Hominin EvolutionCONTINUED

Learning Objectives 1. Describe the anatomical features of the Nariokotome boy 2. Identify the geographical areas where H. erectus fossils have been found, and the first fossil site outside of Africa.

3. Describe the unique anatomical features of the Neanderthals.

4. Describe the latest findings in DNA analysis of Neanderthals 5. Identify the anatomical features of Homo sapiens 6. Understand the debate concerning the taxonomic placement of the 5-year old child from Europe.

Homo erectus

Homo erectus (“upright man”) Widely distributed species:

◦1st to _______________◦Towards:________________

◦Oldest specimens of this species are found in ___________

◦___________ geographical regions

Distribution of H. erectus Sites

Nariokotome Boy (KNM-WT 1500)

Location: Nariokotome, Africa

Time period: ___________

_________________________

Estimated adult height: ___________

Nariokotome Boy (KNM-WT 1500) ‘Modern-like’

◦ ________________◦ Why is this important?

Expansion ____________

_________________◦ What areas of the body provide information

on growth & development?

Beijing, China: Zhoukoudian Cave(Dragon Bone Hill) 40 M/F adults and children

◦ ________________________

670,000-410,000 years old◦ _______________________◦ Longest history of visitation

Exhibit typical ____________________◦ Few postcranial fossils found

Cultural remains:◦ ______________________

◦ Diet: ___________________

◦ Harsh winters: ___________

Beijing, China: Zhoukoudian Cave(Dragon Bone Hill)

Evidence for _____________◦ _____________ animal bone, stone tools, plants, ash

along with bird eggs and seeds

◦ Suggest: ____________________

Beijing, China: Zhoukoudian Cave(Dragon Bone Hill)

Homo erectus in Europe: Gran Dolina

Found the following:◦ ______________◦ ______________◦ _______________

Evidence for ________________________

Most complete skull – __________◦ Facial bones, mandible, teeth

Archaic Homo sapiens

Archaic Homo sapiensWho are they? Specimens displaying mixtures of _____________ and ___________________

Proposed to separate these individuals into a distinct species. ◦ Homo antecessor (non-Africa)◦ Homo heidelbergensis (Africa)

We are going to keep Archaic Homo sapiens

Archaic Homo sapiens Exhibit several ________________________ BUT also possess characteristics that are __________ _________________________________________◦ Example of ____________________

Spans three geographical areas ___________________◦ These areas are the same as ________◦ and _______________

Neanderthals

Where in the World are Neanderthals?

Neanderthals Lived during the last major ice age

◦ Anatomical features ___________ ____________________________

Features:◦ 1.◦ 2.◦ 3.◦ 4.◦ 5.

Asia – Israel - Kebara

Partial skeleton (60,000ya)____________________Even without cranium & legs,

_________________________

What can we tell from the torso?______________________________

Asia – Israel - Kebara

Hyoid◦ Variation in morphology of the human hyoid is ________ ◦ Kebara hyoid – __________________

◦ What does this imply? ◦ Morphology◦ Language

Europe – La Chapelle-aux-Saints

Typical Neanderthal morphology

Evidence of ______ _________________

Evidence of ____________◦ Body position = ________

Position suggests that _____ was taken when burying the body◦ ______________________

Europe – La Chapelle-aux-Saints

Flexed Position

Culture of Neanderthals Speech

◦ Probably were capable of _____________◦ Evidence based on: hyoid bone (found at Kebara)

◦ What else do we know?◦ What did the movie say?◦ __________

Anatomically Modern Humans (AMHs)

__________

_____________

_________

______________________

Herto = Earliest AMH______________ = 160,000-154,000

Characteristics are essentially modern

Cranium and dental remains found:◦ ________________◦ ___________________

Africa – Ethiopia – Herto

Africa – Ethiopia – Herto

Europe ––Abrigo do Lagar Velho

24,500ya

____________________

Associated with: ◦ 1.◦ 2.

Europe ––Abrigo do Lagar Velho

Anatomically a __________ of _________________ and _______________features

◦ __________________: regional Neanderthals and early modern humans