery 48.2127

(: Bhr E. 1982, . 63).


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(E . 13, 14 -) - , - , - 41. - -, .

- - - - - , (-, 842 ). , - , - (, 21).

, , - 42. , -, -

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41. Burgon , 485:ABV 90, 4.Paralipomena 191. . , WaltersArt Gallery 48.2127: Bhr 1982, . 62 . 63. . -: Lorimer 1903, 143. , . 466:Shapiro 1989, 87 . 38 . 39. . Giessen, -103:CVA Giessen 1, . 21, 1-4. , 26241:Moore Pease Philippides 1986, 223 . 970, . 82. 80: Lorimer 1903, 138-139. Hckmann 1982, 136 G 13. , -, : Hckmann 1982, 139-40.Simon 1996, 113, 115 . 103. -

: Hckmann 1982, 138 . G 32 G 35.42. . Parke 2000, 85, 168-69, 175. Hckmann 1982, 132-33, 141. Crouwel 1992, 94-5.

. 14 - . , Giessen Universitt -103 (. ).

. 15 , - GR 1879.10-4.1 (B 80)(: nderson 1961, . 11b).


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, . -

. , , . - . -

- - , - 43 6 5 .., (E . 15) - (E . 16).

- , - - , - 44 (E . 17 -), , - 45. , , , -

43. .Crouwel 1992, 94 . 480. van Straten 1995, 21-2 . 14. . Lorimer 1903, 137-8. Wolters Bruns 1940, 108 M 6. Daumas 1998, 65-6.. : Hckmann 1982, 138 . G 33.

44. To - . , Metropolitan Museum of Art 56.11.1: von Bothmer 1985, 182-4 . 47.Crouwel 1992, 93 . 38-39. Oakley Sinos 1993, 29-30 . 68-70.

: , Museo Archeo-logico Nazionale 3823: Crouwel 1992, 78 . 26, 1. . : Karydi 1963,99, 103 Beil. 52, 2. (;) - ( . 18 -) . , Antikenmuseum T3323: Addenda 25. Hckmann 1977. Paul 1995, 8 . 3. - ( 6 . ..) : Fabbricotti 1977-1979, 161-7 . LXIc. : , - 1630: Lorimer 1903, 132-34 . 1. Oakley Sinos 1993, 95 . 80-81. . -, 81: Schefold 1934, 133 . 284 . 29 50. . , 319:CVA Copenhagen 4, IIIJ . 169, 7. , - , , 1388:ARV 2 1317, 1. Addenda 363. Oakley Sinos 1993, 99 . 87-88. , kademisches Kunst-museum 994, , :CVA Bonn 1, . 28, 1-4. Oakley Sinos 1993, 94 . 79.

45. : : . . . X, 33: , . , . : , , . Lorimer 1903, 132.

. 16 , 424(. ).


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-, , 48. - (540 ..) - . - , , 49 - -. , - . - - . , - - . .

, - 50 (E . 19), - - - 6

5 . .. , -

46. , . : , - . - . , .. (. 44).

47. : Oakley Sinos 1993, 28-34. 1994, 213-25. Manakidou 2005.

48. , Staatliche Museen F 1814 F 1823: Mommsen 1997, 47-55 . XIV. Laxander 2000,113-14 . 45,1. , Cabinet des Mdailles 355: Laxander 2000, 117-19, 205 . 5 . 66.

49. : Immerwahr 1990, 33-5 . 140.50. . Kratzmller 1993, 81-90. : Lorimer 1903, 143-44. Hckmann 1982, 133. Crouwel 1992,

95-6. 1994, 83-5. Bentz 1998, 77-8, 123, . 6001 . 1, 140 . 5022 5023 . 48-49. Bentz Kratzmller 2001. Chandezon 2005, 210-1.

. 17 - . ,

56.11.1.(: Crouwel 1992, . 38-39).


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191

, - . -, - 500 .. (70 ) - 444 .. (84 -), . - , - ( . 4 5) - ( . 6) - , - 51 - (480 .., . .515) 52. ,

- . - , - - .

51. 2004, 256-9, . 184-190 (Mastelloni M.-A.).52. Mann 2001, 238-9, 308-9.

. 18 - . Guglielmi Vulci, AntikenmuseumT 3323 (. ).

. 19 - . Vulci, GR 1842.7-28.783 ( 132)(: 2004, 178 . 68).


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, , , -

, - . - , , - , - .

, . , -, ...541 24 .e-mail: [email protected]


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ELENI MANAKIDOU

MODELS AND REPRESENTATIONS OF WAGONS DURINGTHE ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL AGES: USES AND SYMBOLISM

The representations of carts and wagons as well as the models of them are not widespread inthe art and iconography of the Archaic and Classical periods. Furthermore the deposition ofwagons and chariots accompanied occasionally by animals, in the burials of the ruling class it isnot attested in most areas of Greece, although it is a common practice elsewhere (e.g. Cyprus,Etruria).

Single models of wagons though, have been found in residential and burial context dated inGeometric and early Archaic times. They occur in various types either on their own or, rarely, withtheir pack animals. Models of vehicles have been used as burial offerings in ancient Macedonia.They are two- or four-wheeled made of metal (bronze, iron, lead) and they have been foundin rich graves in various sites such as Sindos, Archontiko, Edessa, Sedes (modern Therme),Pydna, Vergina and Aiane. They constitute a numerous and homogeneous group and re ect theprosperous local society and especially the upper class distinct burial customs. The majority ofthem date in the 6 th century B.C and they are meticulously shaped.

Although limited in number, representations of carts and wagons are found on pottery,reliefs and coins. They are included in scenes dealing with all aspects of religious and dailylife, such as rural labor, load-carrying, weddings and festive processions, ekphoras, and chariotraces. All those scenes depicted in art are con rmed by the information provided through theliterary sources.


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, . 1996 . . . , . 1985 . . . . , . . . . 1999 . , 13, 177-87. , . 2004 ()., , 15/7-31/10/2004. 2004.

