Homicide and Murder as Serious Crime (Part 1) (1)

8/19/2019 Homicide and Murder as Serious Crime (Part 1) (1)

1/48

Homicide and Murdeas Serious Crime

Dr James Treadwell


2/48

Assessment

•Assessment comes in 2 parts, one essay and one

• There is also a formative assessment, which is dwees time to !e handed in in class" #$$$ words

• The %ormative assessment, which will help you wsummative preparation is a choice of either of th

&uestions'• #( How has psycholo)y contri!uted to criminal

investi)ation with speci*c re)ards to the detectiserious crime+

• 2( How has psycholo)y contri!uted to oender

treatment with re)ard serious crime+


3/48

-oster -resentation ./$0 of ovemar(•

1ill !e delivered in wee .The last wee( " Title' Case Study of 4!elow( in the conte5t of criminolo)ical theories of Serious Crime"

• 6our poster and an electronic version must !e formally su!mitted

• 6ou are re&uired to select a representation of a case of serious crimean academic poster presentation on" The case may !e factual or *cmust draw on theories e5plainin) the aetiolo)y of serious oendin)

them directly to the case in &uestion and show academic and intelleen)a)ement with the su!7ect area" How are you )oin) to layout youinformation+

• 8nce you have a )ood idea of your case study, you will need to consstructure of your information, you can !e)in thinin) a!out layout" session you will have to present your poster .a sin)le academic postcohort and spea a!out it !rie:y defendin) it orally"


4/48

The ;ssay

•

;ssay &uestions < Select one of the followin) .2,/$$ words(• #( 9s it time to reform in the law on murder in ;n)land and 1ale

• 2( How have criminolo)ists theorised and attempted to e5plainrational for why humans ill+ which academic do you !elieve pthe most useful contri!ution+

• 3( 9s evil a useful criminolo)ical concept+

•

=( How has academic criminolo)y sou)ht to e5plain se5ual oe• /(How compellin) is Steven -iner>s .2$##( contention that vio

!een in decline over millennia and that the present epoch is prmost peaceful time in the history of the human species+

• ?( 9s there evidence that representations of violence in the mefuel its actuality in reality+


5/48

Today @oin) to consider Homand Murder•

The term homicide> covers the oences of murder, mansla.includin) corporate manslau)hter( and infanticide" Murdemanslau)hter are common law oences that have never !de*ned !y statute, althou)h they have !een modi*ed !y s

• By end of ne5t wee, have some insi)ht into How the CJS rand deals with these most serious of oences, how they arinvesti)ated, policed and punished the theoretical perspec

!oth structural and individual that frame understandin), threpresentations and contemporary realities, and hence, yohave a much !etter understandin) of this form of serious>criminality"


6/48

Broader &uestion < 1hat isviolence+•

ead some EiFe < 8n Giolence>"• Two types of violence, Su!7ective Giolence and

Systematic Giolence"

• EiFe says our su!7ective outra)e at the facts ofsu!7ective violence


7/48

1hat is the systematic violenceare implicated in+•

Giolence of capitalism


8/48

This wee

•

1hat is HomicideMurder+• 1hat are the realities of murder+

• How is murder and homicide represented in popular medi

• @oin) to loo at how criminolo)y understands the )eneratviolence < The Civilisin) -rocess .;lias( -seudoI-aci*cation.Hall( and the ideas of GiolentiFation .Nonnie Athens( and S

-iner .Better An)els of our Oature("• Noo at the case of Marine Ser)eant Ale5ander Blacman

• Noo at the Case of o!ert Stewart"

• 9ntroduce the Ootion of -sychopathy, the -CNI and how vcrime may !e lined to this"


9/48

This session

•

-rivate Giolence in this session < ne5t session we will loo at structuviolence more althou)h the Blacman case confounds this a little

• Homicide is the most serious form of violent crime" 9t is uni&uely hastries at the very heart of what most of us hold most precious < ou%al .#PP$' 5i( put it, the only possession any of us truly have is ou

• As well as the o!viously devastatin) conse&uences to victims of hoeects reach far wider to family and friends of the victim, oendersthemselves and the community as a whole"

