Homework2 ITI 1A

8/13/2019 Homework2 ITI 1A

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Teachers Name: Daniel

Isai Cruz Meneses

Student's name: Erick

Osorio Sanchez

Subject: Values

Homework: Definition of Egoism, Bioethics, Casuistry, Eudemonism , Hedonism,

Descriptivism, Prescriptivism

8-10-2013


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Universidad Politcnica Metropolitana de Hidalgo Pgina1

Egoism

The term refers to selfishness excessive and immoderate love a person feels about herself and makes him

inordinately meet their own interests. Therefore, the egoist is not interested in the interest of others and

governed their actions according to their absolute convenience.

The concept comes from the ego that is, according to psychology, psychic instance in which an individual

becomes aware of his own identity and is recognized as me. The ego is that which mediates between the

reality of the physical world, the impulses of the subject and its ideals.

Selfishness, therefore, is a concept opposite to altruism. The latter speaks of sacrificing their own well (or at

least downplay) for the benefit of others, that is, to seek the good of others before our own.

http://definicion.de/egoismo/ # ixzz2h8QE1hDz

Bioethics

Bioethics is the discipline that addresses ethical issues that arise in the healthcare setting, including those

related to life and death, cure and comfort, truth telling and trust reflected in patient care and decision

making. These are moral issues central to decision making and the provision of patient care. The concerns of

bioethics are the well-being and dignity of the patient; the rights, responsibilities and choices of the patient,

family and care team; and matters of justice and access to care. In practice, bioethics includes behaviors that

promote dignity, fairness, honesty, compassion and trust in all interactions between and among the

healthcare team, patients and families.

Bioethics is about behaviors and ways of thinking that care professionals exhibit routinely, whether or not

they call them bioethics. For example, bioethics can be seen in actions that protect the confidentiality of

patients medical information, ensure that patients are given the opportunity to complete advance

directives, and create a care environment that promotes patient dignity and comfort. Recognizing that these

matters are especially important to those who give and receive care

http://www.hackensackumc.org/our-services/hospital-services/bioethics/what-is-bioethics/

Casuistry

A case analogy approach to ethics that involves abstracting morally relevant features from one particular

case and applying them to other similar cases. Casuistry can generally be described as the method of bringing

general moral norms or principles to bear on particular cases for the purposes of informing conscience andguiding conduct. In this respect, every ethical theory makes use of some casuistic reasoning, since ethics

itself is necessarily concerned with what one ought to do in the particular circumstances of human life. It is

important to distinguish this general understanding from the method of high casuistry. High Casuistryinsists

that the specific particulars and contextual nuances of concrete cases are the ultimate determinants of what

is morally relevant in any given case. What most distinguishes high casuistry from other ethical methods that

emphasize situational particulars, such as situation ethics, is that it utilizes a bottom-up method of

justification

http://www.ascensionhealth.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=121&Itemid=172


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Hedonism

Hedonism is a philosophical system that holds that people are motivated primarily by the production of

pleasure and happiness and the avoidance of pain. A person chooses his or her actions on the basis of how

much pleasure and pain the actions will foreseeably cause. The word's origin is in hdonismos, the Greek

word for "delight." In the discussion of this philosophy, pleasure and pain have broad meanings. Pleasure and

pain refer, respectively, to all pleasurable or unpleasant feelings, experiences, states, things, properties, and

events.

There are a few different types of this system. Motivational hedonism asserts that only pleasure and pain

motivate people to do or to not do things. Normative hedonism, however, asserts that only pleasure and all

types of pleasure have worth, while only pain and all types of pain have no worth. Egoistic hedonists believe

that the happiness of the individual is paramount, while altruistic hedonists feel the happiness of all people is

the most important.

Various philosophers, such as Plato, Aristotle, Austin, Bain, Spencer, Bentham, Moore, Sidgwick, Mill, Broad,and Ross have made contributions to this philosophy, but the most influential were Aristippus and Epicurus.

Hedonism originated with Aristippus of Cyrene, who believed that pleasure which included physical

pleasure, love, mental pleasure, moral happiness, and friendship was the most important motivation for

behavior. Aristippus also believed that long-term pleasures were more valuable than short-term ones. He

was followed by Epicurus, who believed that mental and social pleasures were more important than physical

pleasures. Epicurus also believed that pain and self-restraint had value by virtue of sometimes being

necessary to health and also by providing even more pleasure through moderation.

http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-hedonism.htm

Descriptivism

The ethical theory of descriptivism argues that moral judgements are descriptive and not prescriptive - that is

to say, they describe the way things are instead of prescribe the way things should be. To say that "killing is

wrong" is to describe the act of killing as having the attribute "wrong" and is not saying that it would be nice

if no one killed anyone else.

This conception of ethics is a form of ethical naturalism, because it means that all ethical statements can be

proved from facts about the natural world. One of the problems with this theory of ethics is that even if one

accepts a description as true, this provides no inherent reason for acting upon it. This, however, does not

accord with our normal conceptions of ethical statements. Descriptivism can be contrasted with the ethical

theory of prescriptivism.

http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/general/bldef_descriptivism.htm

Prescriptivism

The ethical theory of prescriptivism argues that ethical statements have the purpose of prescribing particular

actions as moral or proscribing other actions as immoral. This term was created by R.M. Hare, who said that

a statement could be treated as prescriptive if, first, anyone who really believes it and can act on it will, and

second, it cannot be derived merely from descriptions about the world around us. Prescriptivism can becontrasted with the ethical theory of descriptivism.


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http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/general/bldef_prescriptivism.htm

Eudemonism (Eudaemonism)

1. position that happiness is the ultimate moral ground, so what is good brings us happiness. 2. Position that

people will act to bring themselves happiness.

EUDEMONISM (EUDAEMONISM): "Eudemonism deals with happiness and good morals."

http://psychologydictionary.org/eudemonism-eudaemonism/#ixzz2h8xjuIXw

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