, . 2002. . 1600-500 .. .K - , . 1989 . 1989, 3,45-57. , . . 1981. .. , . 1989 . 1989. - , 3, 1-11. , . . 1994 . (8 - 5 . ..). . . , . 1989 . 1989, 3, 159-63. , . . 2000-2003 . , 14-16, 363-8. , . . 2004 (.). : - . . , . 1978 . , 11, 156-81. , . 1994. , . 15 , 1975-1990. . ,17-22/4/1990 . , 179-88. , . 2006. . - . . 245. . , . 2007 . 2007. , 21, 63-8. a. . 2007 . , VII. - . , 14-18 2002 , , 113-32. , . . 2007 . - 2007, 21, 83-90. , . 2009 .

, . (.), . 2008 . , 115-24.


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a e , g. 1971 . Prothesis and Ekphora in Greek Geometric Art , SIMA 32. Gteborg.a de , J. K. 1961 . Ancient Greek Horsemanship. Berkeley/ Los Angeles.be , m. 1998 . Panathenische Preisamphoren. Eine athenische Vasengattung und ihreFunktion vom 6-4 Jahrhundert v. Chr. Basel.be m. b. K e 2001. Eine neue Apene-Darstellung, M. Bentz, N. Eschbach (.),Panathenaka. Symposion zu den Panathenischen Preisamphoren.Rauischholzhausen 25.11. 29.11.1998 . Mainz am Rhein, 73-4.b b ee, a. 1989. A Black- gure Parody of the Ransom of Hector,RA 1989, 3-21.b , E. 1982 . Der Schaukel-Maler . Mainz am Rhein.v b e , D. 1985 . The Amasis Painter and his World . New York/London.b e , F. 1977 . Hephaistos. Der Schmiedegott in der antiken Kunst . Mainz am Rhein.

C , l. 1995 . . (. . , .. ).C de , C . 2005 . Il est le ls de lne Remarques sur les mulets dans le mondegrec, A. Gardeisen (.).Les quids dans le monde mditerranen antique. Actes duColloque organis par lcole Franaise dAthnes, le Centre Camille Jullian et l UMR 5140 duCNRS, Athnes 26-28/11/2003 . Lattes 207-17.C u e , J. h. 1992 . Chariots and other Wheeled Vehicles in Iron Age Greece . Amsterdam.D u , . 1998 . Recherches sur liconographie du culte des Cabires . Paris.De m E. 1982. Lastra di piombo con scena dionisiaca dal territorio di Piazza Armerina, Gualandi M.L. L. Massei S. Settis (.),Nuove ricerche e studi sulla Magna Grecia e la

Sicilia antica in onore di Paolo Enrico Arias . Pisa, 179-83.g c , E., 1927. Il santuario della Malephoros a Selinunte, MonAnt 32, 5-419.F c , E. 1977-1979. Fregi ttili arcaici in Magna Grecia,AttiMemMagnaGr N.S. 18-20,149-70. h , . 1992. Bedeutung und Wandel des Triptolemosbildes vom 6. - 4. Jh. v. Chr.Wrzburg.hck , U. 1977 . Zur Darstellung auf einer tyrrhenischen Amphora in Leipzig, U.Hockmann A. Krug (.),Festschrift fr F. Brommer . Mainz am Rhein, 181-5.hck , U. 1982 . Die Bronzen aus dem Frstengrab von Castel San MarianoI. Katalog derBronzen. Antikensammlungen Mnchen. Mnchen.i e , h. 1990 . Attic Script. A Survey , Oxford.K e V. 1973. Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis III. Nicosia.K d , E. 1963. Schwarz gurige Loutrophoren im Kerameikos,AM 78, 90-103.Kratzmller, B. 1993 . Synoris - Apene. Zweigespannrennen an den Groen Panathenen,Nikephoros 6, 81-90.l de , h. 2000 . Individuum und Gemeinschaft im Fest . Mnster.le ed , K. 1970 . Prozessionsdarstellungen auf attischen Vasen . Mnster.l ue , m. a. J. h. C u e 1977. The Origin and Diffusion of the Cross-bar Wheel,Antiquity 51, 95-105.l e , h. l. 1903 . The Country Cart of Ancient Greece,JHS 23, 132-51.


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m d , n. 1988. Images du monde rural attique lpoque archaque,AE 1988, 95-134.m k d u, E. 2005 . Ein fragmentierter Kolonnettenkrater aus Karaburnaki und die

Darstellung heroischer Hochzeiten auf korinthischen und attischen schwarz gurigen Vasen,AM 120, 71-84.m , C. 2001 . Athlet und Polis im archaischen und frhklassischen Griechenland . Gttingen.m e , h. 1997 . Exekias I. Die Grabtafeln . Mainz am Rhein.m e, m. m. z. pe e p de 1986. The Athenian Agora XXIII: Attic Black- guredPottery , Princeton.ne s e , a. 1954. Corinth XV 2. The Potters Quarter. The Terracottas . Princeton.n c , n. J. 2005 . Aristocracy and Athletics in Archaic and Classical Greece . Cambridge.o k e , J. h. r. h. s 1993 . The Wedding in Ancient Athens . Madison.

p ke, h. w. 2000 . . (. . ).p u , E. 1995 . Schwarz gurige Vasen, Leipzig.p k u , y. a. 1995 . Road-network and Defence. From Corinth to Argos and Arcadia . .p c e , w. K. 1980. Studies in Ancient Greek TopographyIII. Roads . Berkeley/ Los Angeles.r e e , g. 1988 . Charrettes en terre cuite de lpoque archaque Corinthe,AntCl 57, 56-88.r e e , g. 2002 . Attelages et techniques de transport dans le monde greco-romain .Bruxelles.r c d , n. J. s. p 1982. Hesiods Wagon: Text and Technology,JHS 102, 225-9.r e , m. 1986 . Two Pelikai by the Pan Painter,Greek Vases in the J.P. Getty Museum 3.

