HOPE`87 Livelihood Assessment

8/3/2019 HOPE`87 Livelihood Assessment

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Livelihood Assessmen t Report(Tehsil Charbagh and District Swat)

LivelihoodAssessment Report(12-18 January 2010)


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Post confl ict

Livelihood Assessment Repor tTehsil Charbagh, Dist ri ct Swat , N.W.F.P., PAKI STAN.

12 t h 18 t h January 2010

C d t d b


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Acronyms:

PLA Partic ipa tory Lea rning App roa ch

PRA Partic ipa tory Ref lex Act ion

CBO Comm unity Based Organization

ECHO Europ ea n Com mission Huma nita rian Aid Department

HOPE87 Hund red s of Orig ina l Projec ts for Employments

KPO Key Punc h Operato r

UC Union Co unc il

MIS Managem ent Informa tion System

IT Information Tec hnology

HHD Household

PHED Public Health Engineering Department


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Contents:

Acronyms

1 Introduction:

1.1 Exec utive Summary

1.2 Background

1.3 Purposes

1.4 Methodology

2 Methodology

2.1 Sta keho lde r consultation

2.2 Secondary da ta ana lysis

2.3 Prelimina ry field work

2.4 Site selec tion2.5 Design of tools and seq uenc ing

2.6 Training and implementa tion


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01: Introduction

1.1 Executive Summary:

HOPE87 conduc ted a Post Co nflic t Live lihood Assessment in its

op erationa l a rea of the projec t Hop e for the vict ims of c onflic t in Pakistan 1 i.e.

Tehsil Charbagh (Consisting o f four union c ounc ils, Charbagh, Gulibagh,

Ta leg ram and Kishawra), betwee n 12 Janua ry 2010 to 18 Janua ry 2010 with a n

estima ted population of 0.12 million peop le. The ob jec tive of this assessment is to

develop an understanding of the impact of conflict on livelihood patterns and

me asures nec essary for reha b ilita tion of livelihoo d in m ed ium term to the level of

pre conflic t.

This study is c om posed of tw o main com ponents. The first is a b ackground

study, focused group discussions, stakeholders consultation, secondary data

ana lysis, oral testimon ia ls and usage of PLA/ PRA te c hniques, provid ing a p ic ture

of the pre-conflict socio-economic situation, in addition to emergency andrec overy responses in the area . The sec ond is a partic ipa tory rap id a ssessment

(PRA)/Key informant interviews providing a qualitative account of the


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their livelihood conditions during and after the conflict). A total of 1,570 people

(inc luding 34 % wo me n) were c onsulted in va rious stages of this study.

Income groups were divided into four groups primarily based on cash

income, education & skills and numbers of people working in one household.

The first incom e group s ma in sources of income a re fo rma l emp loyment and

foreign rem itta nc es (ea rning PKR 16,000 per mo nth a nd upwa rds). The sec ond

incom e group inc ludes househo lds whose prima ry inco me source is agriculture,

livestock, orchards, shop keeping & small businesses or skilled casual labour

(carpenters, masons, etc.) and by doing small jobs in other cities of Pakistan

(ea rning PKR 8,000 10,000 per month). The third inc ome group is predominantly

unskilled casual labourers working either in urban centres (e.g. in hotels/

resta urants, c onstruct ion , or fac tories) or in the villages e.g . carrying loads, or

doing ag ricultural work (ea rning PKR 4,000 - 6,000 p er month). The fourth and

the poorest income group consist of female-headed households with limited

support from extended family and rely on income from child labour,

zakat2(mandatory religious tax) and small amounts of casual work by the

women (ea rning PKR 1,800 - 3,500 pe r month).


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government employees and 4% are running their own small and medium

enterprises3.

o The m a in source o f inc om e o f the assessment a rea i.e. fa rm ing , orcha rd s

and livestock was badly affected by the conflict with a decrease of 81%

in incom e levels. The dec rea se in o ther sources of inc om e is e ithe r nil

(Government employees) or negligible (7% un-skilled labours, 4% small &

me dium ent rep reneurs).

o On average 66.9% decrease in production of crops & vegetables was

rep orted during the assessment. The dec rea se va lue (76%) in o ff road

land s (fie lds fa r away from the m ain roads) fields is fa r higher than on roa d

land s/ fields and set tled area s (58%). The d ec rea se in produc tion va lue for

each crop is respective wheat (64%), maize (65%), rice (70%), tomato

(75%), on ion (71%), pea (51%) and m isc ellaneous4c rop s/ veg etab le (66%).

o Average land holding per househo ld is 15 Kana l (1 Kana l = 500 sq .m

approx.), out of which 78% (about 11.7 Kanal) is cultivable. 53% of

cultivable land is water channel/canal irrigated while the remaining is

ra in-fed . The assessment shows tha t b oth typ es of land s have year round


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dec rea se in livestoc k rea ring and holding. During the c onflic t peo p le a lso

sold the ir livestoc k to a rrange money for migration and fo r ma naging d a ily

life expenses.

o 42% people assoc ia ted with a gric ulture have fruit o rchards on their

land and have lost two seasons of yield with no or negligible returns from

these orchards. Whilst the orchards require regular maintenance like

c utting (inc ludes thinning , top p ing , ge neral c utting ), pestic ides spray, uses

of fertilizers & manures and hoeing, which was not done during the past

two seasons (due to conflict), with an estimated 72% decrease in fruit

p rod uc tion (p ro jec ted for next ha rvest sea son). This loss can be

substantially brought down by facilitating the owners by providing paid

lab our, use of fertilizers, pestic ides and p rop er c utting.

o The c om munity prioritizes the agricultura l inputs (inc luding orcha rds)

as their foremost need for the rehabilitation of their sustainable livelihood.

Provisions of qua lity seeds, fertilizers, pe sticides, small livestoc k, tra inings,

infrastructure rehabilitation (irrigation channels) and cash for work were

the key remed ia l ac tions identified by the c ommunity.


