Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 1

HIST230/PSCI257: Introduction to Middle East- Fall 2017 Department of History, University of Waterloo

Instructor: Dr Shahram Kholdi Time and Place: Tuesdays and Thursdays 11:30AM-12:50PM DWE-1501

Office Location and Hours: HH152 - Tuesdays 01:00-04:30PM or by Appointment COURSE DESCRIPTION An introductory survey of the Middle East, the course examines the historical origins of the Modern Middle East from Muhammad and the Islamic Empire’s establishment, its cultural, artistic, religious, philosophical, and scientific contributions to world civilization to the Islamic Gunpowder Empires, the Ottoman and Safavid Empires, and the cultural, commercial, and political exchanges and encounters between East and West. The course further surveys the emergence of modern religious, nationalist, and ethnic movements, collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the two world wars, founding of the Israeli state, US-Soviet Cold War, development of the oil industry, rise of, respectively, women, radical Islamist, and nationalist movements. Students also learn about the modern cultural developments in music and fine arts as both media of resistance against the state and state propaganda. The course concludes by surveying the impact of 9/11, 2003 US overthrow of Saddam’s regime in Iraq, and the forces that brought about the Arab Spring on the Middle East.

COURSE EVALUATION 5% Attendance 10% Participation: 5 Critical Think-piece blogposts (between 200 to 250 words) on assigned primary sources on Reading Middle East at Waterloo 2.0 Omeka website. Due Dates: 26 Sept., 10 Oct., 7 November, and 21 Nov. 10% Documentary Special Presentation (5% Oral Presentation+ 5% Presentation Blog post summary) 20% Two (10% each) Online Mid-Term Quizzes [Multiple Choice + Short Answer]: Weekend of 14 and 15 October and Weekend of 16 and 17 November 25% Research Essay on Assigned Topics due 28 November at 11:30 am in class in hardcopy and electronically on the Learn 30% Cumulative Final Exam: Essay questions and identifications General Learning Outcomes: By the end of the course, the students should be able to demonstrate a basic knowledge of:

the geographical, ethnic, and religious diversity of the Middle East since antiquity

the scientific and philosophical contributions of the Islamic Civilization

the Islamic Gunpowder Empires, their decline and in reaction to European imperialism in the Middle East

the impact of WWI and WWII, founding of Israel, and the Cold War on the Middle East

modern cultural developments from women and the trans cultures to arts and music in the Middle East

the ongoing impact of oil as a strategic commodity on Middle Eastern societies and their governance

the impact of old (printing press/telegram/telephone/TV) and new media (the Internet: Facebook, Twitter) on Middle Eastern societies and politics

the impact of 9/11, 2003 US overthrow of Saddam’s Regime, and the 2011 Arab Spring on the Middle East

Transferrable Skills: By the end of the course, the students have developed basic skills in: identifying the formation of controversies and disputes in human relations and disputes assessing ideological, diplomatic, and cultural documents in terms of format and content designing and conducting investigative research and analysis by identifying actors, their perceptions,

goals, their socio-cultural contexts, and aspiration verbal and written strategies (time management, strategic writing, conceptual development)

COURSE MATERIAL In addition to weekly oral lectures and the posted lecture slides on the course website the following textbooks are mandatory reading sources for the course and are available for purchase the university bookstore. Cleveland, William L., Bunton, Martin. A History of The Modern Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: 2016. Gettleman, Marvin E., Schaar, Stuart ed. The Middle East and Islamic World Reader. NY: Grove Press, 2012.

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Detailed Course Outline “READ” “Documentary Special” sections are Mandatory and will be

the focus of the mid-term quizzes and the final exam; “Primary Sources of Interest” are Recommended; Key Concepts Useful for Mid-

Term and Final Exam

Week 1 Session 1- Introductory Lecture- Thursday 7 September Introduction- Middle East from Antiquity to the Mongolian Conquest

READ

1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East: 5-34.

2. Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader: Sunni view of Political Legitimacy, Al-Mawardi, Abd-al-Hassan. “On Choosing a Caliph.” 22-23. Shia view of Political Legitimacy, Allama Al-Hilli. “On the Shiite Imamate.” 23-24.