Occasional Papers on Antiquities 2, 71-90.s , . . 1989 . Art and Cult under the Tyrants in Athens . Mainz am Rhein.sc ef d, K.1934 . Untersuchungen zu den Kertscher Vasen . Berlin/Leipzig.s , E. 1996 . . (. . ).sk d u, E. 2002. Una tomba arcaica in Macedonia. Nuovi dati per un riesame dellacronologia della ceramica corinzia,ASAtene LXXX, Serie III/2, 281-307.v s e , F. 1995. Hiera Kala: Images of Animal Sacri ce in Archaic and Classical Greece .Leiden.V ve, D. 1987 . A propos dun chariot servant transporter le marbre,AntCl 56, 284-9.w e e , J. 1968 . Fahren und Reiten . Archaeologia Homerica I. Kapitel K. Gttingen.w e , p. g. b u 1940. Das Kabirenheiligtum bei Theben I . Berlin.x , . 1996. Untersuchungen zu frhgriechischen Grabsitten . Mainz am Rhein 1996.


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199

.

* ,

H , , , . (.cap-

istrum ) (. frenum ), 1. - , , - 2 (E .1), , . - . - , -, , , - 3, , 4. -, 5.

, . , -, . - , - . , , , , , , .

1. . Donder 1980.Daremberg-Saglio , II, 1334 .., . Frenum (G. Lafaye) I, 896 .., .Capistrum (E. Saglio). Pernice 1896, 2-35, . -. -, . 1986.

2. . . .Andreae 1977, .6. , - , Kinch. . Kinch 1920, . I-III.

3. , , 8.4. , , VI, 4, 1. , 140: , ,

, , , , , . - , , .

5. .. , 168 .., - ( , 8, 12).

* Faculty of Classics Cambridge , , Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities .


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200

, . -, 6, 7, -8 9. , , , - 10. - , - , 11.

, - , -

, .

6. , 1, 168, 10: - , .

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.11. VI, 246, 1-3: / -

/ 1519, 1: : .- , . , 1338: . - .

. 1 Kinch (: Kinch 1920, . ).


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, - . , - . , , , . , - , , . , , -, 16 . - (. ) - 17. -, .

12. , , V, 3: , .

. 415, < > : . 3018 < > : , .13. , V, 3: .

, . , . , VII,5, 62: . - , , , . V, 111: .

14. I, 202: , . , 148: .

15. Pernice 1896, 15 . , , ., , , .

16. 99b, 1. 1520, 1. 2514, 1. , 1, 168, 14.17. 1150a, 3 1150e, 6.


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202

, , ,, , -

. , -

, , . , - , . - , , - .

. , , . - , . - .

, - , , . - , , - , - , . .

1. Brescia 18. 520 ..(E . 2). - - . - , - - . . -

18. ABV 292 . 1. rias Hirmer 1962, 304-5, . 66-67.

. 2 (: Arias Hirmer 1962, . 67).


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203

- , ,

, .. -. , , .2. 19 . 6 . .. - , . , , .3. Ashmolean Museum 20. 490-480 .. , , .4. Bologna21 . 530-520 .. - . , . - , , .5. 22 . 530 .. . , , - .6. Ashmolean Museum 23 . 520 .. . .7. 24, 530 .. . . - .8. , 25, 530 .. - . , , .9. , 26 (E . 3). . - , . - . . , ,

19. von Mercklin 1928, 310-11, . 33. von Bothmer 1957, 106, . 64, 4.ABV703, 142.Paralipomena 248.CVA Hamburg I, 30-31, . 20, 1-2.

20. .. Ashmolean Museum 217. .CVAGr. Br. XIV, Oxford 3, 13, . 25, 2.21. . 41292. . Engelmann R., Zu den Institutsschriften,JdI5 (1890),Anzeiger29, . . 29. Pernice 1896,

14. CVA Italia VII, 5, . 7, 4. 1994, 100, . 35, . 22.22. . F 248. .CVA France 5, 27-28, . 49, 8 50, 2.23. Cervetri. . 212. . Pernice 1896, 14. Wrede 1916, 291, 336, 344, . 33.ABV 333 . 5. Schefold

1978, 41, . 4. Vickers 1999, 26, . 15.24. . 89.273 (R. 315). Tarquinia.ABV144 . 4. Lydakis 2004, 90, . 63.25. Paralipomena 62. Schefold 1978, 175, . 230.26. Walpole 1817, . . 321. Pernice 1896, 15, . . 15. -

. .3 Walpole - Faculty of Classics - Cambridge.


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- .

10. Wrzburg27

. 510 .. . , (trace-horse), . - .11. Orvieto28. 530 .. . . - . - .12. . 520 .. 29. , -. - - - .13. , 520-510 ..30 . - .14. , 520-510 ..31 - (E . 4). , . , - .15. 32. . . 6 . ..16. 33.

510 .. . , . , . , -

27. . L 310. Gerhard 1840, 58, . CII 2. Wrede 1916, 337-8, 349-50, . 30 . 151. Langlotz 1932, 57-8, . 87.von Bothmer 1957, 106, . 64, 1.

28. Wrede 1916, 291, 336-7, . 28.29. . 1720 Gerhard 1840, 211-12, 2. Wrede 1916, 345-6 .., . 31. 1994, 100, . 43, .24.30. . 1691. Borow 1989, 91, .108, . 106b.BV 267, 6.31. . 94321. Borow 1989, . 142b.ABV 267, 8. CVA Florenz 5, .9, . 21, 2.32. . 1917, 476. von Mercklin 1928, 313, .35.CVA 1, 35-37, . 25, 2.ABV337, . 25 .33. . 304. Beazley 1927, 67, . 13.CVA 6, .76, 1.BV 266, . 4.Paralipomena 117, . 4. Beazley 1951,

79, . 38, 3.

. 4 .. (: Borow 1989, . 142b).

. 3 .(: Walpole1817, 321).


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205

, .

17. -34. 6 . .. -. , , , , - - .18. -35 (E . 5). . , , . , , .19. 36 (E . 6). 520 .. , . - .20. Fogg

Art Museum Harvard37. 520 .. . , . .

