Homework checking 4.2. Count & Noncount nouns 1. C - N 2. C - N 3. N - C 4. C - N 5. N - N - C 6. C...

Homework checkingHomework checking

4.2. Count & Noncount nouns1. C - N

2. C - N

3. N - C

4. C - N

5. N - N - C

6. C - C7. N - N8. N 9. C

10. C - N


4.5. Specific and Generic reference1. G - G

2. S - S

3. S - G - G

4. S - G

5. G - G

11. Progressive aspect

6. S - S7. G - G8. S - G9. S - G

10. S - S


4.6. Use of the articles1. The - X2. X - X3. The - the - the - X4. X - X5. X - X6. a - the - X - the - a/the7. The - a - X8. the - a - a9. X - a/the - X10. a

11. the - the12. the/X - X13. A14. The15. X16. a17. The18. an19. the20. the


4.12. Uses of the genitive1. The departure of the plane

2. The capture of the lion

3. The man's cake

4. The men's store

5. The city of Chicago

6. The team's coach

7. The one week's vacation8. The hand of the clock9. The man's dog10. that of Jim's11. a student of Plato's12. The doctor's office


Exercise 692. It 3. their 4. them 5. it 6. one

7. which 8. we 9. The 10. this/the

11. an 12. their 13. their/the 14. they

15. the 16. a 17. what 18. which

19. us 20. its 21. It 22. their

23. we/one 24. their 25. It 26. they

27. them 28. the 29. this/the

30. their

E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course

Unit 3

NOUN PHRASE (cont.)

IssuesIssues

NOUN PHRASE

– Basic NP

• Determiners

– Predeterminers

– Central

determiners

– Postdeterminers

– Complex NP

• Modification

– Premodification

– Postmodification

– Multiple

modification

= typically constructed by either a noun or a pronoun as the head & other constituents as modifiers

Eg. A nice girl leaning against the wall

Noun PhraseNoun Phrase

Basic NPBasic NP

Complex NPComplex NP

Noun phrases

Noun phrases


Basic NPBasic NP


Basic Noun phrases

E.g.: All these 10 pupils

Basic NPBasic NP

(Determiners)(Determiners) Head nounHead noun+

Determiners

DeterminersDeterminers = words of close-system used before a N to

“determine” the precise meaning of the N

Pre-determinersPre-determiners

Central determinersCentral determiners

Post-determinersPost-determiners

Determiners

DeterminersDeterminers

Pre-determinersPre-determiners all, both, halfall, both, half

multipliersmultipliers

fractionsfractions

such, whatsuch, what

• mutually exclusive

E.g.: all girls, both girls

BUT NOT:

all both girls

DeterminersDeterminersDeterminers


+ before: articles (a, an, the, zero article)

E.g.: all the time

possessive determiners (my, his, her, etc.)

E.g.: both his sisters

demonstrative determiners (this, that, etc.)

E.g.: half those days

+ not before: quantitative determiners (no, each,

any, some, enough, (n)either, every)



+ take partitive “of-phrases” optional with nouns

E.g.: all (of) the time

obligatory with pronouns

E.g.: all of them, both of us, half of it

+ “all, both”: occur after the head, either immediately or after the operator

E.g.: They (all) were (all) accepted.


Pre-determinersPre-determiners multipliersmultipliers

+ used to denote the quantity of the nouns

E.g.: twice her age, double their salaries

+ occur with the determiners “a, every, each and per” to indicate frequency

E.g.: once a week, twice every day, three times each year

Once, twice, three times, double, etc.

Once, twice, three times, double, etc.


Pre-determinersPre-determiners fractionfraction

+ the fractions have the alternative of- construction. E.g.: He took only two-thirds of the books.

+ the indefinite article can replace ‘one’. E.g.: He did it in one-third / a third (of) the time it took me.

(one-third, two-fifths, three-quarters, etc.)(one-third, two-fifths, three-quarters, etc.)


Pre-determinersPre-determiners Such/ whatSuch/ what

+ occur before the head noun

+ “such”: combined with “all, quantifiers, cardinal numbers”

E.g.: What/ Such a surprise!

no/many/41 such incidents

Central Determiners DeterminersDeterminers


6 classes based on their co-occurrence with the noun classes (singular count, plural count, and non-count)

6 classes based on their co-occurrence with the noun classes (singular count, plural count, and non-count)

(1) the,

possessive, wh-words, Some, any (stressed),

no

(2)

zero article some, any (unstressed)

enough

(4)

this that

(5)

thesethose

(3)

a(n) everyeach

Eitherneither

(6)

much

Central Determiners

Central Determiners in respect to their co-occurrence with the noun classes

COUNT NON-COUNT

SINGULAR

PLURAL

bottle

furniture

bottles

(See more in 4.5)



(1) the,

possessive, wh-words, some, any (stressed),

no

E.g.: - Do you want me to turn off the light? - I love my family. - What colour do you like? - I have some friends in London. - I won’t give this pen to any student. - She has no idea at all.



(2)

zero article, some, any (unstressed)

enough

E.g.: - Love is not everything. - I want some beer, please.

- Have we got any wine for tonight? - I did not have enough time to do this.



(3)

a(n) everyeacheither

neither

E.g.: - My friend gave me a flower / an apple. - I want to ask each/every person individually. - You can put it on either table. - Neither party accepted such a proposal.



(4)

this that

E.g.: This chair is mine and that table is yours. I can’t stand this silence.



(5)

thesethose

E.g.: - Did you read these stories yesterday? - Have you seen those girls?



(6)

muchE.g.: He wants much sugar in his coffee.