Key Concept

The Jews and Cyrus

Tributary Imperialism: Persian, Roman, and Islamic

Jahiliyya, Ummah, Rashidun Caliphs,

Fitnahs, Kharijites, Umayyad Arabism and the Abbasid Revolution

Persian Influences and the Greek Turn

The Crusades, Mongols, and the Assassins

Recommended Primary Sources of Interest

The Life and Times of Muhammad: Selections from the Life of Muhammad by Ibn Ishaq http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/muhammadi-sira.asp Pact of Umar (circa 650s-early 700s): The Status of Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pact-umar.asp

Seek knowledge even if you must go as far away as China.

Muhammad Any dynasty gains further power at its beginning through Religious Propaganda.

Ibn Khaldun

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Week 2 Session 2- Introductory Lecture- Tuesday 12 September Introduction- Middle East from Antiquity to the Mongolian Conquest

READ

3. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East: 5-34. 4. Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader: Sunni view of

Political Legitimacy, Al-Mawardi, Abd-al-Hassan. “On Choosing a Caliph.” 22-23. Shia view of Political Legitimacy, Allama Al-Hilli. “On the Shiite Imamate.” 23-24.

Key Concept

The Jews and Cyrus

Tributary Imperialism: Persian, Roman, and Islamic

Jahiliyya, Ummah, Rashidun Caliphs,

Fitnahs, Kharijites, Umayyad Arabism and the Abbasid Revolution

Persian Influences and the Greek Turn

The Crusades, Mongols, and the Assassins

Recommended Primary Sources of Interest The Life and Times of Muhammad: Selections from the Life of Muhammad by Ibn Ishaq http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/muhammadi-sira.asp Pact of Umar (circa 650s-early 700s): The Status of Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pact-umar.asp

Seek knowledge even if you must go as far away as China.

Muhammad Any dynasty gains further power at its beginning through Religious Propaganda.

Ibn Khaldun

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Week 2: Session 3- Lecture- Thursday 14 September The Rise and Decline of the Islamic Gunpowder Empires

READ

1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East: 35-76.

2. Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 8. Shah Abbas and Emperor Jahangir Debate the Persian Conquest of Kandahar (1662). 58-61.

Key Concepts

The Millet System

Islamic Gunpowder Imperialism: Persian Tribal Confederacy and Ottoman Hybrid Centralism

Modernism

Modern European Colonialism and Imperialism: Overlapping Concepts

Decline and the Challenge of Reform

Primary Sources of Interest

Discipline and Meritocracy in the Ottoman Empire, Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq: The Turkish Letters, 1555-1562 http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1555busbecq.asp

Quote of the Week

People of Egypt! You will be told by our enemies that I come to destroy your religion. Believe them not. Tell them that I come to restore your rights, punish your usurpers, and raise the true worship of Mohammed.

Napoleon Bonaparte, General of the French Republic, July 1798

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Week 3: Session 4- Lecture- Tuesday 19 September

Rise and Decline of Egypt, European Hegemony, Struggle for Reform, Pan-Islam, and Constitutionalism

READ

1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 76-138. 2. Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 10. Decrees from the Ottoman

Tanzimat 80-84.

KEY CONCEPTS

Nizami Çedid and Tanzimat

The Eastern Question

Concessionary Colonialism

Capitulation

Young Ottomans, Young Turks, and

Pan-Islam

Ethno-Religious Nationalism

Quote of the Week

[The Christian Society] seems to advance rapidly on the road of progress and science,

whereas the Muslim society has not yet freed itself from the tutelage of religion…..I

cannot keep from hoping that Muhammadan society will succeed some day in breaking

its bonds and marching resolutely in the path of civilization after the manner of Western

society.

Al’ Afghani

Primary Sources of Interest

European Economic Colonialism and Imperialism: The Earl of Cromer: Why Britain Acquired Egypt in

1882, (1908).

http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1908cromer.asp

1st OMEKA Blog Assignment

Blog on Reading Middle East @

Waterloo 2.0 a 200-250-word Critical

Summary of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani’s

Plan for Islamic Unity (1884) in

Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East

and Islamic World Reader 97-99.

Due:

Tuesday 26 September 2017

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Week 3: Session 5- Lecture - Thursday 21 September

WWI, Ottoman Jihad, Arab Revolt, and Armenian Genocide READ

1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 139-160. 2. Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader: Vahakn N. Dadrian, The Fate

of Armenians in World War I (2002), 119-122.