34. . 303. Wrede 1916, 291, 233, 244, 340, 349, .153, . 29, 1.CVA 6, 4, . 74, 4.35. . 03.880. Wrede 1916, 339-40 .., .32.CVA 2 (USA 19), 25-6, . 85.36. . F 1897. Gerhard 1858, 18-20, . CCXLIX. Pernice 1896, 13, . . 5. Neugebauer 1952, 80-1, . 35.

AV 293, . 8.Paralipomena 127, . 8. Beazley 1986, 72, . 83, 1. Gerhard, Faculty of Classics Cambridge, .

37. Vermeule 1961, . 2-4.Paralipomena 127. Buitron 1972, 47, . . 47.

. 5 (: CVA USA 19, . 85).

. 6 (: Gerhard 1858, . CCXLIX).


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21. 38. .

. 510 ..22. 39. . , . - . 520 -510 ..23. 40 (E . 7). 510 .. . , , - , - . . - , , , .24. 41. 510 .. . .25. 42. 520-510 .. . , , .26. , . , San Antonio 43.530-520 .. . - , .27. 44. 6 . .. . , .28. 45. . , . 6 . ..29. 46. 520 .. - , , . .

30. 47 (E . 8). 510 .. .

38. Minneapolis Institut of Arts, .61.59. 1994, 99, . 18, . 20.39. . Moore 1984, .1-2.40. , M. Archeolgico National, .10920. Pernice 1896, 13-4. Heydemann 1889, 264-5, . 10.CVA Spain 1, 4-5,

. 8, 2 10, 2.ABV332, .17. 1994, 100, .42, .24.41. . , M. Archeolgico National, . 10902. CVA Spain 1, 4, . 4,

5 6, 2.ABV 275 . 133. 1994, 99, . 20, . 21.42. Antikensammlungen . 1740. 1994, 59, . 12-.43. . Jr. 86.134.46. Shapiro .. 1995, 96-7, . V, . . 96 ( ) 97.44. Benndorf 1883, 103, . LII, 2. Pernice 1896, 14.45. . 8276. . Wrede 1916, 234 . 172. Haspels 1936, 141-3, .14, 1.ABV 175, . 12.46. . F 2262. Gerhard 1858, . 272. Pernice 1896, 15.CVA 2, 12, . 55, 2 66, 3.47. . 35. Kraiker 1929, 186 . 46.ARV 2 74 .38. Richter 1963, 326, . 439.

. 7 (CVA Spain 1, . 10,2).


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31. 48. 510 .. , , .32. Schwerin49 (E . 9). 6 . .. , .

, , . .33. - Ashmolean Museum -50. 6 . .. , - .34. 51. 6 . .. . , - , .35. (Chelis Gruppe) 52. 510-500 .. - , . -

, , , . .

48. . F 2266. Pernice 1896,15. Panofka 1848, . , 1. CVA 1, 21, . 8, 3.ARV 2 130, 33.49. A. 725.ARV 2 325 .73. CVA, D.D.R. Schwerin 1, 16, .19, 2.50. . 520.CVA(Gr.Br. 3) 33, . 41, 9.ARV 2 76-77, . 84 (70).51. . 506. Vulci. Wrede 1916, 336, 344, 348, 357, . 34.ARV 2 73 . 27(24).52. . 2420.CVA 5, 14, . 221, 3.ARV 2 81, 3.

. 8 ( CVA Berlin 2, . 66, 3).

. 9 (CVA DDR Schewrin 1, . 19,2).


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- , 1983 ., - . - , , - . , - , -, 53. - - -, - 54.

55 (E . 10, 11). , , . - . , .

53. . 1985, 54, . 7, . IV-. , 1988. 2010, 197. . -, 38 (1983) 2, 276, . 116. . 1985, . 1, - . . . , , , - , .

54. . 1984, 171-5, .138-139. -

, , , , - , , , . , - 4 . .. ( 2005, 28-61 Satsoglou-Paliadeli2007, 52), . 4 . . Rotroff 2007 (review 2005). , Rotroff, 2007, 129-30, Rotroff 1984. , Gill2008 , , - . . Faklaris 1994. 2006. (Papazoglou 1988) 134, . 63, -, .

55. , . 1985, , , . , , , : , , - , 4 . .. - . 1987.

. 10 (. -1985).


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209

.

0,27 . , , 0,155 . 0,09 . - 0,07 . - - , 0,012 x 0,015 ., (E .12). , - -. , - , , -, , . - , , -. 0,008-0,012 . , 0,16 ., - - .

, , - 4 . ..

- , , -, -

, , . - . - , ,56 - , - , , . -, , . ,

56. -.

. 11 (. -2010).

. 12 - . .(. -2010).


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, . ,

, , , - (E . 10). - , , - , - , . -, , -, . - , , .

. caveson .

1. .

ntikenmuseum Basel57 (E . 13). 0,418 ., 0,169 . , - . , -, . - . . - . - - , .

,

, 6 . .., , .

57. Cahn 1989, 14.

. 13 (: Cahn 1989, 14).


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2. .

Vigna Nuova58 (E . 14). , - . , - . , - . , , , - , , 59. - , . - , - -, , , - 5 . ..

3. 60.

) . 1518 (2024). 0,29 0,12 .61 (E .15-17). , 1854, - . , , .

-

(E . 17). , , , . - ,

58. de la Genire 1997. Genire .

59. de La Genire 1997, . 260.

.61. de Ridder 1913, 99, . 60. de Ridder 1915, 26-27, . 71.Daremberg-Saglio , I, 897, . 1142 (capistrum ). Pernice 1896,

11, . . 11.

. 14 - (: de La Genire 1997, . 1).

. 15 - . 1518. (. ).


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, , , - -. . , - , , . - - . . , - . .

. 16 . 1518. (. ).

. 17 . 1518. (. ).

. 18 . 1517. (. ).

. 19 . 1517. (. ).