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humanitarian a ssistanc e to the inte rna lly disp lac ed persons (IDPs). By the end of

2009, humanitarian assistance was still provided to 1.1 million IDPs, host families

as well as to 1.6 million returnee s.6

Before the c risis d istric t Swat ha d b ee n a fertile va lley with adeq uate pure spring

water, blooming fruit orchards, good year round crop harvests, gift of natural

beauty, beautiful gorges promoting tourism and even skiing slopes and natural

resources. Swat s ma in econom y ha s been b ased on three spec ific sec tors

agric ulture, mining for em eralds and fruit orcha rds. When the milita ry op eration

aga inst Ta liban sta rted in Ma y 2009, the wheat c rop and the fruits, ma inly

ap ricots and p lum, were rea dy for harvest, which c ould no t be d one.

Upper Swa t is one of the mo st a ffec ted zone s of the conflic t a rea . Due to c lose

proxim ity and c lear coverage of illeg al FM rad io of Mulla Fazl Ullah, the a rea wa s

badly unde r the influenc e o f Ta lib iniza tion, lead ing to the p re-conflic t collateral

damages of demolishing of schools, burning/demolishing of politically elected

peo ple rep resenta tives residence, offices and shops etc . In Tehsil Cha rbagh

(union counc ils of Kishawra , Ta leg ram and Gulibagh of Tehsil Charbagh) the

political activists were targeted particularly, either murdered or were forced to


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continued in uppe r Swa t for a longer durat ion, and the b an imp osed on

farmland cultivation to prevent miscreants hiding in the fields further

aggravated the situation and led towards deprivation of the area from relief

work and thus the affected people of these four union councils remained in the

penal com plex ag ain.

HOPE87, WFP and Mercy Corp are the first few relief agencies to have started

working in this area but mainly in the field o f WASH and Foo d a id , however the

essential livelihood component to Link Relief Rehabilitation and Development

work is still being neglected. Mainly inhabitants of this area may be put in

stayees (inhab itants who c ould no t leave during milita ry op erat ion), as both the

check posts i.e. Fizagat and Khwazakhella were blocked at the time when

displac eme nt oc c urred and ma jority of the p eop le c ould no t lea ve the a rea.

Keeping in view this background and the presence of HOPE87 in the area for

the p rojec t Hop e fo r the vict ims of c onflic t in Pakistan , HOPE87 cond uc ted a

live lihood assessment o f the a rea from 12th January 2010 to 18th January 2010.

1.3 Purpose

To und erstand the c urrent situa tion of livelihood me ans and to ident ify the ma in


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02: Methodology

The m ethodolog y for this assessment wa s designed by keep ing in view the

humanitarian SPHERE Standards for food security and livelihood assessments in

disaster struck areas. A qualitative approach was used, with primary data

collected using household or key informant interviews, plus a number of focus

group disc ussions.

Enumerators carried out semi-structured interviews using a basic checklist of

livelihood issues to be covered, covering livelihood patterns before and after

the conflict, considering differences between geographical areas, livelihood

group s and sea sona l pa tterns. Information wa s ana lyzed and interpreted using

a c om b ination of the Household Econom y App roa ch7 and the Susta inab le

Livelihoods Framework8. Sec ondary da ta w as used to c om plement prima ry

informa tion whe re ava ilab le. The p eriod ic and system at ic me thod ology m ay b e

narrate d as follow be low.

7 Household Ec onom y App roac h (HEA): The Househo ld Econo my Ap p roac h d escribes how


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2.1 Stakeho lders Consultation:As a first step the assessment team led a stakeholder consultation process that

inc luded ind ividual meetings with a range of huma nitarian age nc ies and other

institutions9. The p rima ry stakeholde r at field leve l that inc luded farme rs and

community based organizations, local agriculturists, field staff of humanitarian

agencies and government line departments10 were also consulted.

Representation in consultation for the study design, field observations,

community needs and final reporting was put in place from these primary

stakeholders at field level. Whilst at district level the key stakeholders, the

Government line agencies for agriculture, livestock, small industries and banks11

we re a lso c onsulted a t ea c h leve l of the study.

2.2 Secondary Data analysis:Having roots in community through a local partner UQAB Welfare

Soc iety12, the tea m wa s fac ilitate d with de tail sec ond ary da ta . The

significance of the data may be rated as the most appropriate to be

used as secondary data, as it was fresh, complete and updated data.


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details, village rehabilitation and development plans. All these materials

we re used , ana lyzed and a samp le size w as deve lop ed as follow :

239 respondents for key informant interviews/ in-dep th interviews.

40 focus group d iscussions.

2.3 Prelim inary Field Work:

Prior to designing the assessment methodology, the assessment team spent

seve ral hours reviewing sec ond ary data , disc ussing the expec ted outp uts of the

study with a range of stakeholders, and discussing field visits reports13. The

purpose of the visits and the day-long discussions was to have a sense of the

appropriateness of participatory methodologies in a post-conflict situation and

to g auge the following:

Is it fea sible to expec t p eople to mee t in g roup s?

How a pp roa chab le a re households?

What types of questions ma y be a pp rop riate and not appropriate?

What a re the best ways to app roa ch comm unities?

Who a re the com munity lea ders that c ould ma ke the introd uctions and b ring

people together for discussion?


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Kishawra, Spee nay Ob a and Ma lam (in UC Kishawra) while Jehan Aba d,

Ta leg ram (Upper), Makkad, Ta leg ram (Lower) and Sa ir (in UC Ta leg ram).

2.5 Too ls designing and sequenc es:

The outc om e o f the stakeho lder consultation a nd the initia l field visits of Direc tor

Operations (HOPE87 Pakistan) resulted in development of tools for the

participatory livelihood assessments, to capture the elements of the livelihoods

framework that had not been covered in previous studies or by the secondary

da ta review.

The p artic ipa tory comp onent of the study w as designed to po rtray a picture o f

the situa tion in Tehsil Cha rbagh from the perspec tive of its inha b itants

themselves. In addition, by using local development professionals as facilitators

and analysts, the qualitative study benefited from the skills and interpretations of

those c urrently ac tive in help ing the a ffec tee s to imp rove their living. The

methods used were intended not simply to collect data but to provide a

structure for community members and facilitators to analyze their own

vulnerability, assets, livelihoods and coping strategies and priorities in an

interac tive fa shion. The to ols we re d esigned to build on ea ch other in an


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interests. Thoug h the de sign o f the me thod ology c annot presc ribe o r pred ic t a ll

the possib le informa tion tha t w ill eme rge .

Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the teams were trained and sensitized

about the fact that the validity of information is proportional to the quality of

interaction between facilitators and participants. If participants (and facilitators

for that ma tter) do not unde rstand the ob jec tives of the assessme nt o r trust the

fac ilita tors, then the informa tion tha t em erges ma y not p resent the rea l picture.

2.6 Team com position, Training and imp lementa tion:

Team Composition: Four field tea ms we re constituted , where ea c h tea m was

led by professional developmental workers having sociology or social work as

the key qua lifica tion. Eac h tea m consisted of five m em be rs (One w om an, and

four men). An office based team of three professionals (One Program

deve lopment, one agriculturist a nd one IT professiona l) for da ta c lea ning,

consultation with the stakeholders, trends and aspirations compilation, data

analysis and report writing was also instituted. Data punching was outsourced

and assisted by a c onsulting firm The C yber world wh ile the a pprop ria te

chec king/ data c lea ning wa s done by the IT professiona l and the p rogram


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Implementation: The assessment wa s c onduc ted in 20 villages by four teams.

Each union c ounc il was dep loyed by one survey team, which c ond ucted survey

and foc us group d iscussions in their respec tive union c ounc ils in th ree days.

The key informant interview s we re c ond ucted in a ve ry dynamic w ay inc luding

initial consultation with the entire family members, including females and listing

of p re and post c onflic t a ssets as we ll as incom e sources and ma jor expenses ofa household . The entire fa mily me mbers were tha n inc luded in prioritiza tion of

needs & actions for the re-instating/rehabilitation of their livelihood

sources/means. Later a detailed key informant interview was conducted basedon the findings of detail discussions with them, following by re-confirmation from

the same family members. Moreover, it was endorsed by the family head by

his/ he r signa ture or thumb impression.

2.7 Analysis:

At the end of each site assessment, the facilitation team came together to

prepa re the ir site reports and to com p ile a summary, ba sed on the key them es

used in the original design of the assessment methodology. At the end of each

day, fac ilitat ion te am s came tog ethe r in b ase c am p to present and d iscuss their

find ings. They ana lyzed d ifferences and similarities betwee n the four teams sites

stud ied during the day, thereb y taking the first step in agg regating find ings


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report represents the final level of analysis that draws the macro, meso- and

micro-leve l find ings tog ether.

Supervisor a t HOPE87

(Shoa ib Haide r - Islama b ad

Rep resenta tive HOPE 87-

Pakistan)

Team Organ g ram

Team Lea der

(Direc tor O p era tions HOPE 87

Field Supervisor

(Monito ring Offic er HOPE87

Pa kistan)

Field tea ms Sec tor Spec ialist KPOs (Consulta nts)

For Conduc ting survey

and focus group

disc ussion

For focus group

disc ussions, reporting &

analysis

For da ta p unching, datasec urity and d a ta

cleaning


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03: Key Find ings

Overview:

A total of 1,570 individuals (239 persons as key informant interviews, 706 in

households consultations, 57 in PRA/PLA mapping and 568 in focus group

discussions) were consulted during the study. 240 community volunteers

partic ipa ted in basic p rofiling of ho useholds and villages. The b asic p rof iling of

villages (up to small hamlets) and households has been done for the 92% of the

area that leads towards a very clear and comprehensive picture of the area.

The study conta ins very spec ific a nd p rec ise information in som e c ases while

projection in other cases is based on sample size but was complimented with

these b asic profiles, to overcom e any short-co mings of sampling study.

3.1 Human Capital:

During the study 6,400 househo lds basic p rofiles (92% of the to ta l HHDs in Tehsil

Charbagh), 72 village profiles (92% of the total villages) were developed and

ana lyzed through MIS. Based on these inputs and key informa nt interviews results

may be shown as follow s.


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Ave rage family Size in the area is 8.1 ind ividua ls while a va riety o f family size

exists in the area varying from 2 members to 20 members in a single household

having the sam e roof for residenc e a nd the c om mo n stove . The fo llow ing c hart

illustrates the va rious family sizes tha t e xist in the community.

30.4

43.4

22.6

3.68.1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

UP to Six 06 to 10 11 to 16 17 & Above Average Family SizeHHDs

`

Skills analysis:

The ra tio of unskilled peo ple was found 45% of the to ta l. The ra tio of unskilled

females is as high as 75%, while the p ercenta ge o f unskilled men is 28%.

Farming is the main skill and is used as the main income source on men side

(70%) while for wo men c ra fts are the ma in source of incom e (12%) contributing

to overall household inc om e. Skills and oc c upa tion a na lysis is g iven a s fo llow :


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Education:

Though the a rea is rural, having lim ited op portunities and fac ilities, yet

education trend on men side may be seen very obvious. However the ratio of

lite racy amo ng wom en is d isma l due to a host o f d ifferent rea sons, inc luding the

soc io-c ultura l limita tions and lac k of fa c ilities in the area . The study dep ic ts tha t

73% of the population (above 5 years) are either literate or attending the

schoo ls and 27% are illiterate , inc lud ing ma inly the ag ed memb ers of the soc iety

and the c hild lab ours in wom en hea ded househo lds. The follow ing self

explanatory table illustrates and analyzes the situation more clearly.

Literacy ratio out of the total p opu lation

Level of Education Men Ratio Women Ratio Total Ratio

Illiterate 11.2 % 11.2 % 15.3 % 15.3 % 26.5 % 26.5 %

Primary 6.5 % 7.1 % 13.6 %

Middle/High 8.8 % 2.9 % 11.7 %

FA/BA 20.8 % 2.9 % 23.7 %

Above 22.9 % 1.5 % 24.4 %

Literacy level analysis (men in m en and women in w omen p opulation)

59.1 14.4 73.5


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affecting the social capital for women i.e. role of women in decision-making,

mobility of w omen w ithin the village and support of c om munity tow ards them.