• 1hilst homicide is undou!tedly a tra)ic event, at the same time it hmany, )reat interest and, in some cases, fascination" 9t is the su!7ecconstant press attention and of numerous popular !oos and *lms" contrast, however, homicide has under)one relatively little ri)orouscriminolo)ists in the Q for some si)ni*cant time, and where it is stin a disparate way"


10/48


11/48

Todays session I Murder .CommNaw 8ence(•

Murder is the most serious homicide oence"• 9t is contrary to common law"

• Qse a modern day de*nition < the unlawful illinhuman !ein) !y a human !ein) durin) the uee-eace with malice aforethou)ht"

• Has !een altered under statute, .e")" year and alimitations removed("


12/48

So Mens ea of Murder

•

Malice aforethou)ht• .i( an intention to ill or

• .ii( an intention to cause )rievous !odily harm

• Sentences' 8ender a)ed over 2# I mandatory life imprisMurder .A!olition of Death -enalty( Act #P?/ section #" Ca)ed over #, convicted !efore a)e 2# I custody for life, -Criminal Courts .Sentencin)( Act 2$$$ section P3" Comma)ed under # at date of oence irrespective of a)e whenconvicted I detention durin) Her Ma7esty>s pleasure, -oweCriminal Courts .Sentencin)( Act 2$$$ section P$"


13/48

1hat is Homicide+

•

1ant you to write a de*nition, what is it+


14/48

Homicide

• As Brooman notes, althou)h le)al cate)ories of homicide may acut, in reality a very *ne, and often arti*cial, line divides murdermanslau)hter> or accident> or licensed illin)s> !y law enforcerseuthanasia" As will !e revealed, the divide !etween accepta!le anunaccepta!le illin)s is socially, historically and culturally constru

• Gery rarely does the ima)e of a lar)e corporation :outin) Health ale)islation .there!y causin) deaths sprin) to mind when one thinunlawful homicide" This is perhaps not surprisin), since the law ra

with these illin)s> as homicides" ;5amples include the slow and deaths of thousands of individuals e5posed to pernicious dusts, suas!estos, despite ample evidence, nown to employers, of the pofatal health riss, or the ne)li)ent and fraudulent safety testin) othe pharmaceutical industry, or environmental crimes that cause to the dumpin) of haFardous wastes and ille)al to5ic emissions"


15/48

;5ample

• 1e do not thin of the actions of G1 on th

emissions as homicidal>

• 6et -u!lic Health ;n)land .-H;( said /"3 pein overI2/s were lined to air pollution, alth

varied considera!ly !y re)ion, the cars ou

you, there won>t !e prosecutions• 6et if as an individual you are convicted of

you )et sentenced+


16/48

Nife < .9t never ends(

• *ve sentencin) startin) points'

• -ara = I whole life order .e5ceptionally hi)h seriousness(

• -ara / I minimum term of 3$ years .particularly hi)h serious

• -ara /A I minimum term of 2/ years, if a)ed # or over, andnife or other weapon .not includin) *rearm or e5plosive( tointendin) to commit any oence or have it as a weapon and

weapon to commit murder .does not apply to a sentence forcommitted !efore 2 March 2$#$("

• -ara ? I otherwise, if a)ed # or over at date of oence, minterm of #/ years

• -ara I if under # years at date of oence, minimum term years


17/48

Dan)erous criminals

• e")" in the CJS and speci*cally in prison, concepts of ris, harand Dan)erousness are core" Harm to pu!lic is a factor, espwhere murder is concerned

• Male adult prisoners .those a)ed 2# or over( are )iven a seccate)orisation soon after they enter prison" These cate)ories!ased on a com!ination of the type of crime committed, thesentence, the lielihood of escape, and the dan)er to the pu

were to escape"• Closed prisonI Cate)ory A prisoner' Those whose escape wo

hi)hly dan)erous to the pu!lic or national security and for wescape must !e made impossi!le> to Cate)ory D Those whoreasona!ly trusted not to try to escape, and are )iven the pran open prison>"


18/48


19/48

Murder and Serious Giolence

• 9n media representation and cultural sources < mae murder freeveryday, rather than what it is, a rarity"

• 9n 2$#2#3, as in previous years, more than twoIthirds of homic.?P0( were male"

• However amon) those a)ed under one victims of homicide werliely to !e male as female"

• 9n other a)e )roups there were dierences !etween males and

the pattern of relationships !etween victims and suspects" 1omfar more liely than men to !e illed !y partnerse5Ipartners, anwere far more liely than women to !e illed !y friends ac&uain

