Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material...

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Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations

Transcript of Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material...

Page 1: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Honors Biology CH 9 Notes

Chromosomal Mutations

Page 2: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

What is a mutation?

Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Page 3: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Mutations can occur in two different types of cells:

1. Somatic (body) cells

2. Gamete (sex) cells

Page 4: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Mutations that occur in somatic (body) cells usually result in killing

that body cell only.

An exception to this is if the mutation occurs to the DNA that controls regulation of the cell cycle. This can result in cancer.

Page 5: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

• Somatic mutations usually do NOT affect future individuals.

• Somatic mutations can NOT be passed on to the next generation.

Page 6: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Mutations that occur in gamete (sex) cells means that every cell of the developing fetus/baby will have that mutation.

Page 7: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

• Gamete mutations usually do affect the individual with some genetic disorder.

• Gamete mutations can be passed on to the next generation.

Page 8: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

There are two types of mutations that can occur in

gamete cells:

1. Gene Mutations

2. Chromosomal Mutations

Page 9: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS

• Multiple congenital anomalies (deformities)

• Occur during pregnancy, present at delivery

• Usually not inherited

Page 10: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

5 types of Chromosomal Mutations:

1. Deletion

2. Duplication

3. Inversion

4. Translocation

5. Non-disjunction

Page 11: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Deletion

Involves the loss of part of a chromosome.

Page 12: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.
Page 13: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Interstitial Deletion

Page 14: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Terminal deletion

Page 15: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Deletion

• TWO TYPES OF DELETIONS:

• End missing (terminal)• Piece within

chromosome missing (interstitial)

Terminal deletion of p 5 Cri du Chat Syndrome = Cry of the Cat

Page 16: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

•“Happy puppetsyndrome”•Low IQ•Abnormal gait•Inappropriately happy

Maternal15q11-13

Page 17: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Deletion of Paternal 15q11-13

Page 18: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Deletion of Paternal 15q11-13

Page 19: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Duplication

Involves the production of extra copies of parts of the chromosome.

Page 20: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Duplication

Page 21: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

• 4 copies of the top of chromosome 22• Mental retardation in all babies

Page 22: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

•Over sized babies•Over sized organs•Too much mitosis!•Insulin-like growth factor not turned off because two paternal alleles for chromosome11p

Page 23: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Inversion

Reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome.

Page 24: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Inversion

• Around the centromere

• Above or below the centromere

Page 25: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Two types of inversions

Paracentric Inversion:• An inversion in which

breakpoint occur on one arm of the chromosome.

• Does not span the centromere.

Pericentric Inversion:• An inversion in which

breakpoints occur on both arms of the chromosome.

• Includes the centromere.

Page 26: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Inversion

Page 27: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Also an inversion

Page 28: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Translocation

When one part of a nonhomologous chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.

Page 29: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Robertsonian Translocation

• A type of translocation in which two nonhomologous acrocentric (have centromeres near their ends) chromosomes break at their centromeres. The long arms become attached to a single centromere and serve a function. The short arms also join containing nonessential genes and is lost within a few cell divisions. (long arms fuse and short arms are lost.)

Page 30: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

About one in a thousand newborns has a Robertsonian translocation. The most frequent forms of Robertsonian translocations are between chromosomes 13 and 14, 13 and 21, and 21 and 22.

Page 31: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

• A Robertsonian translocation in balanced form results in no excess or deficit of genetic material and causes no health difficulties.

Page 32: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

In unbalanced forms, Robertsonian translocations cause chromosomal deletions or duplication and result in syndromes of multiple malformations.

Translocations can be either balanced or unbalanced depending if genetic material is lost.

Page 33: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Translocation

Page 34: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

A Robertsonian translocation

Page 35: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

All essential genetic material is present so the children appear

normal

Page 36: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.
Page 37: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Most common birth defects with unbalanced translocations of 11 and 22 are cleft palate, heart defects, ear anomalies, and male genital defects.

Page 38: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Errors in Chromosomal Separation

Page 39: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Non-disjunction

Means “not coming apart”.

When homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly during anaphase 1 of meiosis.

Page 40: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.
Page 41: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

• Results in abnormal numbers of chromosomes.

• Trisomy means a person has an extra copy of a chromosome.

• Monosomy means a person is missing a copy of a chromosome.

Page 42: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Normal female

Page 43: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Normal male

Page 44: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Trisomy means a person has an extra copy of a chromosome

Page 45: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

•3 of chromosome 21

Page 46: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Non-disjuction: Trisomy

• Chromosome 18 does not separate properly during meiosis.

• This gives the child three parts of chromosome 18.

• Also called Trisomy 18

Edward’s Syndrome

Page 47: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

•1/3000 births•Mental Retardation•Failure to thrive•Heart defect•Overlapping fingers•Low set, fawn-like ears

Page 48: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.
Page 49: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

• three of chromosome 13 present

Page 50: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.
Page 51: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

• These individuals are males.

• Little body hair is present.

• Typically tall.

• Some development of breast tissue normally seen in females.

• May or may not have evidence of mental retardation.

Page 52: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Monosomy means a person is missing a copy of a chromosome.

Page 53: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.
Page 54: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

• These individuals are female• Underdeveloped ovaries• Individuals are sterile and lack expected

secondary sexual characteristics• Short stature, webbed/bull neck, broad

chest• Mental retardation typically not evident.

Page 55: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

Turner’s Syndrome Baby•Only one X chromosome present

Turner’s Syndrome age 12

Page 56: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.

• Karyotyping

• Fluorescent (FISH)

Page 57: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.
Page 58: Honors Biology CH 9 Notes Chromosomal Mutations. What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). A feature of DNA.