3.2 Soc ial Capital:

Trad itiona lly dec ision ma king of the village is in ha nd of a few village elde rs

numbering three to four. The role a nd influence o f these p ersona lities in

dec isions such a s construction of schools and health fac ilities etc . for pursuing

personal agendas has resulted in many villages lacking facilities and thus

remained backward. During the 80s and 90s, due to sustained efforts of civil

society and donor agencies, the livelihood of the common person improved

due to interventions in educa tion, agriculture a nd livelihood extension p rog rams

resulting in a d iminished role fo r these d om inant persona lities. In the lower Swat

areas the lower middle classes are more active in community social work and

developmenta l initiat ives. How ever in up per Swat rura l areas like Kishawra and

Talegram , the p overty levels lea ve room for the dom inanc y of such Khans to

varied degrees.

Development in these areas may be graded very low as compared with the


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talibanization adversely affected the role of village and community

organisations.

At the same time, traditionally, community participation is very strong amongst

the villagers i.e. the organization and arrangements of social events such as

funerals and w ed dings is ma naged by village com mittees. These c om mittees

are very pro-active since last 8-10 years, except for the last two years during

Taliban influence. One imp ortant aspec t o f soc ial c onnec tivity is ac tivities

related to irrigation channels. Participation in cleaning, dredging and

maintenance of irrigation water channels is voluntary. However, at the same

time, the collective decision among the villagers is deficient in the society,

though number of d ec ision makers is inc rea sed ; som e fa c ts a re a s follow.

Support of the co mmunity towards families

21.3

26.8

13.8

38.1Active

Passive

Moderate

No-Support

Role of Men in Decision Making

32.6

14.233.1

20.1

Active

Passive

Moderate

No Role

R l f i D i i M ki


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livestoc k (85% of the tota l) wa s bad ly affec ted by the conflic t and a de c rea se

of 81% in inc om e from these sources has bee n rec orded . Som e m a jor find ings

reg ard ing na tural assets are a s follow :

Land Hold ing:

Average land holding per household is 15 Kanal (1 Kanal = 500 m 2 approx.), out

of which 78% (about 11.7 Kanal) is cultivable. 53% of cultivable land is water

channel/canal irrigated while the remaining is rain-fed. Both type of lands have

year round cultivation cycles and the farmers of this area are busy in the fields

for the whole year. For details see annexure III Farmers year and annex VIII for

c rop cycles.

For over a year now, majority of the fertile lands remained un-touched by the

farmers, resulting in decrease in yield and production. Furthermore these lands

now require extra efforts in terms of ploughing and fertilizers for rehabilitation

and com plete ly re-insta ting to the p re-conflic t levels.

Orchard:

42% people associated with agriculture have fruit orchards on their land and

have lost two consecutive seasons of yield with no or negligible returns from


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crops/vegetables like wheat, maize, rice, onion, pea, tomato, bell pepper,

turnip, chilis, radish, spinach, cauliflower, cabbage, okra (lady finger), pumpkin,

butternut squash, and garlic are the main crops/vegetables cultivated in the

area.

The upper most a rea s like Ma dyan, Ka lam and Behrain etc of d istric t Swa t a nd

the whole d istric t Shangla & Kohistan a re dep endent upon the p rod uction of

seed ling s (Paneri)14 from other areas for certain vegetables otherwise the lands

remained un-cultivated or the seedlings have to be bought from other distant

markets like Hazara, which makes it comparatively costlier. A detailed exercise

wa s conducte d in Ala Aba d a village o f UC Guliba gh a nd it wa s found tha t only

in Ala Abad seeds costing 1.5 Million PKR is cultivated for the production of

seedlings for onions. Estimation depicts that these seedlings results return of 7.8

Million to the poor farmers of the single Ala-Abad village. Due to the conflict,

inte rmittent curfews during the last qua rter of 2009 resulting in no p rop er

ploughing of fields and lack of facilities in shape of seeds, cash and fertilizers

these nurseries of onions and such like vegetables are rarely seen this year and

same is expec ted in com ing sea son to o.


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150 m or more from a main road) is far higher than on road lands/fields and

sett led a rea s (58%). The dec rea se in p rod uc tion va lue for eac h c rop

respec tively is wheat (64%), ma ize (65%), rice (70%), tomato (75%), on ion (71%),

pea (51%) and miscellaneous15 c rop s/ vegeta ble (66%). Deta ils a re a s follow

below in the ta ble (the p rod uc tion is based o n samp le size d ata ).

Annu al Production in kgCrop/Vegetables

Pre Post

Value of

Decrease

% of

Decrease

Wheat 1,251,790. 450,644. 801,146. 64

Maize 567,800. 198,730. 369,070. 65

Rice 898,770. 269,631. 629,139. 70

Tomato 394,400. 98,600. 295,800. 75

Onion 1,001,700. 290,493. 711,207. 71

Pea 323,200. 158,368. 164,832. 51

Miscellaneous 177,850. 60,469. 117,381. 66

Total prod uct ion /decrease 4,615,510 1,526,935 3,088,575 66.9

The role o f loc al ag riculture shops: The loca l ag riculture shops - 12 in number -

are playing a vital role in the development of agriculture and livestock in the


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Water:

Water the main source of life plays an important role in sustainable

development of an ag rarian ec onomy. During the c onflic t the sources of wate r

for drinking and agriculture purpose were severely affected by the militants

ac tivities and to som e e xtent d uring the fighting betw een the Pakistan Army a nd

the militants. Moreover community activities remained suspended during the

past few yea rs due to the swa y of Ta libaniza tion and thus prop er c leaning,

maintenance and rehabilitation of irrigation channels and PHED Water supply

schem es has not been done in an a deq uate m anner.

The loc a lly elec ted public rep resenta tives and me mb ers of p rovincial and

national assemblies remained outside their constituencies also for the last two

years for sec urity reasons, resulting in a delay in developmental initiat ives. Some

fac ts abo ut wa ter are a s follow.

Water Available For Agriculture Use

66%53% Pre Post

Water Available For Domestic Use

77%68% Pre Post


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important source for getting milk and likewise products as well as manure for the

fertility of their land. On average a farmer rears 6-8 big livestock animals of

different types such as buffalo, cow, oxen, sheep, goat, donkey and horse. At

the same time they keep 10-12 poultry as we ll. The milita ry c onflic t ha s resulted in

a huge decrease (69%) in livestock as the villagers sold their livestock due to

unava ilab ility of feed for these livestoc k and to ge t som e c ash for da ily expenses

during d isplac em ent.