• 1ith the e5ception of those a)ed under one year, adults )enerahi)her victimisation rates than children"


20/48

Homicide in the Q

•

9n 2$#2#3, there were ? homicide victims a)ed#? years" 9n line with previous years, the ma7oritthese victims were illed !y a parent or stepIpar.?$0, or =$ oences( and .#20 of victims( we!y a stran)er"

• The most common method of illin) continued tsharp instrument .such as a nife or !roen !ott2$#2#3, there were #P= victims illed in this waaccountin) for around # in 3 .3/0( of all homicid


21/48

Murder is a contested topic

•

e")" -u!lic 8pinion and the -enalty for Murder' the Homicide eview Advisory @roup 8n the MaSentence of Nife 9mprisonment for Murder in 2$#

• Cases Cause Controversy < Classic e5amples !ecases such as Thornton and Cle)), currently we Ale5 Blacman, which we will loo at later"

• -u!lic would support reformin) the penalty for mto mae life imprisonment the ma5imum sentenrather than mandatory < would you+

• Thin a!out the History of Murder


22/48

The Ballad of eadin) @aol < 8s1ilde

• https'www"youtu!e"comwatch+vK2tQEltCmfyc

• 1ilde>s thou)hts on -rison andimprisonment, !ut ine5ora!lyconnected with his own story"

• There is so much that is in this, !utit is also a tremendous insi)ht intoprison servitude and capitalpunishment, in this case thee5ecution of Charles Thomas1ooldrid)e had !een a trooper inthe oyal Horse @uards" He wasconvicted of cuttin) the throat of hiswife, Naura ;llen"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tUZltCmfychttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tUZltCmfychttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tUZltCmfychttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tUZltCmfyc


23/48

Danny Dorlin) < -rime Suspect

• 1hat Does Dorlin) say !est predicts Murder in the Q+

• UBehind the man with the nife is the man who sold him ththe man who did not )ive him a 7o!, the man who decided school did not need fundin), the man who closed down theplant where he could have wored, the man who decided t!ene*t levels so that a !lac economy )rew, all the way !awoman who only noticed those inner cities> some si5 year

summer of #P#, and the people who voted to eep her in The harm done to one )eneration has repercussions lon) aharm is *rst acted out" Those who perpetrated the social vthat was done to the lives of youn) men startin) some 2$ yare the prime suspects for most of the murders in BritainV"


24/48

Steven -iner

• The Better An)els of 8urOature

• Non) term decline in violence inHuman Society"

• Society !ecomin) increasin)lyless violent and hostile !ased onreadin) of multiple statistical

sources

• 1ell received and hi)hly praised

• Oot dissimilar in some ways to acontinuation of ;lias Civilisin)>thesis

• Criticisms

• Garious critics re7ect the central assertion oar)uments for a ran)e of reasons

• %ailure to acnowled)e the precarious natu

we are in

• Measurin) violence over such lon) term peimpossi!le

• Disa)reement a!out very central premise


25/48

;5plainin) Giolence Nevels < ThCivilisin) -rocess>• Oor!ert ;llias < A sociolo)ist

who spent most of his career atthe Qniversity of Neicestercoined the term the civilisin)process> to consider the declineof violence as a lon)er processwith the emer)ence of nation

states from ;uropean MiddleA)es"

• A lon)er term view thatconsiders the lon)er termdecline of violence .nnotdissimilar to -iner>s ideas("

• https'www"youtu!e"comwatch+vKuFSLS

• https'www"youtu!e"comwatch+vK?Et95s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzSXS8pbMVEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZtIxsMQYWQhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZtIxsMQYWQhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzSXS8pbMVE


26/48

The Civilisin) -rocess

• ;lias traced how postImedieval ;uropean standards re)violence, se5ual !ehaviour, !odily functions, ta!le mannforms of speech were )radually transformed !y increasithresholds of shame and repu)nance, worin) outward fnucleus in court eti&uette"

• The internaliFed selfIrestraint imposed !y increasin)lynetwors of social connections developed the psycholo

selfIperceptions"

• The second volume of The CiviliFin) -rocess loos into tof these processes and *nds them in the increasin)ly ce;arly Modern state and the increasin)ly dierentiated aninterconnected we! of society"