. 20 . 1517. .(. ).


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de Ridder , , . . -

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) . 1517 (C 6708). 0,21, 0,17 0,115 .62 (E . 18-20). - , - . , - . , , . 3 . .. .

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) . 2879. Ruvo64, . . 1518 (E . 21-24). - - . 0,211 ., - 0,118-0,17 , 0,078 ., 63,75 . 0,119 . 0,124 . , - . .

, , - (E . 23). ( 0,032 0,0205 .), . 0,002-0,003 .

0,004 . 0,0275 x 0,027 . 0,011 .(E . 24).

, , . . ,

62. de Ridder 1915, 26. 63. I. Jenkins, P. Higgs D. Williams,

, - . . 2879.

64. Walters 1899, 352.Daremberg-Saglio , I, 897. . 2879 (GR 1856.12.26.708).

. 21 , .2879. (. ).


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. - () - (E . 22). (. 0,008 0,015 .) , , (E . 24), , , - , . 0,013 0,0135 .

Pernice65 4 3 . .. , 4 . .. 3 . ..

). . 2878. Ruvo66. -. 67 (E . 25, 26). 0,21 ., 0,16 0,118 . 0,097 . 68,30 . , 0,011-0,02 - 0,002-0,0031 ., 0,156 0,162 . . - ().

, , - 0,021 . - 0,018 ., , 0,01 ., 0,015-0,016 .

65. Pernice 1896, 11.66. Walters 1899, 352. Pernice 1896, 11.Smith , (1890), 358 . . 358. Walters 1899, 352

Smith . Walters Smith , .Daremberg-Saglio , I, 897.

67. , , 120 ..Smith (1890), 358.

. 22 , . 2879. (. ).

. 23 , . 2879. (. ).

. 24

, . 2879. (. ).


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0,014 0,002 ., - 0,013 . ( 0,0015 .), - 0,032 0,008 . - 0,0045 . - 0,015 . 0,007 . 21 0,006 . 0,003-0,005 .(E . 26).

, , 0,057 0,044 . 0,004-0,005 . - . , 0,01 . . 0,019 . , . - . -, , 3 . ..

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, , - (27-32). 0,237 0,0117 ., 0,096 . 53,15 . 0,011-0,012 - 0,003 .

, . . ,

68. Walters 1899, 352. Pernice 1896, 12-3 . . 12 13.

. 25

, . 2878. (. ).

. 26

, . 2878. (. ).


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. - -. , , . , , - .

0,015 .(E . 27). 0,006-0,01 . . 0,055 , 0,004 .

0,001 ., (E . 32). - , (E . 28, 30).

. 27 , . 2877. (. ).

. 28 , . 2877. (. ).

. 29 , . 2877. (. ).

. 30 , . 2877. (. ).

. 31 , . 2877. (. ).

. 32 , . 2877. (. ).


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0,016-0,0165 . 0,002 . - . -

. - , .

, , , (E . 31). , 0,02 . 0,014 , - 0,002 ., . - 0,002 0,021 ., . , 0,004 ., , 0,057 . 0,047 . .

Pernice69, - 4 .. ( , -), , 3 . .. , , -, ,

.

5. .

Antiquarium - , , 70 (E . 33). 0,26, 0,125 . 0,002-0,005 . , - . . 2877 -. .

( - ) . . , , , -. , , - . -

69. Pernice 1896, 12.70. Pernice 1896, 5-11, . . 6 7 . . Anderson 1961, 56.

. 33 (: Pernice1896, . ).


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, . , -

, , , .

Pernice71 4 . .., Anderson72 4 . .. , , . - - 73, - 74 , - ( 4 . ..). ( - ), - 4 . ..

6. .

Leon Levy75 (E . 34). . , -, , . . 0,271 . 0,114 . . , , -, . , , - . 76. - Cahn . , , 330 ..

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(279-239 ..), - . . . 1984, 42, .19-20. 4 .. - ( 1 . ) , 3 . ..

74. 3 . .. 1984, . 45.75. . Cahn 1990, 114-122.76. . Pernice 1896, 6, . 6.

. 34 (: von Bothmer 1957, . 9).


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7. .

, , 45. 0,23 . (E . 35). 77. . 2878 2879 . . - . , - . . - . . , - , . , , -

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. 35 .(: Albanien. Schtze aus demLand der Skipitaren 1988, . 160).

. 36 (: BCH 125 (2001), . 102).


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, - 3 . ..

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Asmolean Museum, 1971.88379 (E . 37, 38). - . . . - , , . - , -, - , , - . , - , - .

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. 37 . (. Ashmolean Museum).

. 38 . 3/4.(. Ashmolean Museum).


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. - -, . , , -, .

, . . -. ...541 24 .e-mail: [email protected]


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PANAGIOTIS V. FAKLARIS

K(HORSE-MUZZLE)

The halter and bridle were the main elements of horses harnesses; another was the muzzle,the . The sources preserve the name for this particular attachment, which was calledeither or . To date, this piece of horse headgear has occupied research very little,since there are only a small number of depictions, nds have been rare, and recognition, correctidenti cation and publication even rarer.

The word is synonymous with , which means muzzle. The two wordsidenti cation with each other is con rmed by the sources, speci cally by Herodian (who mentionsthat a was also called a ), Harpocration, Suda, and Hesychius.

The sources make it clear that the purpose of the was to prevent the horse fromusing its mouth to bite or eat. Xenophon, in his treatiseOn Horsemanship , informs us that theuse of the muzzle was necessary when the horse was taken from its stable, when it was beingrubbed down (with the , the curry comb), and when it was taken out to roll around onthe dirt ( ). Xenophon also recommends the use of the muzzle in cases wherethe horse is being led without a bridle, stressing that the muzzle does not impede the horsesbreathing, but merely prevents it from biting. There is thus no doubt that the muzzles use madegrooming easier, making it more docile and eliminating the risk of biting. The muzzle was not usedduring riding, or when the horse was harnessed to a chariot. This would in any case have beenimpossible for practical reasons, since the muzzle could not coexist with the bridle.