The cultiva tion of a griculture lands a lso p rovide feed for the livestoc k and thus

decrease in production of crops also results in decrease of livestock rearing and

vice versa.

Priorities of people for livestock are attached as annexure IV. Facts and figures

about the pre and post situation of livestock is given as follow (the number of

livestock is based on the sample size of 239 interview respondents).

Livestock Pre Conflict % in Total Post Conflict % in Total Decrease % Decrease

Goat 541 27.7 131 19.1 410 75.8

Sheep 429 22.0 171 24.9 258 60.1

Buffalo 411 21.1 171 24.9 240 58.4


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Household Incom e:

The incom e and expense deta ils of 239

households were analyzed in detail

before and after the conflict. All the

family members participated in this

exercise for each household and the

collective figures were tabulated in the

interview sched ule. It was found tha t no

decrease in salaries, pensions, private

jobs and daily wage labourers has

occurred, a 10% increase in salaries of

private sector and 22% in daily wagers occurred due to commodity price

increase across the country the presence of international organization and the

relief operation (espec ially food prog rams) in the a rea .

On other side the private employers and contractors are facing a heavy

turnover and thus they are compelled for increase in salaries that will lead

towards increase in prices at local level (including school fee). Post conflict a

Annu al Income

Income Sou rces Decrease Increase

Salaries (Govt) 0% 0%

Salaries Private Sector 0% 10%

Pensions 0% 0%

Self Employment 22% 0%

Daily Wedges 0% 22%

Milk 64% 0%

Eggs 73% 0%

Crops/Vegetables 67% 0%

Orchards 72% 0%


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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Salar

ies(G

ov

Salar

iesPriva

teSe

ctPe

nsion

s

SelfE

mploy

men

Daily

Wedg

es Milk

Eggs

Crops/

Vege

table

Orcha

rds

Increase

Decrease

Other Assets (Jewellery):

Trad itiona lly the wo men o f the a rea keep jew ellery as ma rriage dow ry. During

the conflict jewelleries remained at home in many cases which were stolen by

the militants and misc rea nts in the absenc e of the fam ily. Moreove r in som e rare

cases the peop le also sold the jew ellery for their ea rly relief a nd for the new sta rt

of c ultiva tion o f a p art of agriculture land a fter return.

Cash:


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the a rea a re a s follow .

House (Ownership & Typ e)

The assessment shows that 70% of the people have their own houses for

residence while 17% are living in rented houses (mostly migrated people from

Kohistan District and other similar hilly areas) and 13% are tenants on lands of

we ll off peo ple. Out of the to ta l build ings 44% are mad e of mud mo rtar, 30% are

mixed (mud a nd c eme nt mortar) and 26% are c emented build ings.

Househo lds (Basic Fac ilities)

As earlier mentioned 77% households have no water facility for domestic use

inside the house but the water is fetched from an approachable 16 distance

while 58% of the tota l househo lds have no ac cess to prop er sanitat ion fac ilities.

On average each household has 3 rooms for an average family size of 8.1

ind ividua ls. 64% farmers have cattle shed for the ir livestoc k while the rem a ining

(36%) rea r the ir ca ttle w ithin their residential area .

Struc tural dam ages

During the c onflic t Tehsil Cha rbagh c an be ra ted as the 2nd m ost affec ted zone

regarding structural damage. An analysis is given below.


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3.6. Relief rec eived and priority setting b y inhab itants:

Relief Received

Indicators Coverage

Cash Grant 12%

Food Assistance 58%

Kitchen Accessories 12%

Hygiene Kits 85%

Water Storage Equip men ts 85%

Clothes 20%

Qu ilts & Blankets 5%

Health 72%

Sanitation Facilities 7%

Peoples Priorities for Rehab ilitation

IndicatorsHigh Medium Low No

Agricultural Inpu ts 68% 9% 11% 12%

Livestock 45% 25% 9% 21%

World Foo d Program has a hub in Tehsil

Charbagh located at Ala-Abad of UC

Guliba gh. They a re p roviding food to

reg iste red IDPs of Tehsil from this hub while

CRDO (Partner of WFP) is providing food to

non-IDPs of UC Gulibagh and Charbagh.Peo ple o f Kishawra a nd Ta legram are not

included in this p rog ram. In the WASH sec tor

HOPE87, IRC and Mercy-Corps are working

in which no one is c overing Ta legram while

HOPE87 is c overing the Kishawra

individually. On livelihood no one is working

while 100 poultry and 16 goats were oncedistributed in UC Gulibagh by a local NGO.

Medical camps are organized by CRDO,

which is covering two union councils while


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Rec ommenda tions:

As an outcome of the study, it has emerged that predominantly 70% of the

people have agriculture and livestock (including poultry) as the primary source

of inco me .

Ana lysis of the source s of inc ome is as fo llow.

Primary Source of Income

70%

2%

10%

5%2% 3%

4%

4%

Agriculture

Professional Employees

General Employees

Daily wedges Labour

Skilled Labour

Overseas

Small & Medium Enterprises

Charity (As single source)

Agriculture 70%

Professional Employees 2%


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1. Peop le getting wages/ salaries (employees, skilled and un-skilled labours).2. Self employed (shopkeepers, street ha wkers and home b ased workers)3. Farmers dependent on agriculture a nd livestock4. The destitute fam ilies (having no source of incom e)

Being in the context that the WFP is distributing food to IDPs and non IDPs in

Tehsil Cha rbagh via its hub in Ala-Abad of UC G ulibagh, while ma ny o thers

organizations a re p lann ing d istribution o f non-food items like IRC.

Therefore the study tea m conc ludes that p riority should be g iven to therestoration/rehabilitation/improvement and development of livelihood in the

agricultural and livestock sector along with the mandatory support to the

destitute18 fam ilies so tha t they m ay stand on the ir ow n feet.