27/48

Nonnie Athens < Giolentisation>

•

https'www"youtu!e"comwatch+vK$f5AfIJ#6• Nonnie Athens <

popularised !y ichardhodes in very accessi!le1hy they ill> which )ives

overview of Athens wor,and his personal!io)raphy"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fQxAf7-J1Yhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fQxAf7-J1Yhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fQxAf7-J1Yhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fQxAf7-J1Y


28/48

Nonnie Athens .Sym!olicinteractionist(•

Nonnie Athens has wored for many years onunderstandin) how some people !ecome violentothers do not" He descri!es this process as one oviolentiFation, in which people are *rst !rutaliFelearnin) that they will not !e protected !y the syresponsi!le for them, that they must !rutaliFe ot

!e !rutaliFed themselves, and *nally, throu)h thperformance of such !rutaliFation they !ecome perpetrators themselves" 9n the followin) sectionsummariFed the process of violentiFation as ichhodes descri!es it in 1hy They ill, the !io)rapNonnie Athens, whom ichard hodes calls a mcriminolo ist"


29/48

#" The Brutalisation Sta)e

A" This is the sta)e in which the su!7ect is *rst forced into su!7u)ation !y a mem

hisher primary )roup"#"Giolent su!7u)ation' the su!7ect must comply with an order or face physical oforce, up to and includin) violence" 9n coercion, the violence ends upon su!missretaliation, the violence does not end upon su!mission, the authority *)ure conthe violence to )ain lon)Iterm su!mission andor respect" Athens speas of thisthe precious lu5ury of choosin) when to end the assault !y su!mittin)"

2"-ersonal horri*cation' the su!7ect must e5perience the violent su!7u)ation of hisher primary )roup III mother, sister or !rother or a very close friend" Buildthat the su!7ect !e)ins to feel )uilt !ehind the helplessness"

3"Giolent coachin)' someone appoints himselfherself as the coach who insists tsu!7ect must defend himselfherself, depend only on himselfherself, and that itpersonal responsi!ility which they cannot evade, !ut must dischar)e re)ardlesthey are a man or a woman, youn) or old, lar)e or small, or what their prior !ela!out hurtin) others may have !een"


30/48

Giolent Coachin)"

• Means of coachin) vary, and there may !e more than oat a time"

• Coachin) methods include'

• Gain)lori*cation>, which U)lori*es violence throu)h sto

• idicule, which Upromotes violence throu)h !elittlin) anderisionV"

• Coercion" USome coaches threaten novices not withpsycholo)ical punishment, as in ridicule, !ut with physipunishmentV" UStand up and *)ht, or 9Wll !eat you myse

S 2 h lli S


31/48

Sta)e 2" The Belli)erency Sta)e

• Taes personal responsi!ility for stoppin) the !rutaliFation"

• 1hy have 9 not done anythin) to stop my own and my intimatesW violent su!• His pro!lem *nally !ecomes fully crystalliFed in his mind, Athens commentsu!7ect understands clearly for the *rst time that he must *nd a way to stop !rutaliFin) him" " " "9t is as if the su!7ect " " " has only now heard what his coactellin) him all alon)' esortin) to violence is sometimes necessary in this wo

• An ;motionallyIladen step"

• %or the !rutaliFed su!7ect to determine for the *rst time in his life Wto attac physically who unduly provoe him, with the serious intention of )ravely harmillin) them,W Athens writes, is a deeply emotionIladen resolution"

• %irst step is miti)ated !y provocation and precaution"

• The !rutaliFed su!7ect resolves to " " " use serious violenceIII!ut with an imp&uali*cation' he resolves to use serious violence only if he is seriously provoif he thins he has a chance of prevailin)"

• %irst miti)ated violent resolution mars end of !elli)erency sta)e"


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Sta)e 3" Giolent -erformances

• Athens mae clear that it taes more than a resolution to !e

Actual violence is fri)htenin) and dehumaniFin)" The su!7ecmaes a *rst violent resolution must wants to !e sure that if heshe is called upon to en)a)e in violent acts that heshe wto do so, and that there is some pro!a!ility of outcome otheirretrieva!le loss and the resultant terri!le su!7u)ation"