KEY CONCEPTS

Arab Awakening

Europe’s Jewish Question and the Zionist Movement

Kurdish and Armenian Nationalism

Ottoman Jihad and the Arab Revolt

Sykes-Picot

Gallipoli

Armenian Genocide

2nd OMEKA Blog Assignment

Blog on Reading Middle East @ Waterloo 2.0 a 200-250-word Critical Summary of Mustafa

Kemal’s Design for a Modern Secular Turkish State (1925) in Gettleman and Schaar’s

Middle East and Islamic World Reader 125-127.

Due:

Tuesday 10 October 2017

Quote of the Week

Sir Mark Sykes sees Jews in everything.

Professor Edward G. Browne, Adams Professor of Arabic, University of Cambridge, in a

private letter to C P Scott, Owner of Manchester Guardian Newspaper, circa 1918

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Week 4: Session 6- Lecture and Presentation- Tuesday 26 September Authoritarian Modernism in Iran and Turkey, Mandates, and Inter-War Liberal Constitutionalism in

Egypt and Iraq

READ

1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 161-190, 206-216. 2. Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader: Halidé Edib, “Dictatorship and

Reform in Turkey,” (1929), 127-132.

KEY CONCEPTS

Mandate System

Authoritarian Modernism

Secularism and Laïcité

Kemalism and Six Arrows

Aramco

Quote of the Week

Humankind consists of two sexes, woman and man. Is it possible that a mass is improved by the improvement of only one part and the other ignored? Is it possible that if half of a mass is tied to earth with chains and the other half can soar into skies?

Atatürk

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Week 4: Session 7- Lecture- Thursday 28 September Interwar and WWII and Post-WWII: Egypt, Iraq, and Syria in the Age of Turmoil

READ 1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 184-202, 286-320. 2. Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 244-248.

KEY CONCEPTS

Colonialism and Imperial

Farhud

Resource Nationalism

The Truman Doctrine

The Eisenhower Doctrine

Suez Crisis

Quote of the Week

It was too risky to allow this adventurer, this miniature Hitler [Nasser], to develop.

Guy Mollet, Prime Minster of France on the 1956 Anglo-French Operation in Suez

Primary Sources of Interest

Speech by President Nasser of the

United Arab Republic, September

15, 1956

http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1956Nasser-suez1.html

3rd OMEKA Blog Assignment

Blog on Reading Middle East @ Waterloo 2.0 a

200-250-word Critical Summary of Prince Fahd

ibn Abd al-Aziz interview on oil and world

economy in Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East

and Islamic World Reader 263-265.

Due:

Thursday 17 October 2017

DOCUMENTARY SPECIAL PRESNETAITON - 1. Lord Balfour’s Letter to Lord Rothschild

https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/balfour.asp

2. Sykes-Picot Agreement http://www.mideastweb.org/mesykespicot.htm

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*Week 5: Session 8- Lecture - Tuesday 3 October* Struggle for Independence and Modernist Ideologies: Modern Islamism, Arab Nationalism, and anti-Imperialism READ

1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 206-225. 2. Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 277-292, 300-306.

KEY CONCEPTS

Colonialism and Imperialism

Muslim Brotherhood

Nasserism

Ba’athism

Arab National Socialism

United Arab Republic

Fundamentalism or Radicalism

Week 5: Session 9 Presentations

Thursday 5 October Documentary Special Presentations

3. Hassan al-Banna, “Between Yesterday and Today,” in Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 300-303.

4. Michel Aflaq, “For the Sake of the Ba’ath,” in Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader 132-135.

5. President Abd al-Nasser address Egypt’s National Assembly, 26 March 1964, in Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader 289-291.

Quote of the Week

2:12 Minute Commentary of President Jamal Abdel-Naser on

Muslim Brotherhood:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TX4RK8bj2W0

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Week 6: Session 10- Lecture – Thursday 12 October Middle East’s Cultural Hippie Trail: Fashion, Music, and Urban Culture in Cold War Middle East

Read, Watch, and Listen 1. “Farah Diba Pahlavi, the widow of the last Shah of Iran, speaks with DW’s Yalda Zarbakhch

about her country and about Tehran's fabled modern art collection that she helped to assemble.” http://www.dw.com/en/former-iranian-empress-talks-to-dw/av-37117749

2. Historical Documentary: “A Voice Like Egypt,” National Endowment for Humanities and the Ford Foundation, Narrated by Umar Sharif. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMGubRjX2hk