USHR (Zakat on agriculture 'Ushr, the name for religious obligation/tax on

land owners for distribution among deprived & marginalized classes), 10% inirrigated and 20% in rain-fed productions, is the main source of livelihood for the

poor deprived and marginalized classes of the society During the regime of


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constructed, even in areas where the inhabitants were very low in number. An

old farmer age d 91, Ha ji Ithbar Gul of Village Dakorak shared tha t The reg ime

of g rea t Wali Swat was the most p rosperous period I ha d eve r seen. The sta te

was playing the role of mother. Quality education21 fac ilities we re provided free

of cost and the Wali was so committed to education that he gathered the

consultants for it from ac ross the country, built many schools and a colleg e, used

to pay scho larship on regular basis. This a ll wa s done by him through the

dynamic system of Ushr. However when the state was voluntarily merged into

Pakistan, th is system of Ushr halted. Now the peop le o f Swa t reg ularly d istribute

Ushr voluntarily by them selves to the poor and ma rg ina lized com munity.

Orchards:

Fruit orchards are very common in the area and people prioritize to have

orcha rds on their land . This is the rea son tha t in pa st d ec ade the orcha rds have

bee n inc reased to 42% of tota l ag ricultura l land s. Thus a foc us should b e la id on

the reha b ilita tion of the orcha rds and estab lishme nt o f new ones. The follow ing

measures are required in response.


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be a pplied in field one week before flowe ring (April for Apple a nd Pea ch

trees) and the second batch applied upon formation of fruits (late May,

June). The com munity may also b e sensitized to use the na tural

ma nure/ com post as we ll.

Orchard Maintenance: Pruning (thinning, topping and general cutting);

the loc a l com munity should be informed a bo ut imp roved p runing/ cutting

to make the tree trunk healthier, good circulation of air around the fruit

and sunlight penetration. Unskilled workers (4 to 6 per village) should be

trained in Central Lea der System a nd M od ified Central Lea der System ,

pesticide spray and fumigation techniques as per recommendations of

PARC a long with p roviding them too ls and eq uipment (sc issors/ cutter,

ladders, spray pumps) for cutting, trimming, pruning etc. and pesticide

spray. The cutting and trimm ing should be done in the late winter sea son

and pestic ide spray as necessary at flowering or fruit fo rmation stages.

The skills training of unskilled agriculture sec to r workers (4 to 6) per village

will provide livelihood to them as well have a positive impact on the

orchard p rod uce.


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orchards therefore women headed households and ultra poor families

should b e focused for this ac tivity.

Crops and Vege tab le Produc tion:

The stud y shows that 70% of the families a re farmers with agric ulture a s their

primary source of income, but 67% decrease has been reported as well as

projected for the coming season in crops and vegetables yield, thus the

following measures are recommended for the promotion and restoration of

agricultural production.

Household leve l Vegetab le Gardening:

Though the dom inant rat io o f peo p le (72%) have o nly 02 rooms in the ir houses,

yet traditionally the people have large size lawn or space outside the house for

home gardening, where they usually cultivate pumpkin, butternut squash and

tomatoes etc. However no special seeds are purchased for it and neither new

qualities nor verities of vegetables are cultivated. Because only traditional and

loc al see ds a re cultivated , this results into very small in-kind return. Also in

general low price vegetables are cultivated and expensive vegetables are


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PARC (ww w.pa rc .go v.pk/ urdu/ Sched ule/ Sc hed ule.html). The support for

households would req uire:

o Training on ve ge tab le p rod uc tion (for wome n & young g irls)

o See ds and fertilizer (One time)

o Crop protection materials (one time - plastic sheets, bamboo

shoots, rope, garden mesh)

Provision of fertilizers and seeds:

The fa rme r com munity rem ains vulnerable in the c om ing sea son as they d o not

have steady incomes and have no stocks of food ration, whereas they do not

have enough resources to c ultivate the ir land s. The source of the ir organicfertilizer i.e. livestoc k have be en either sold b y them or d ied during the conflic t.

The seeds they usua lly store fo r cultiva tion o f the c om ing yea r we re used by

them for food during long curfews. The fa rme rs lac k spend ing capa c ity to rehab

the land with extra efforts, buy fertilizer and seeds. Above all the local seeds

shops, who provide the farmers with c red its a re no furthe r ava ilab le. Thus thefarmers (70% of the livelihood portion of the a rea ) should be a ssisted as follow :


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Maize (50Kg DAP+50Kg Urea+50Kg Potassium Sulphate (all

100% at cultiva tion) for ea ch ac re of ra in-fed c ultiva ted land ).

For hybrid qualities and irrigated lands 50Kg urea is required

add itiona lly when the c rop is 45cm high (July / August).

o Pestic ide / we ed ic ide

Wheat (1 t0 1.5ltr per ac re a t time of sow ing)

Ma ize (Round -up @ 2ltr per ac re tw o weeks befo re sow ing )

Rehabilitation of irriga tion system:

The conflic t ha s adversely a ffec t over the irriga tion system of the a rea . The

irrigation channels require maintenance on regular basis that has been

neglected in past two years, thus community led program of cleaning and

rehab ilita tion of irriga tion c hannels are required . The p rom inent irriga tion

cha nnels Kha iri Kaka, Kuza Wala a nd Bazar Wala 22 req uire reha b ilita tion, wh ic h

may also be done under a cash for work program. Moreover rehabilitation of

culverts and small irrigation canals also require prompt action leading towards

reha b ilita tion o f agriculture land .


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takes special significance in view of the lower than usual rainfalls and low levels

of w ater reservo irs.

Restocking Livestock:

The key find ing dep ic ts c lea rly tha t livestoc k is the integ ral pa rt of fa rming in the

area . The c onflic t resulted in a 69% dec rease in livestock and thus corresponds

to a 64% decrease in income of the people, dependent on livestock as

live lihood . The livestock also p lays a significant role in the c rop c ycle by

providing the essential ma nure for the fields and orcha rds thereb y red uc ing the

cash requirem ent fo r chemica l fertilizers. The assessment team rec om mends the

restoc king of livestock as follow:

o Provision of poultry for backyard poultry farming

This ac tivity will help in reha b ilita tion a nd d evelop me nt of ultra poo r families

livelihood. 20 birds per family will be ideal for an ultra poor family. Improved

local breed will be beneficial in this regard. Provision of one time feedd istribution w ill be a va lue ad ded ac tivity.


