PETER THE GREAT Unit 4, Day 5

Peter the Great1.Czar of Russia2.Sought to westernize (modernize) Russia, especially

military

3. Military Reforms A. Built professional army based on infantryB. Built schools staffed by Western Europeans to

teach artillery, engineering and military medicine

C. First navy in Russian historyD. Branded left hand of peasant draftees to

prevent desertion (required to serve for life)

5. Political ChangesA. Required nobles to either serve in military or

civil administration for life

B. Created military-civilian bureaucracy with 14 ranks and forced everyone to start at bottom

- Led to rise of non-nobles to high positions C. Tax increases– TRIPLE for peasants

6. Economic ChangesA. Beginning of industrialization

- Mines/factories almost always owned by the state

B. Serfs reassigned from fields to work in mines or factories

C. People replaced land as unit for determining taxes

7. Social ChangesA. Westerners began to come to Russia for first

timeB. New class of educated Russians emergedC. More power concentrated in hands of czarD. Idea of “common good” began to rise over

“what czar wants”

8. Cultural ChangesA. Western ideas came to Russia

- Academy of Sciences- Book of manners- Arabic numerals- Julian calendar - Newspapers- Nobles forced to shave beards and wear

western fashions

B. St. Petersburg built as symbol of power and new capital (further west than Moscow)

Enlightened Despots

- A king or queen that rules absolutely but does incorporate one or several enlightened ideas into his/her government- Enlightened Rulers began to:

A. Increase religious toleranceB. Make legal and economic reformsC. Justify rule by usefulness to people

- Goal was to reform society from the TOP down.

1. Catherine the Great of Russia (ruled 1762-1796)

A. Put power in hands of nobilityB. Expanded Russia’s bordersC. Promoted continued

westernization of Russia

2. Frederick the Great of PrussiaA. Friends with Voltaire (promoted

tolerance)B. Expanded Prussian bordersC. Reformed judicial and civil systemsD. Did NOT allow free press

3. Joseph II of AustriaA. HapsburgB. Tried to unify different nationalities into one nationC. Did not believe in organized

religion

Classwork:

1.Make sure you have ALL of the notes from this unit.

2.Complete review assignment