3. “Retro Middle East: The Rise and Fall of the Mini-skirt” https://www.albawaba.com/slideshow/retro-mini-fashion-middle-east--514288

4. Historical Photo Album: “23 Vintage Photos of Egypt’s Golden Years.” by Muhammad Khairat. Egyptian Streets. 5 April, 2014. http://egyptianstreets.com/2014/04/05/egypts-golden-years-in-23-vintage-photos/

5. Cultural History: “Was this really how women dressed in IRAN before the revolution? Photos of models from the 1970s show plunging necklines and heavy make-up in a startling contrast with today's strict dress code.” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3359382/Was-really-women-dressed-IRAN-revolution.html

Key Concepts Hijab, Chador, Niqab

1970s Quran Recitation Art

Middle East’s Hippie Trail

Arabic and Iranian Traditional and Jazz Music

Turkish 1970s Pop Music

Film Farsi

1st Mid-Term Quiz Weekend of 14 and 15 October

Quote of the Week

I remember I went to an exhibition somewhere and one of the artists, an Iranian lady, said, "I wish we had somewhere that our paintings would stay forever." So this idea came to me. I said, "She's right, we should have a place to keep them, and not only Iranian art

works, but also of foreign artists."

Empress Farah Pahlavi of Iran on the founding of Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, 1977

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Week 7: Session 11 – Lecture – Tuesday 17 October Iran and Turkey Between WWII and Civil Strife (I): Iran

READ 1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 257-284. 2. Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 244-248.

KEY CONCEPTS

Sovereignty

The White Revolution

Black and White Reactionaries

Independent National Policy

OPEC

Quote of the Week

The Black Reactionaries and the Red Saboteurs would attempt to thwart these reforms [the White Revolution]. The former, who stick to a thousand-year-old orthodoxy, expect the people to be content with sheer subsistence…. The latter, are intent upon handing over the country to foreigners [the USSR]…..

Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Qom, 24 January 1963

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Week 7: Session 12 – Lecture – Thursday 19 October Iran and Turkey Between WWII, Coups, and Civil Strife (II): Turkey

READ 1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 257-284. 2. Ozan O. Varol, “The Democratic Coup D’État,” Harvard Law Journal, Vol 53, No. 2, Summer

2012, 292-332 [Available on the Learn].

KEY CONCEPTS

Kemalism

Religious Populism

Grey Wolves

Guerrilla Warfare

Guarded Democracy

Imam Hatip Schools

Quote of the Week

“Alparslan Türkeş [a nationalist politician] is called a son of the

Turk; Bülent Ecevit [a center-left politician] is called a son of the

people; Necmettin Erbakan [an Islamist politician] is called a son

of Muslims. What about me? Am I a son of a b****?”

Sulyeman Demirel, Turkish Statesman (1924-2015)

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*Week 8: Session 13 – Lecture – Tuesday 24 October* The Arab-Israeli Conflict: From the Palestinian Mandate to Suez Crisis (1920-1956) READ Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 226-256.

Key Concepts

Anti-Semitism and Zionism

Jewish National Homeland

1921 Cairo Conference

Mandate

Partition

Nakbah/War of Independence

Quote of the Week

Israel has created a new image of the Jew in the world - the image of a

working and an intellectual people, of a people that can fight with heroism.

David Ben Gurion

4th OMEKA Blog Assignment Blog on Reading Middle East @

Waterloo 2.0 a 200-250-word Critical

Summary of United Nations Security

Council #242 in Gettleman and

Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 201-203.

Due:

Tuesday 7 November 2017

Week 8: Session 14- Presentations– Thursday 26 October

Documentary Special Presentations

6. The Arab Response to the Proposed Partition of Palestine, in Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 182-184.

7. The British Government’s White Paper on Palestine, 1939, in Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 184-186.

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*Week 9: Session 15- Lecture – Tuesday 31 October* The Arab-Israeli Conflict (II): From 1948 to Yom Kippur War of 1973 READ Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 328-349, 320-324.

Key Concepts

Right of Return

Fedayeen and Al-Karamah

PLO and Black September

Munich Massacre

Operation Wrath of God

First Arab Oil Shock

Week 9: Session 16- Presentations– Thursday 2 November Documentary Special Presentations

8. “UN General Assembly, the Partition Plan Resolution #181., 1947,” in Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 189-191.

9. Palestinian National Council, the National Charter, in Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 198-201.

The existence of Israel has continued too long. We welcome the

Israeli aggression. We welcome the battle we have long awaited.

