Honors Biology Fall Semester MILESTONE Study Guide

ANSWERS

1

• Know these definitions…

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• Hypothesis:

If plants grow better in acidic soil, then if I add vinegar to the water I use to water the plants, they should grow more than the control plants do.

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• Independent variable:

Vinegar

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Dependent Variable:

Plant growth (cm)

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• Constants:

• Same amount/type of soil

• Same size pot

• Same number of plants in each group

• Same time for experiment in each group

• Same amount of water

• Same location = Same amount of sunlight

• Same sized plants to begin

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• Control group:

• Plants receiving regular water

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• Experimental Group:

• Plants receiving the vinegar water

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• Any questions?

3 – Graph 1

Based on the graph, what is the optimal depth for photosynthesis in this plant?

A.) 5m, because at this point there is a positive slope to the graph, indicating photosynthesis is speeding up.

B.) 10m, because this is the highest number of bubbles produced, indicating max photosynthesis.

C.) 25m, because the slope is negative at this point, indicating that photosynthesis is increasing.

D.) 30m, because at this depth the plant is receiving maximum sunlight.

3 – Graph 2

Based on this graph, what can be concluded regarding the effects of temperature on flatworm populations in this stream?

A.) As temperature increases, the number of flatworms in the population decreases. This suggests higher temperatures are detrimental to flatworms.

B.) As temperature increases, flatworm population also increasing. This suggests flatworms prefer high temperatures.

C.) Flatworms can survive equally well over a wide range of temperatures.

D.) Temperature has no effect on flatworm populations.

3 – Graph 3Graph 3 shows the growth data for baby badgers. Based on the graph, which of the following is a valid conclusion regarding this data?

A.) Badgers do not increase their weight after 10 months old.

B.) The baby badger increases its mass by approximately 1kg/month of development.

C.) Baby badgers gain weight slowly, so their diet does not significantly impact their weight gain.

D.) Badgers have a lifespan of 10 months.

3 – Graph 4Graph 4 shows antibody production over time for a particular virus after receiving vaccination. Antibodies are immune proteins that help the body fight illnesses caused by viruses and bacteria.

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following is a valid statement regarding vaccines?

A.) You can effectively fight off the virus immediately after receiving the vaccine.

B.) Antibody production is the greatest between 5-10 days after vaccination.

C.) Vaccines give you the viral illness, because antibody levels increase during the viral infection.

D.) All vaccines are equally effective at treating illnesses.

3 – Graph 5Graph 5 shows how Animal 1 and Animal 2 responded to increasing solute concentrations. Based on the graph, what can you conclude about Animal 1 vs Animal 2?

A.) Animal 1 is better than Animal 2 at regulating water loss due to increasing solute concentrations.

B.) Animal 2 is better than Animal 1 at regulating water loss due to increasing solute concentrations.

C.) Animal 2 and Animal 1 are equally effective at regulating osmosis within their cells.

D.) Animal 1 is likely a to survive longer than Animal 2 in hypertonic environments.

3 – Graph 6Methyl Mercury is a potent neurotoxin commonly found in fish. It can lead to illness in humans if overly consumed. Certain types of fish are known to have higher levels of mercury. Based on the chart below and the graph shown on the right, which type of fish is safest for frequent human consumption?

A.) SwordfishB.) TilapiaC.) Canned TunaD.) Catfish

Type of Fish Concentration of Methyl Mercury (ppm/Oz)

Swordfish 0.995

Canned Tuna 0.350

Catfish 0.025

Tilapia 0.013

4

• 1.) All living things are made of cells.

• 2.) Cells are the most basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.

• 3.) All cells come from pre-existing cells.

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Prokaryote Only Both Eukaryotes Only

All are Microscopic Cell membrane made of phospholipids & proteins

Range from microscopic to macroscopic

no nucleus Ribosomes Some have cell walls

no membrane-bound organelles DNA Have membrane-bound organelles

all have cell walls Cytoplasm Have a nucleus

Example: Bacteria Exhibit all of the characteristics of life

Examples: Animals, plants, fungi, protists

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PLANTS ONLY BOTH ANIMALS ONLY

Have a cell wall made of cellulose Cell membrane made of phospholipids

Have lysosomes

Have a large central vacuole Nucleus Have centrioles

Have chloroplasts Mitochondria No cell walls

ER (both smooth and rough)

Ribosomes

Golgi, vesicles, cytoplasm, DNA

7 Organelle Function Plant Animal All cells

Nucleus Store & protect the DNA X X

Nucleolus Make ribosomes X X

Ribosome Protein synthesis X

GolgiApparatus/Body

Modify, package and send proteins to their final destination

X X

Mitochondria Make ATP energy for the cell via cell respiration X X

Chloroplast Make sugar for autotrophs via photosynthesis X

Cell Membrane Regulate what enters/leaves the cell X

Smooth ER Makes lipids; detoxifies poisons X X

Rough ER Puts proteins made in attached ribosomes into vesicles

X X

Lysosome Clean up cell trash, foreign particles X

Cell Wall made of Cellulose

Provide structural support to the cell X

Vesicle Used to transport items in/out/throughout the cell X X

Central Vacuole Stores water/minerals/nutrients X

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• A bilayer of phospholipids with proteins embedded within the membrane.