•9n initial violent performances the outcome is uncertain, the himselfherself is unsure of his a!ility to in:ict the harm his vcoach has convinced him will end the violent su!7u)ation" Thdoes not li)htly undertaen this violent performance, for heunderstands that if heshe is unsuccessful, the resultin) su!7will !e worse"


33/48

Athens says

• Wthe prota)onist is always a current su!7u)ator osu!7ect or of a loved one of the su!7ect" Since thsu!7ect is seein) to thwart either his own or a looneWs violent su!7u)ation, his act is one of outri)de*ance a)ainst a perceived evil oppressor" 9f thsu!7ect wins, oppression may cease, !ut he und

that if he loses, Whis oppression may !ecome farharsher"W Such a defeat could discoura)e the sufrom continuin) on the path of violentiFation, or so deepen his !elli)erence and con*rm himher path

•

8f course, if successful the individual starts to )


34/48

Sta)e =" Girulency

• At this point, the su!7ect discovers the advanta)e of !ein) famous even

notoriety" He !ecomes, says Athens, overly impressed with his violent pand ultimately with himself in )eneral"

• #"Gain)lori*cation

• %illed with feelin)s of e5ultancy, he concludes that since he performed thisthere is no reason why he cannot perform even more impressive violent fefuture" The su!7ect much too hastily draws the conclusion that he is now in

• Su!7ect maes a new violent resolution"

•

UHe now *rmly resolves to attac people physically with the serious intenti)ravely harmin) or even illin) them for the sli)htest or no provocationwhatsoever" " " " He has suddenly !een em!oldened and made venomous atime" " " " The su!7ect is ready to attac people physically with the serious )ravely harmin) or illin) them with minimal or less than minimal provocapart" Says hodes, that is, he is ready to !ecome an ultraviolent criminal


35/48

Athens Theory

• UAny person who does ultimately complete the virulenand conse&uently the entire e5periential process, will a dan)erous violent criminal" This remains the case reof the social class, race, se5 or a)e and intelli)ence ofas lon) as their de)ree of mental and physical competsuRcient for them to perform a a violent criminal actV

• -ro!lems+

• Criticisms of the model < those of Athens method .inteand sym!olic interactionist( Too causal, too simplistic alinear < people chan)e, in comple5 ways"

• %ull criticisms see 8>Donnell in British Journal of Crimin


36/48

1hat Do you thin of Giolentisa

• 9n pairs discuss these ideas

• Do you thin violentisation wors as a model or tautolo)ical and circular reasonin)+

• Can you *nd cases that support violentisation+

• Does it wor as a theory, or is it pro!lematic+

• 1hat other models may wor, what does the thene)lect+

• 9s it not too individualistic+


37/48

Case Studies < o!ert Stewart

• o!ert Stewart < illed Assian

Cellmate Eahid Mu!are in%eltham

• UHis lac of concern for otherpeople or for the conse&uencesof his actions meant that he wasnot constrained !y the thin)s

which would restrain a normalperson" At his trial, he said thathe 7ust felt lie attacin) Eahid"-erhaps it was as simple asthatV .eport of Mu!ara9n&uiry, 2$$?("


38/48

uestions I Tass

• How does focus on Stewart hide the systematic and wider pro!le

violence < How would you use EiFe>s ideas to support a theorete5planation of this+

• To what e5tent can we say that Stewart was created !y social cois it fair to su))est that he was almost destined to ill+

• Can we say that there is such a thin) as ;vil>, 1as o!ert Stewaeven made evil+ .we will return to this theme(

•

To what e5tent can you apply Nonnie Athen>s theoretical model t• 1hat do you mae of Dave @add>s attempts to e5plain Stewart+

• 9t has !een claimed !y David 1ilson in Death at the hands of thethat the murder rate in prison is far hi)her than that in the commwhy do you thin that could !e+


39/48


40/48

Bac)round

•

Murder is an oence under the CommNaw of ;n)land and 1ales, de*ned asunlawful illin) of a reasona!le perso!ein) under the ueenWs peace with maforethou)ht e5press or impliedV

• Today )oin) to loo at the case of oyMarine Commando Ale5ander Blacm

6ou may have heard of him, !ut 9 wanconsider that case in more detail"


41/48

1hat Happened+

• Marines involved inoperation Herric IAf)hanistan"