As regards the material from which muzzles were constructed, the only information we havecomes from Polydeuces, from which it emerges that there were muzzles of bronze. Beyond this,

the evidence from the sources, representations, and preserved examples allows us to concludethat muzzles were made of various materials. The shape and large number of openings led to aconstruction that was light and compatible with the animals coat, woven out of organic materialssuch as leather, rush or reeds.

Apart from rush or reed muzzles, from the small number of depictions known to date invase paintings it would appear that a large percentage of muzzles were leather. Bronze muzzles,preserved by virtue of their durable construction material, appear to have been rarer; they wouldhave belonged to the costly gear of wealthy horsemen.

Bronze muzzles may be grouped in three types in accordance with their shape and modeof construction: woven, pierced, and closed. All three types have leather muzzles as their models.


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A bronze muzzle of the closed type, dated to the nal third of the 4th century B.C., is depictedin the unlooted tomb of a Macedonian companion at Pydna. A small number of bronze muzzles

from Greece, Magna Graecia, and elsewhere are housed today in various museums. The oldestbronze muzzle dates to the 6th century B.C., though they continued in use until the Hellenisticperiod. The muzzles from Pydna and Boeotia offer rm evidence for the dating of muzzles and fortheir Greek provenance.


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, . . . . 1961 . . . , . 1984 . . . . , ., 2005. . . . , . 1994 . (8-5 . ..). . . , . 1985 . , 1., 51-4. , . 1987 . , 1, 209-18. , . 1988. , 2, 181-93. , . 2010. : , . . , . 2006. . . , . . 1985 . , 40 , , 1-16. , . . 1986 . , 41, , 1-57.

Albanien. Schtze aus dem Land der Skipetaren , Mainz am Rhein 1988.a de , J. K. 1961. Ancient Greek Horsemanship. Berkeley/ Los Angeles.a d e e, b. 1977. Das Alexandermosaik aus Pompeji. Mit einem Vorwort des Verlegers undeinem Anhang: Goethes Interpretation des Alexandermosaiks. Recklinghausen. , p. E. m. h e 1962. A History of Greek Vase Painting. London.be e , J. D. 1927 . The Antimenes Painter,JHS 47, 63-92.be e , J. D. 1951. The Development of Attic Black-Figure . Berkeley/ Los Angeles/London.be e , J. D. 1986. The Development of Attic Black-Figure . .Berkeley/Los Angeles/ London.be d f, . 1883 . Griechische und Sicilische Vasenbilder . Berlin/Leipzig.b , J. 1989. Der Antimenes Maler . Mainz am Rhein.v b e , D. 1957. Amazons in Greek Art. Oxford.bu , D. m. 1972. Attic Vase Paintings in New England Collections . Exhibition Catalogue,Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, 1 March-5 April 1972. Cambridge (Mass.).C , D. 1989 . Waffen und Zaumzeug. Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig . Basel.


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C , D. 1990 . Classic Bronzes, von Bothmer, D. (.),Glories of the Past. Ancient Artfrom the Shelby White and Leon Levy Collection . , 108-23.

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.

, , . 6 . .. , ,

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, 78000 9

.

1. Spence 1988, 169.2. , . Markman 1943.3. Vernant 1962, 17.4. Spence 1993, 180-210 275.5. ( ) , . Camp 1998,

37. 111 4 3 . .. , , , . Kroll 1977, . (. 89) 100 1200 , 700 .

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(Kaerst), 995, . iii.i, 1897.


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Anderson 1961, . 17a.

. 1 . (: Anderson 1961, . 17a).

. 2 - . , 530 .. (: Beazley 1964, . 29).


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( . 2), ( . 3) , - - .

- , - . Curtius18 , , , : , . , . - , - 19 .

. 20 - : , , , , - 21. , - - ( . 4 -).

- -, , , - , -, . 22. -

, - , - , - .

18. Q. Curtius R.,Historia Alexandri Magni , III 3, 26 ..19. Q. Curtius R.,Historia Alexandri Magni , III 13, 10 VIII 5, 4.20. . Andreae 1977. Cohen 1997.21. , . Delebeque 1978.22. , XVIII 27, 5. . Miller 1986.

. 3 - . - . - . 560-555 ..(: 1996, . 25).


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- , , 23.

- 2 . 197624, - . , 5,20 x 4,20 .25 . - , ( . 5) 26 . , , 27.

-

, , - , , - , , ,

23. , , . 1986. - 1998.

24. , --.

25. , . 1977. 1980 1985.26. ,

( 1980, 209) , , , . Andronikos 1987, . 10-11. Miller 1993, 101.

27. Andronikos 1987, 11 . 46.

. 4 - .(: Andreae 1977, . 5).


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28, - -

- 29 . , , - 30, , - , - (381-369 ..) 31. - , - 4 . .. 32, - -33.

, 34, 35 , - -. -, 36:

28. , . 1977, 204. 1980, 206-7, . 7 ( ), 8 , (- ). 1985, 46, . 7, 8. . , 2000, 59-60, . 56 ( ). , , 2000, 59.

29. 2000, 59-60.30. 1977, . 129.31. , . 1977, 204, 207, . 129 ( -

). 1980, 207-9, . 5-6 (), 9 ( ). 1985, 46,. 5, 6, 9. , - . . 2000, . 54 ( ) . 55 (, - ). (. 59) .

32. 1977, 204 1980, 209.33. . .. 1997, 168-9, . 524. - 2005, 180, 241. Liampi 1998, 55-6. Miller 1993,

57, . 127 .101. Andronikos 1987, 9. Hammond 1991, 70, 73. - , Romiopoulou Brecoulaki 2002, 118 . 2: The tomb ofKaterini and the so-called tomb of Eurydike in Vergina, concidered to be the oldest ones discovered up to now,would also be dated to this period, after a re-examination of their nds. the discovery of a coin dated to the reign of Amyntas III does not represent a valid argument for the dating ofthe monument, for it was not found inside the tomb but in the lling up with earth that covered it.