Post determinersPost determiners

Ordinal numerals/general ordinalsOrdinal numerals/general ordinals

Cardinal numeralsCardinal numerals

Close-system quantifiersClose-system quantifiers

Open-class quantifiersOpen-class quantifiers







• include: one, two, three, etc.

E.g.: my three son

his two books







• ordinal numerals: first,second, third, etc. • general ordinals: next, last, past, (an)other, additional, further E.g.: the first time another candidate







• before count Ns: many, (a)

few, several• before non-count Ns: much,

(a) little

E.g.: a few words

much stress







• include: a lot of, a great deal of, lots of, a good number of, etc.• verbs has number concord with the second nouns, not the quantity nouns

(lot, deal, lots, plenty, etc.)

E.g.: Lots of food was on the table.

There was a lot of food on the table.

Noun phrases


Basic NPBasic NP


E.g.: All the 11 pupils playing football


Pre-modification

Pre-modification Head nounHead noun+

Post-modification

Post-modification+

Complex noun phrase

Modification

ModificationModification

functionfunction statusstatus

RestrictiveRestrictive PermanentPermanent

Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive TemporaryTemporary

Modification





• helps identify the head & indicate a

limitation on the possible reference of the

head

• tends to come after the head

• tends to be given more prosodic emphasis

than the head

E.g.: The flowers in your garden are nice.

He visited his aunt who often lent

him money.

Modification





• gives additional information to the head

but is not essential for identifying the

head • the reference: unique or as member of a

class that has been independently identified• tends to come before the head• tends to be unstressed in pre-head position

E.g.: The book, which I gave you yesterday,

is quite readable. (member of a class)

She is his poor, old mother. (unique)

Modification



Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive PermanentPermanent

RestrictiveRestrictive TemporaryTemporary

• Have reference to characteristic features • Mainly the items which are placed in pre-

modification position

E.g.: an ugly man the easy-going lady

Modification



Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive PermanentPermanent

RestrictiveRestrictive TemporaryTemporary

• Have reference only to a specific time• Mainly those adjectives which have to be

predicate E.g.: A man who is timid = A timid man A man who is afraid # An afraid man

Premodification

PremodificationPremodification

‘s-genitive‘s-genitive

-ing/-ed participles-ing/-ed participles

sentencesentence

adverbialsadverbials

adjectivesadjectives

nounnoun

multiple premodificationmultiple premodification

Premodification



-ing/-edparticiples-ing/-edparticiples

sentencesentence

adverbialadverbial

adjectiveadjective

nounnoun


E.g.: Mary's brother is very

naughty.

Premodification



-ing/-ed participles-ing/-ed participles

sentencesentence

adverbialadverbial

adjectiveadjective

nounnoun


E.g.: He has rented a crumbling cottage.

The wanted man was last seen in Paris.

Note: the participles denote the permanent.

E.g. She is an interesting girl vs. She interests me.

The man who is married = the married man

Premodification




sentencesentence

adverbialadverbial

adjectiveadjective

nounnoun


E.g.: I got angry with his I-don't-care attitude.

She waved the boy away with a you-stink kind of

look on her face.

Premodification




sentencesentence

adverbialadverbial

adjectiveadjective

nounnoun


E.g.: I visited his far-away hometown.

Premodification




sentencesentence

adverbialadverbial

adjectiveadjective

nounnoun

multiple prmodificationmultiple prmodification

E.g.: He has fixed the cupboard

door.

Premodification




sentencesentence

adverbialadverbial

adjectiveadjective

nounnoun


E.g.: She is a lovely

girl.

Postmodification

PostmodificationPostmodification

relative clausesrelative clauses

prepositional phraseprepositional phrase

non-finite clausenon-finite clause

appositive clauseappositive clause

adverbadverb

Clause of time, place, manner, reasonClause of time, place, manner, reason

adjectiveadjective

multiple postmodificationmultiple postmodification

Postmodification






adverbadverb


adjectiveadjective


E.g.: The girl who is playing in the ground is my daughter .

Postmodification






adverbadverb


adjectiveadjective


E.g.: She love the monitor in your class.

Postmodification






adverbadverb


adjectiveadjective


E.g.: The girl playing in the ground is my daughter.

Postmodification






adverbadverb


adjectiveadjective


E.g.: The fact that he is rich is not the reason she loves him.

Postmodification






adverbadverb


adjectiveadjective


E.g.: I work in the university where I studied English.

12th Sep, 1983 is the date when he was born.

That’s the reason why he spoke ill of me.

She shows me the way how I can cook beef.

Postmodification






adverbadverb


adjectiveadjective


E.g.: The girl over there is my sister.

The road back is dense with traffic.

Postmodification






adverbadverb


adjectiveadjective


E.g.: Something strange happened last night.

Multiple modification



Multiple premodification


Multiple postmodification









• with single head:

E.g.: his last brilliant book• with multiple head:

E.g.: the new chair and table

the new but ugly table and chair








• Sequence of premodifiers:

Determiner general age color participle provenance noun de-nominal head

E.g.: a crumbling church

towel

the extravagant London social life

some intricate old inter-locking Chinese

designs








• with single head:

E.g.: the girl in the corner talking to John• with multiple head:

E.g.: the boy and the girl in the corner talking to John

Related ReadingsRelated Readings

Quirk, R. & Greenbaum, S. A University

Grammar of English, NXB GTVT, 2002:

Chapter 4 & Chapter 13

Homework checking 4.2. Count & Noncount nouns 1. C - N 2. C - N 3. N - C 4. C - N 5. N - N - C 6. C...

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