• A British citiFen ispunisha!le !y the law of;n)land and 1ales

wherever committed see v -a)e X#P/=Y # B #$"

• http'!cove"meav?oFssl

http://bcove.me/av6ozsslhttp://bcove.me/av6ozsslhttp://bcove.me/av6ozssl


42/48

Court Martial System

• Appeal states Marine A Ucould have

!een tried in a civilian court" Howeverthe decision was made that the he andthe other marines should !eprosecuted under the Court MartialsystemV

• Qnder s"#// a Court Martial comprisesa Jud)e Advocate and !etween at leastthree !ut no more than seven other

persons nown as lay mem!ers" TheAct proscri!es the &uali*cation forthose other mem!ers who are oRcers

or warrant oRcers"

• 9s this a 7ury of -eers more or lessthan Civilian court+


43/48

Bac)round

• An Apache helicopter from Camp Bastion attacs two

insur)ents in an open *eld" The helicopter *red a tota3$mm rounds at one insur)ent" Those watchin) the oincludin) the pilot thou)ht that he could not have sur

• The oyal Marines sent to do !attle Assessment" Theythe in7ured man, his A =, two ma)aFines and a hand)renade"

• 9n Septem!er 2$#2, durin) an investi)ation into an unmatter the military police found on a computer a viderecordin) of the incident that had taen place on #/Septem!er 2$##"

Did the Marines Murder the


44/48

Did the Marines Murder the9nsur)ent+• The doctrine of common purpose, common desi)n, 7oint en

or 7oint criminal enterprise is a le)al doctrine in some com 7urisdictions that imputes criminal lia!ility on the participacriminal enterprise for all that results from that enterprise

• A common incidence of the application of the rule is to impcriminal lia!ility for e5ample assaultin) a person with a nthe participants to a *)ht who new or were recless as to

that one of their num!er had a nife and mi)ht use it, evethe imputed participants did not actually have nives them

• 9f the Marines involved were youn), !lac men in Birmin)

Joint ;nterprise doctrine would liely have !een used"


45/48

Courts

• 8n Oovem!er 2$#3 the Court Martial found the appellant

murder !ut ac&uitted two other lower ran Marines .nownC("

• 8n ? Decem!er 2$#3 the Court Martial sentenced the Blaclife imprisonment with a minimum term of #$ years reductrans and dismissal with dis)race from the Armed %orces" Tnow !een reduced on appeal to years"

• The case has proved controversial, and a )reat deal of sup!een )iven to Blacman, marches, social media campai)nsof pu!lic *)ures and cele!rities < an interestin) departure normal condemnation that occurs in the conte5t of murder

• 1hy+

His Honour Jud)e Je Blacett


46/48

His Honour Jud)e Je Blacett The Jud)e Advocate @eneral• USome su))est it is le)itimate to ill wounded

com!atants !ecause, as you said after you shot insur)ent, it is nothin) they wouldn>t do to Britiscasualties" Those commentators are very wron)British Armed %orces are not assiduous in complwith the laws of armed con:ict and international

humanitarian law they would !ecome no !etter insur)ents and terrorists they are *)htin)V"

• U8f course sittin) in a court room in middle ;n)lfar cry from the !rutality of the con:ict in Af)ha!ut you have !een 7ud)ed here !y a Board madeService personnel who understand operational s


47/48

But what of Ale5ander Blacman the m

• He had spent #/ years in the oyal

Marines"• U;5ceptional &ualitiesV durin) si5

operational tours of duty includin) 9ra&and Af)hanistan" UAn outstandin)commander of his postV"

• His resilience had !een compromised>,!ereavement followin) his father>s deathand symptoms of a com!at stress

disorder>"


48/48

Blacman case

• Dierent attitudes e5ist towards murder, comple

&uestions a!out culpa!ility and conte5t" 9n this 9 have looed speci*cally at the socioIcultural corather than individual factors"

• The way murder, and Homicide are socially cons9.for more on this see te5t!oos !y the lies of

.2$##( or Brooman .2$$?("• Nooed at dierent e5planations for Homicide, so

cases of Homicide

• https'www"youtu!e"comwatch+vKw%$7!?M$J
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wF0jb6M0J0https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wF0jb6M0J0

Homicide and Murder as Serious Crime (Part 1) (1)

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Transcript of Homicide and Murder as Serious Crime (Part 1) (1)