34. -, . Andronikos 1987, 11 . 49.

35. . 1985 .36. . . 32.

. 5 . (: 1985, . 2, 3).


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) , 0,08 . (. . 7412) 37) (. . 7399-7401), 0,036 x 0,025 .

( . 6) ) (. . 7402-3), 0,023 x 0,023 .( . 7)) (. . 7484)) (. . 7404-5)( . 8) ) (. . 7406-8), 0,041 .( . 9).

- , . - , , , -, - 38 .

, 39.

37. . , . 23 , .

38. . .. Andronikos 1987, 11 . 46. Archibald 1998, 199, 255.39. , .

: , , . , . Higgins 1961, 12-3. Ohly 1953,14, 119 .. Hoffmann Davidson 1965, 27. Williams Ogden 1994, 19. - . Higgins 1961, 8-9. Ogden 1982, 34-5. , . Barr-Sharrar 1987,1-2. 4 . .. Gartchinovo, . LOr des Thraces 2006, 44-5, . 8, ,Venedikov 1977, 30-1.

. 6 .(: 1988, 278, . 226).

. 7 .(: 1988, 278, . 227).


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, - .

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40. , . 2004.

. 8 (: 1980, 208, . 9).


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43. , , 4 . ..

. 10 - . (. . ).

. 9 (: 1988, 279, . 228).


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(. Rotroff 2007, 809 ..), . , .

. 11 - . . .(: 1984, 37 . 16).


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- 44, -45, 46 , -

47. , - - . , - . - . - - , - , - - 48. , . - , , , , , 4 . .49.

, , . , - ,

44. Raymond 1953, . II-XV. Prestiani Giallombardo Tripodi 1996. -

, , .Greenwalt 1997.45. .. Kinch. . Kinch 1920. , -

. , . 1984, 100-17. - . , . - 2005, 114-42. , . 1932, 5-19. - ( ), . 1985, 54, . 7, . IV-. , , . 1986, . 25.

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47. , .., . , - . . 1986, 53.

48. . .. Letnitsa Lovech, . . Mazarov 1997, 165-9, . ,LOrdes Thraces 2006, 110-7.

49. . Archibald 1983, 312-5.

. 12 Tsviatkova Mogila. . - . .

(: Mazarov 1997, . 10, 13).


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, .

- .

1995 TsviatkovaMogila, Shipka . , , -. , ( . 12 -) 50.

, , , -, -

, Dolna Koznitsa Kiustendil, . ) - - , ) ,) , , ) - 51 ( . 13 -) . - - , - . ,

, - - ( . 14) 52. Dolna Koznitsa - - -

50. : . . 36 389, . . 1,4 x 1,5. : . . 36 388, . 4,5 ., 0,8 . : . . 35703, 1,3 . 0,8 . . Mazarov 1997, 100-3.

51. . : . . -157, 2,2 x1,7 . : . . -158, 5,2 x 1,7 . : . . -160, 2 .: . . -159, 2 . . Mazarov 1997, 108-9.

52. . . Kiustendil, -171 -250. 2,5 . . Mazarov 1997, 111.

. 13 - Dolna Koznitsa - Kiustendil(: Mazarov 1997, 108-9, . 22-25).

. 14 Kiustendil (: Mazarov 1997, 111, . 27).


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, -

( . 15) 53

.

- - , Lukovit( . 16) 54 . , - 26 - , ( . 17) 55 .

, - , 1979 Kralevo Turgovishte - 4 . .. , , - , -. ) , ) - , ) - , ) ) 36 , ( . 18 - )56.

. - , - -57. , 4 . .. , -

53. . . Kiustendil, -156. 0,021 x 0,02 . . Mazarov 1997, 106, . 19.54. . . 8229-54. 1-1,5 . . Mazarov 1997,

126. 300 .. . Archibald 1998, 340, .55. . . 8230. 1,4 x 1,4 . . Mazarov 1997,

131, 128.56. Turgovishte. , . . 2304, 4,4 x 2 . -

, . . 2305, 3,5-3,7 . , . . 2300-2303, 3,8 . ,. . 2298, 2299, 4,6x3,6 . , . . 2306, 1,9-2,2 . . Mazarov 1997,118-21, . 184,76 . Archibald 1998, 339. , Goliamata Kosmatka, - Kazanlak, , .,L Or des Thraces2006, 154-7.

57. - . . .. Panagyurishte, 8,6 . 4 . .. Kiustendil, 8,4 .. Mazarov 1997, 107, 172-3.

. 15 - Kiustendil(: Mazarov 1997, 106, . 19).

. 16 Lukovit (: Mazarov 1997, 126, . 46).


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, . -

, - ( . 18 - ), -, . -, , - , .

58. . Mazarov 1997, 119.59. . Mazarov 1997, 107, 172. , .

Archibald 1998, 247-51.

. 17 Lukovit (: Mazarov 1997, 131, . 54).


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( 1), , . - . -

, ,

. 18 - Kralevo(: Mazarov 1997, 118-21, . 37-41)


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SERBIA


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,

- - . , -, , , 63.

. - , 4 . .., 4 . .., , 64. - , Curtius ( 3, 26) (333 ..), , , , - 4 . ..65

, - , - -66 terminus postquem . , ,

. - -, , - , - . , , , - , - , - -

, , - - , ( . 7, 19). , - .

1984. . Markov 1984 Archibald 1983.63. . 1985, 16, .64. , . Archibald 1998, 242-4.65. 1977, 204 1980, 209.66. 1977, 204, 207, . 129.

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. . , . . . . -. ...541 24 , e-mail: [email protected]


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VASSILIKI G. STAMATOPOULOU

LUXURIUS HARNESS FROM MACEDONIA

The abundant information in our sources about the very high value of good horses andharnesses of precious metals, as well as the depictions of heavily-decorated harnessesthat abound in Greek vase painting con rm that wealthy horsemen spent exorbitant sums toacquire their horses and took especial care for their impressive appearance, adorning them withluxurious harnesses. To date, harnesses of precious materials were unknown in Greece. But theabove evidence attest that to a large extent, extensive looting of rich burials in Macedonia mustbe responsible for this fact, given that it was primarily in this region that the custom of buryingthe distinguished dead together with the possessions that characterized them during life waspracticed during the Hellenistic period.