• Proteins serve (mainly) as doorways/pumps for cell transport

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Cell Transport Type Passive or Active Substance Moved

Simple Diffusion P Gases

Osmosis P Water

Facilitated Diffusion P Glucose

Sodium/Potassium Pump A Uhh…sodium and potassium.

Endocytosis A Large solids or liquid globules moved into the cell

Exocytosis A Solids/hormones moved OUT of the cell

Remember:

*** Passive Transport moves molecules from high to low concentrations (down/with the gradient)*** Active Transport moves molecules from low to high concentrations (up/against the gradient)

10.)

• Substrate = reactant in an enzymatic reaction.

• Enzyme = a protein that acts as a catalyst.

• Active Site = area on an enzyme where the substrate attaches.

• Activation energy = amount of energy needed to be added to reactants to get a chemical reaction to occur.

10…

• Reactant = the beginning materials in a reaction.

• Product = what is made at the end of a reaction.

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• Enzymes lower the activation energy of the reaction.

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• Enzymes are considered catalysts because they make it more likely that the reaction will occur, thereby making the reaction happen faster.

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• Enzymes are specific to a particular substrate. The shape of the active site matches the shape of the substrate that the enzymes works with.

• This is much like the shape of keys for particular locks…

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• pH changes• Denatures the enzyme; reaction does not occur

• High temperatures• Denatures the enzyme; reaction does not occur

• Salty conditions• Denatures the enzyme; reaction does not occur

• Cold conditions• Don’t affect the enzyme…they just slow down the motion of the molecules, so the substrates are bumping

into the enzymes less frequently = reaction happens more slowly.

• Amount of Substrate• Doesn’t affect the enzyme, but if substrate levels are low, reaction rate is low because enzyme does not have

much to work with.

15. Exergonic

15. Endergonic

16 Macromolecule Monomer Examples Functions

Carbohydrate Monosaccharide (e.g. glucose)

Glucose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

1.) PROVIDE ENERGY!!!!!!!!!2.) Store energy for short time periods (a few hours)3.) Structural support in plants

Lipid No true monomers…but are made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Fats, oils, waxes, steroids, cholesterol

1.) STORE ENERGY for long periods of time (weeks/months)2.) Waterproof membranes3.) chemical messengers4.) insulation

Protein Amino Acids Antibodies, transport proteins, structural proteins (make bone/muscle), ENZYMES!

1.) Structural support2.) Catalysts (enzymes!)3.) fight infections (antibodies)4.) transport materials into/out of cell

Nucleic Acid Nucleotides DNA & RNA (and RNA’s many forms)

1.) Store/transmit hereditary information.2.) PROVIDE INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING PROTEINS!!!!!

17 Osmotic Concentration of the Solution outside the cell

Net Direction of Water Movement

Effect on Plant Cell Effect on Animal Cell

HypotonicINTO THE CELL

– (more solutes inside the cell, so water enters the cell.)

Plant cell swells (becomes turgid)

-Plant prefers this situation

Animal cell swells and possibly bursts (cytolysis)

-Animal cell is not happy

HypertonicOUT OF THE CELL

- (More solutes outside the cell, so water exits the cell.)

Water leaves the central vacuole; cell membranepulls away from cell wall; cell shrivels (plasmolysis)

Animal cell loses water and shrivels (crenation)

Isotonic Water ENTERS AND LEAVES the cell AT THE SAME RATE.

-Dynamic equilibrium

Plant begins to wilt, because plants are losing water through their leaves (transpiration) and are not getting enough water through their roots to replace water lost through leaves.

Animal cells do not swell or shrivel.

Animal cells are happy

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DNA ONLY SHARED BY BOTH RNA ONLY

Deoxyribose sugar Phosphates Ribose sugar

Uses Thymine Made of nucleotides Uses Uracil

Double Stranded (usually) Are nucleic acids Single stranded

Provides the instructions for making proteins (master copy of instructions)

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine 3 types:mRNA = carries instructions from nucleus to ribosomes

rRNA = controls the ribosome

tRNA = transports amino acids to the ribosome

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• Each codon codes for 1 amino acid

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• Transcription• In nucleus

• Makes mRNA

• Translation• In cytoplasm at a ribosome

• Makes protein

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• mRNA carries the DNA message to the ribosome. The DNA message is the instructions on how to make a particular protein.

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• tRNA is the “delivery truck” that brings each amino acid to the ribosome during translation.

23 • Know how to do this…

• Example: Convert the following DNA strand to mRNA. Then, translate the mRNA into the amino acid code:

• TAC – GAG – AAA – AAT – ACT

Answer…

• mRNA= AUG – CUC – UUU – UUA – UGA

• Amino acids = MET – LEU – PHE –LEU – [STOP]

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• Mutagens cause mutations…

• Examples:• UV light

• X-rays

• Viruses

• Chemicals

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• Worst type of gene mutation = frameshift mutation.• Frameshift mutations include:

• Insertion mutation = all bases shift to the right.

• Deletion mutation = all bases shift to the left

• Worst overall mutation = Chromosomal mutation• Chromosomes contain 100s-1000s of genes;

• If a chromosome is deleted/inverted/repeated 100s – 1000s of bases are affected.

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• Point mutations may have no effect on the overall protein created.

• This because multiple codons code for the same amino acid.

• Example: • Original DNA: Mutated DNA:

• ACC ACT

• RNA: UGG RNA: UGA

• A.A: Tyrosine N/A – this codon means “Stop”