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o Livestoc k extension services:

Due to lack of awareness about livestock as valuable assets, poor families do

not see the importance of vaccination of poultry and livestock. However the

provision of inputs (awareness sessions, veterinary treatment like droplets,

vac c ines etc ) may c op e w ith this lack.

o Fac ilita te c onstruction of sheds:

The c onstruc tion of shed s for ca ttle a nd poultry shed s will help the poo r farme rs

in b et te r rea ring of livestock. Loc a l ma te ria ls like w ood , shrubs, stones are ea sily

available for construction. However facilitation of material to poor farmers will

help them to construct the shed s on p riority b asis where req uired . The fac ilita tionma y be provide d fo r follow ing:

Cement, sand for construction of feed a rea and d rainage.

CGI sheets for the top coverage o ver the m ud morta r roo f.

Sing le stee l bea m and wo oden planks & sma ll bea ms.

Inside insulations materials (especially for higher altitude).

Normally the structure of the cattle shed (locally called Bandi) may be erected


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recommend that the livelihood rehabilitation strategy should have this activity

as integ ra l pa rt of the ac tion p lan for the follow ing purposes:

1. Assisting c ommunity for linkages with financ ial institut ion.

2. Awareness ra ising regard ing agric ulture a nd livestock loans.

Enterprise Deve lopment:

The skilled and un-skilled lab ourers are the human assets of the a rea tha t m ay

be further polished and sharpene d for the restoration of the ir ow n livelihood a s

we ll as developm ent o f the local ec onom ic context. Therefore the study team

recommends rehabilitation of the livelihood situation through enterprise

development a s follow:

- Skill Deve lop ment and Enhanc em ent through t ra inings.

- Provision of tools kits.

- Exhibitions and ga lleries for p rod uc t sa le.

-

Linkages development.- Estab lish a nd mainta in sa le points.

1 Skills enhanc eme nt events for the pre existing skills for va lue a ddition will


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The p eople ge tting salaries and wa ges a re no t as ba dly affec ted as

c om pared to fa rme rs/ agric ultura l c lass. They are ge tting sala ries and

wages and the ir live lihood is a lrea dy restored while the transitiona l support

is being p rovided to them in shape o f food and non-food item s. Thus they

have an opportunity to reach the pre-conflict livelihood level in short

period of time. However the following measure for the unskilled workers

and da ily-wagers relate d to agriculture sec tor, will inc rea se the ir ea rning

pote ntia l and exped ite the stea dy/ time ly restoration of the ir livelihoo d.

i. Provision of tool kits to the trained workers (such as spray

pumps, oxen+plough kits)

ii. Ca pac ity b uilding of un-skilled labourers and p rovision of too l

kits (such as spray pumps, oxen+plough kits,

cutting / trimm ing/ pruning tools for orchards).

Furthe r more training of unskilled peo ple (p riorities are a tta ched as annexure VII)will help them to get increase in their wages and will increase their social and

ec onom ic assets simultaneously The tra ining dura tion may be va ried from case


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of t rad itiona l skills as well as skills ha ving cost e ffec tiveness, ea sy to lea rn, easiest

to work on it and spee dy return should b e p rioritized as peo p le a sp ira tions. These

skills inc ludes candle m aking , dying of scarf/Dupa tta , banners ma king etc ,

3. Once the trainings (especially on women side) are completed and

refresher trainings in shape of colour/design, quality management, product

finishing and packing is done appropriately, arts and exhibitions like events will

help for promotion of products at local level and introduction at various level

(including national & international). Placing the products in shops (show rooms

and boutiques) in b ig c ities or institut ions like Lok Virsa w ill help fo r p romotion o f

loc al ent rep reneurship. These m ay be done easily with e ffec tive linkag es todevelopments and referral services.

4. Estab lishme nt of Sasta Bazar (a type of spe c ia l ma rket where prod uc ts

are available at low prices) and sale points may also help in promotion of

loc al entrep reneurs. The experience o f a fa rmers market o r Me la is very

prod uc tive in the a rea . The p eople o f this Tehsil go to the Mela of Ma tta on

ea ch Wednesday. Such like experienc e m ay b e replicate d with an improved


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na tural resourc es for the ho useholds live lihood is still expe rienced in Swat a nd is

inc rea sing d ay by day. Therefore it is the d ire need to introd uce a nd c apa c ita te

the community on non-timber forests products, so that the conservation and

promotion of environment is possible. Honey-bee keeping, mushrooms and

medic ina l p lants/ shrubs may be som e examples for such ac tivities.

Conclusion:

As mentioned in the context of recommendations and keeping in view the

SWOT ana lysis (as shown in annexure V) of the fo ur ca tegories, the stud y team

rec om mend a holistic ea rly livelihood reha b ilita tion p rog ram for Tehsil

Charbagh.The most vulnerab le g roup is the agric ulture c lass and the destitute fa m ilies,

which m ay b e easily reha bilitate d by the a bo ve-mentioned program. The

program should support primarily the agriculture class by providing in-kind relief

(in fo rm of see ds, fertilizers, pestic ides, agric ulture tools and support fo r big and

small livestock), cash grants (cash for work program for the rehabilitation of Geo

membranes and rehabilitation of irrigation channels, culverts and dams) and


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AnnexuresAnnexure I:: Well being (wea lth) ranking at village level

Indicators(relative t o

eachother)

Ultra Poor Poor Better off Well off

Category Most

Vulnerable

Vulnerable Vulnerab le Less Vulnerable

% of to ta l

population05% to 15% 30-60% 25%-50% 10%-15%

Approximately

incom e range

in PKR

From 1,800 to

3,500/Month

Between 4,000

to 6,000/m onth

Between 8,000

to

10,000/month

More then

16,000/Month

Working adults 0 or child

labour

1-2 1-2 1

Ma in sources of

income

(Female-

headed)

- Domestic

work

- Unskilledcasual

labour

Child lab our

- Unskilled

casual

labour

-Remittances

fromfam ily mem be rs

wo rking in o ther

parts of

- Shop

keeping/

trad e/ small

business

- Skilled c as.labour

- Rem ittanc es

from relatives

- Ove rsea s

remittances

- Bette r pa id

formal

employment- Larger

business

Landlords


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Annexure II:

Field Planning

Purpose: Cond uc t foc us group d isc ussion & key informa nt interview s

Date Team Team Lea der 1st Time * 2nd Time **

12-01-2009 01 Sha h Aziz Ta legram (Upp er) Ta legram (Lower)