The group of silver-gilt objects treated here comes from a cist burial found near Katerini in1976. It was initially interpreted as a group of breastplate attachments and dated to the secondquarter of the 4th century B.C. However, the study of breastplates has shown that comparableexamples from breastplates are unknown; furthermore, the system for af xing the Kateriniattachments does not lead to the conclusion that they were suitable for a breastplate, but thatthey came from an object made of straps. It was thus thought likely that they could be ascribedto a harness, and parallels were sought; these were located in large numbers in that part ofancient Thrace that belongs to modern-day Bulgaria. Such nds, sometimes of pure gold, arecommon there, and con rm the attribution of the Katerini attachments to a harness. The Kateriniharness, unknown up to now, is the most luxurious harness found to date in Greece. It may beattributed to the nal third of the 4th century B.C., given that the dating of the Katerini burial meritsreconsideration in the light of more recent nds.


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, . . 1986 . , 41, 1-57.

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b -s , b. 1987. The Hellenistic and Early Imperial Decorative Bust . Mainz am Rhein.be e , J. D. 1964.The Development of Attic Black-Figure . Berkeley1964.

v bu , g . 1987.Treasures of Thrace . New York.C , J. mcK. ii 1998 . Horses and Horsemanship in the Athenian Agora . Athens.C e , a. 1997 . The Alexander Mosaic. Stories of Victory and Defeat . Cambridge.De e eque , E. 1978 . Xenophon de l art equestre . Paris.g ee , w. s. 1997 . Thracian In uence on the Ideology of Argead Kingship, . . (.), . 2 , 20-27 1992 , .1. , 121-34.h d, . g. l. 1991 . The royal Tombs at Vergina: Evolution and Identities,BSA86, 69-82.h , r. a. 1961 . Greek and Roman Jewellery . London.h ff , h. . D v d 1965 . Greek Gold Jewellery from the Age of Alexander . Boston.K c , K. F. 1920 . Le tombeau de Niausta. Tombeau Macedonien,Memoires de l AcademieRoyale des Sciences et des Lettres de Danemark, Copenhague, 7me Serie Section des Lettres,IV. 3, 283-8.K , J. h. 1977. An Archive of the Athenian Cavalry,Hesperia 46, 83-140.l , . 1998 . Der makedonische Schild.nn.LOr des Thraces, Trsors de Bulgarie . 2006. Muse Jacquemart-Andr. Paris.m k , s. D . 1943 . The Horse in the Greek Art . Baltimore.m k v, K. 1984 . Pntration en Thrace de lin uence conomique et culturelle des coloniesde la mer Ege (VIIe-IIe s.av. n.e.) Dritter internationaler Thrakologischer Kongress, zuEhren W. Tomascheks, 2-6 Juin 1980, Wien , . II. So a, 111-6.m v, i. ( .) 1997. Ancient Gold: The Wealth of the Thracians. Treasures from theRepublic of Bulgaria . New York.m e , s. g. 1986. Alexanders Funeral Cart, IV. . , 21-25 1983 ., 401-12.m e , s. g. 1993. The Tomb of Lyson and Kallikles: A painted Macedonian Tomb.Mainz am Rhein.o de , J. 1982 . Jewellery of the Ancient World . London/New York.o , D. 1953. Griechische Goldbleche des 8 Jhr. V. Chr . Berlin.p e g d , a. m. b. t d 1996. Iconogra a monetale e ideologia realemacedonie: I tipi del cavalerie nella monetazione di Alessandro I e di Filippo II,REA98, 311-56. r d, D. 1953 . Macedonian Regal Coinage to 413 B.C . Numismatic Notes andMonographs 126. New York 1953.r u u, K. h. b ec u k 2002. Style and Painting Techniques on the WallPaintings of the Tomb of the Palmettesat Lefcadia, . . Tiverios D. S. Tsiafakis(.),Color in Ancient Greece. The Role of Color in Ancient Greek Art and Architecture. 700- 31 B.C.Thessaloniki, 107-15.r ff, s. i . 2007 , Rev. of Drougou, ,AJA 111, 809-10.s e ce, i. 1988 . The Athenian Hippeis in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C. (. University of London). London 1988.s e ce, i. 1993 . The Cavalry of Classical Greece.Oxford.s k , z. h. 1984 . Greek or Thracian? Some Problems of Identifying Sources of Metalwork Dritter internationaler Thrakologischer Kongress, zu Ehren W. Tomascheks, 2-6 Juin 1980,Wien , . II. So a, 106-10.V ev, a. 1960. The Ancient Tomb at Kazanlak . So a.


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Ve , J.-p. 1962 . The Origins of Greek Thought.New York.we e , C . 2003 . Odrysian Cavalry Arms, Equipment, and Tactics, L. Nikolova (.),Early Symbolic Systems for Communication in Southeast Europe. BAR 1139, 529-54.w , D. J. o de 1994. Greek Gold Jewellery of the Classical World . Catalog of anExhibition of Greek Gold Jewelry from the Collections of the British Museum and the HermitageMuseum, St. Petersburg. New York.z vk v , l. 1973 . Das Grabmal von Kasanluk.Recklinghausen.


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JOOST H. CROUWEL

FOUR-WHEELED VEHICLES IN THE ROMAN WORLD

Animal-drawn two- and four-wheeled vehicles designed for carrying people and goods werewidely used in the Roman Empire. The two-wheelers can be divided into two basic categories:chariots for carrying an unstable load, i.e. one or more standing persons, in racing and ceremonies,and carts for transporting stable loads, i.e. seated persons or goods, for a variety of purposes. Inthis paper I wil

Horses and Wagons

Documents

Transcript of Horses and Wagons