Honors Biology

Module 13 – Phylum Chordata

Vertebrate Animals

March 6, 2014

4-H Caterpillars

March 6, 2014 Quiz 22

Identify the following:

Identify this ArthropodaHint: Class Diplopoda

Identify this ArthropodaHint: Class Chilopoda

A. B.

C. D.

Draw and label the Life cycle of the Mosquito

Draw and label Complete Metamorphosis

Draw and Label Incomplete Metamorphosis

Identify the following Native Insects

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

1. Millipede

2. Centipede

A. Leather wings

B. Membranous wings

C. Scaled wings

D. Horny wings

Florida Native Insects1. damselfly

2. dragonfly

3. butterfly

4. termite

5. scorpion

6. earwig

7. grasshopper

8. cricket

9. honeybee

10. Wolf spider

Phylum ChordataFish, reptiles, and mammals …..all animals with a

backbone are found in this phylum.

A vertebrae are segments of bone or some other hard substance that are arranged into a backbone.

Notochord

Some creatures have a notochord which is a tough, flexible material that runs the length of the body, providing the majority of its support.

Phylum Chordata Have so much diversity that it must be split into three

subphyla:1. Subphylum Urochordata contains those creatures that

have a notochord through larva stage but then the notochord actually disappears in the adult stage. Fig. 13.1

2. Subphylum Cephalochordata holds those organisms that have notochords throughout their entire lives. Fig 13.2

3. Subphylum Vertebrata is made up of those vertebrates that have a notochord during their early development, but it turns into a true backbone before the animals are born or hatched. This group is usually referred to as “vertebrates.”

Not only do organisms have some kind of backbone, but they also have a dorsal nerve cord.

Remember ….

Arthropods have nerve cords on the ventral side of their bodies.

Chordates have the nerve cords on the dorsal side of their bodies.

Vertebrae actually encase the nerve chord, providing optimum protection.

The Endoskeleton

Unlike arthropods which support their bodies with an exoskeleton, vertebrates get their bodily support from an endoskeleton.

A skeleton on the inside of a creature’s body, typically composed of bone or cartilage.

See figure 13.3

Bones are made up of…

Living cells surrounded by a hard substance called bone matrix.

There are 3 types of bone cells:1. Osteoblasts: promote the formation of bone

tissue by producing the bone matrix.2. Osteocytes: are mature bone cells that are

surrounded by bone matrix. Bones actually grow and reshape as the vertebrate grows and as its support needs change.

3. Osteoclasts: able to break down bone tissue to liberate minerals that are stored in there.

Figure 13.3

Types of bone tissues: both containing collegen mixed with calcium-containing salts that harden the tisue.

1. Compact bone tissue: is able to withstand strong shocks.

2. Spongy bone tissue: This is quite strong and provides support without adding a lot of weight.

Periosteum

The compact and spongy bone tissue are both surrounded by a dense membrane called periosteum. This is the layer contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrient to the cells in the bone.

The blood vessels travel through a series of interconnecting canals that are woven throughout the bone.

It also contains nerves. When you break a bone, these nerves send pain signals to your brain.

Bone MarrowIs the very center of the bone. It contains

soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells.

CartilageIs composed of collagen fibers like bone

tissue, but the collagen is slightly different. Cartilage is not reinforced with calcium salts so it makes it more flexible than bone, but it is also weaker.

Figure 13.4

Axial Skeleton: The portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the head, neck and trunk.

Appendicular Skeleton: The portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it.

Circulatory SystemVertebrates have a closed circulatory system in which

the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels.

Arteries: blood vessels that carry blood away from heart. Capillaries: Tiny, thin walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients from blood and cells. Vein: blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

The Nervous SystemFigure 13.5

The nervous system is controlled by the brain. Brains are segmented into five different lobes:

1. Olfactory: receives signals from the receptors in the nose.2. Cerebrum: integrates sensory information and coordinate

the creature’s response to that information.3. Optic: receives signals from the receptors in the eye.4. Cerebellum: controls involuntary actions and refines

muscle movement.5. Medulla oblongata: coordinates vital functions, such as

those of the circulatory and respiratory systems, and transports signals from the brain to the spinal cord.

All the lobes except the cerebellum

Come in pairs, each with a right and a left lobe.

Volunteer to read page 400 (last paragraph – 401 paragraph 1 & 2 )

Reproduction

In all vertebrates, sexes are separate.Males have testes that produce sperm andFemales have ovaries that produce eggs.Two types of fertilization:1. Internal: the male places sperm inside the

female’s body, where eggs are fertilized. (mostly in land-dwelling vertebrates)

2. External: the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the female’s body. (mostly in aquatic vertebrates)

Development takes place either by:

1. Oviparous : occurs in an egg that is hatched outside the female’s body (birds);

2. Ovoviviparous: occurs in an egg that is hatched inside the female’s body (guppies);

3. Viviparous: occurs inside the female, allowing the offspring to gain nutrients and vital substances from the mother through a placenta (mammals).

The textbook discusses:

1. Sharks

2. Rays and skates

We will hopefully be dissecting them later this year in class.

Virtual Frog Dissection

Part 1:

http://youtu.be/u-LqS5AVRio

Part 2:

http://youtu.be/bOJyhk4QZvc

Experiment 13.1

Bony Fish Dissection

Object: to become more familiar with the anatomy of a bony fish through dissection.

HomeworkRemember next week is Spring

Break

1. Finish reading Module 13

2. Answer OYO 13.1 to 13.21

3. Answer Study Guide Question – All

4. Finish lab 13.1

5. Complete the virtual dissection of the Frog in your lab book.

6. Quiz : 4-H Pledge; 3 subphyla of Chordata

7. On March 20 we will be reviewing Mod 13 OYO questions and Study Guide questions