12-01-2009 02 Nad eem Rorrya Pakhtoon Ab ad

12-01-2009 03 Fayya z Kot Kam elpur

12-01-2009 04 Akhta r Hussa in Land ay Ma ira

13-01-2009 01 Shah Aziz Jeha n Abad Makkad

13-01-2009 02 Nadeem Kishawra Spee nay Ob a

13-01-2009 03 Fayya z Sha badin Hafiz Ab ad

13-01-2009 04 Akhta r Hussa in Tita i Waly Cham

14-01-2009 01 Sha h Aziz Sa ir

14-01-2009 02 Nad eem Ma lam

Reporting and

comp ilation of field


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46/ 46 HOPE'87 Pakistan Webpage: www.hope87.org

Anne xure III:

The b elow tab le/ c hart show s the p ercep tion o f the respo nde nts (based on history of rain pa ttern in the a rea) by using

Participa tory Reflex Ac tion (PRA) tec hniques.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Kathak Asoaj Bhadu Sawan Harre Jait Baisak Chaith Phagan Maahg Pooh


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Annexure IV:

Livestock p riorities of p eo ple Matrix sc oring exercise

Matrix Scoring of p eople for livestock p riorities

Ind icators Buffalo Cow Goat Oxen Don key Horse/Mule

Milk Production 10 7 4 0 0 0

Manure p roduction 7 5 3 5 2 2

Meat production

9 6 4 7 0 0Low expenses 2 6 8 7 3 3

Good qu ality milky products 7 8 5 0 0 0

Plough in the fields 0 4 0 10 2 0

Low Price 1 3 8 2 4 1

Load carrying 0 0 0 0 8 9

Transport 0 0 0 0 5 8Reproduction/breeding 4 5 8 0 0 0

Increase in income 8 5 6 9 4 5

Total 48 49 46 40 28 28


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Annexure V:

SWOTAna lysis of livelihood c a teg ories:

SWOTPeople getting

wag es/ salariesSelf em ploym ent The Ag riculture Class Destitute Fam ilies

Strength

Getting salaries/wages

after conflict, income is

coming

Experienc e o f b usiness

management, some

assets.

Agricultural land a nd

skilled human resources,

enoug h experience

Sympa thy of pe ople

Weaknesses

Lac k of skills is resulting in

low wa ges for unskilledlabourers

Lac k of p rofessiona l

trainings, waiting forgovt compensations

No prop er farming in

past two seasons, lackof seeds, fertilizers,

equipment etc.

No skilled pe rson a t

home , no male ad ult forincom e generation

Opportunities

Demand of labour is

increasing, resulting in

increasing wag es

WFP is sub sid izing food

need of the household

and Govt is providing

compensations

Loa ns a re righ t off fo r

ag ric ulture loa ns taken

from ba nks

Benazir Income support

Program (BISP) is

functiona l for supp ort,

NGOs are giving p riority

Threats

High paid sta ff in NGOs,

INGO a nd UN ma y

cause

Waiting fo r Govt

com pe nsation m ay spo il

the business further.

Produc tion level will be

low in c om ing sea sonsdue to c urrent low

fertility o f land

May be neglected by

co mm unity lea de rs

during surveys.


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Livelihood Assessmen t Report(Tehsil Charbagh District Swat)

Annexure VI:

List of trainings for the improvement o f agriculture a nd livestock farming:

Soil management with focus on enhancing soil organic matter, green manuring and leaching

methods, composting techniques

Seed treatment techniques

Pest Management

Water saving irrigation methods Geo Membrane etc

Improved breeds, feeding

Systems and disease management (incl. vaccination)

Fodder crops

Bio-fertilizers and effective Microorganism (EM) usage

Improved agronomic practices for groundnut cultivation

Post harvest technology and value addition

Orc hard ma nagem ent

Livestock extension worker training

Agriculture extension worker training

Bac kyard p oultry manag ement


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Annexure VII:

The unskilled peop le of this area p rioritized the following training need s.

Tailoring , cutt ing and stitching

Crochet

Knitting

Embroidery

Beadwork

Pap er ba gs

Book b ind ing

Pic kle making

Jam jellies

Dete rgent, soa p m aking

Cooking

Ca ndle making

Greeting cards


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Annex VIII Crop Cyc le

Cultivation Harvesting Cultivation Harvesting Urea DAP Potash Super Ammonium1 Wheat Direct N/A N/A Nov-Dec June-Jul 45-50 Saleem 2000 37.5 50 50

Maize Direct N/A N/A May-early Oct-Nov 12 to 16 Azam & Nil 50 50Maize Direct N/A N/A Ma -June October 16 to 20 Azam & 50 50 50

3 Paddy (Rice) Transplantm May June/July June/July September 5 JP-05 , 50 50 Nil1 Pea* Direct N/A N/A Dec-Jan Feb-Mar 20-25 Super Climax 50 Nil 50 75

2 Onion Transplantm Jan/Feb Dec-Jan Dec-Jan July-Aug 4 Local 25 150 1003 Tomato* Transplantm Ma -June June-Jul June-Jul Oct-Nov 0.5 Rio Grand, 50 75 504 Turnip* Direct N/A N/A March/April May-June 1 Purple Top 50 506 Lad Fin er Direct N/A N/A Mar-April June- ul 5 Local, Sabaz 50 150 507 Cabbage Transplantm Mar-April May May June-july 0.75 Cent Korea, 50 50 1508 Spinach Direct N/A N/A Nov-Dec Mar-Ma 5 Kandiari, 50 50

* Pea Direct N/A N/A June-Jul Au -Sep 20 to 25 Super Climax 50 Nil 50 75* Tomato Direct N/A N/A March June-july .5 KG Rio Grand, 50 75 50* Turnip Direct N/A N/A Jul -Au Oct-Nov 01 KG Purple Top 50 50* Cabbage Transplantm Aug Sep Sep Nov-Dec .75 KG Cent Korea, 50 50 150* Spinach Direct N/A N/A June-Jul Oct-Dec 05 KG Kandiari, 50 50

2

S. no NameCultivation

Method

Saplings/Bed Nurseries Crop Cycle Seed

Quantit (K

Variety of

Seeds

Fertilizer Quantity

HOPE`87 Livelihood Assessment

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