The peak hour has come. The battle has come in which we shall

destroy Israel.

Cairo Radio, 16 May 1967

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*Week 10: Session 17- Lecture and Presentation – Tuesday 7 November* Ba’ath in Power (I): Iraq 1960-1979

Read 1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 423-445. 2. Watch Front-Line Documentary: The Mind of Hussein, 1991

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfJ1Lw5-W9Y

Key Concepts Sultanistic Regimes (I)

Rentier States (I)

Archaism

The Great Arab Homeland

The Arab Nation

Documentary Special Presentations

10. Summary of a Speech Given by Saddam Hussein on “The Role of the Iraqi Armed Forces in the Arab-Zionist Conflict at Al-Bakr University, 3 June 1978- Available on the Learn with the respective citations.

Quote of the Week

You should also teach the child at this stage [primary school age]

to be wary of foreigners, because they act as spies for their

countries and some of them are elements of subversion against

the Revolution. Therefore, befriending a foreigner and talking with

him without supervision is not permissible.

Saddam Hussein, Chief Iraq’s Revolutionary Command Council,

1977

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Week 10: Session 18 – Thursday 9 November Ba’ath in Power (II): Syria 1960-1979

Read

1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 423-445. 2. Watch: Hafez al-Assad: A Documentary by Al-Jazeera English

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClGQ8W3ziAY

Week 11: Session 19 – Lecture – Tuesday 14 November

Key Concepts

Sultanistic Regimes (II)

Sectarian Ba’athism

Tacit Pact

The Great Arab Homeland

The Arab Nation

Quote of the Week

Syria will remain a bright beacon to guide all the strugglers of our Arab

nation. We in this country shall remain noble and dignified, acting on the

basis of our principle and ideals. We do not flatter or compromise our aims

and principles. We embody the pride, dignity, and message of our Arab

nation.

Hafez al-Assad, July 1976

Documentary Special:

11. Statute of Organization of

Petroleum Countries (OPEC) Charter,

in Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle

East and Islamic World Reader 262-

263.

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Iranian Revolution, Khomeini’s Fundamentalist Revivalism, and the Iran-Iraq War Read 1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 355-377, 440-444. 2. Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 266-269.

Key Concepts

Vilayati Faqih

Islamic Constitutionalism

Islamic Modernism

Modern Islamism

Ulema

Dual Containment

Quote of the Week

When the survival of the Islamic regime is at stake, Vilayati Faqih’s authority (the Supreme Clergy’s Authority) is equal to the supreme authority of Prophet Muhammad. The Supreme Clergy shall, under such circumstances, shut down the fundamentals of the faith; he shall shut down the mosques and suspend

prayers, if the preservation of the Islamic Regime so dictates!

Grand Ayatollah, Imam, Khomeini, January 1988

5th OMEKA Blog Assignment

Blog on Reading Middle East @

Waterloo 2.0 a 200-250-word

Critical Summary of King Husayin of

Jordan’s Eulogy of Yitzhak Rabin in

Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East

and Islamic World Reader 221-22.

Due:

Tuesday 21 November 2017

2nd Mid-Term Quiz – Weekend of 16 and 17 November

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*Week 11: Session 20 – Lecture- Thursday 16 November* Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon: From Yom Kippur War to Taif Agreement Read 1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 378-401. 2. Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 269-273, 291-296.

Key Concepts

Yom Kippur War

Infitah

Camp David Accord

Taif Agreement

Week 12: Session 21 Presentations

Tuesday 21 November Documentary Special Presentations

12. The Taif Agreement: Syrian Influence over Lebanon, 1989, Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 293-296.

13. Hannan Ashrawi, The Meaning of the Intifada, in Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 205-207.

14. Yitzhak Rabin’s Price of Occupation Speech, in Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 214-215.

Quote of the Week

Russians can give you arms but only the United States can give you a

solution.

President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, 13 January 1975

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Week 12: Session 22 – Lecture – Thursday 23 November Intifada, the Gulf War, and the Oslo Peace Accord

Read 1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 447-498. 2. Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 211-221.

Quote of the Week

You don't make peace with friends. You make it with very unsavory enemies.

Yitzhak Rabin, September 1993

Key Concepts

Intifada

Peace Process

Right of Recognition

Right to Return

Palestinian Authority

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Week 13: Session 23- Lecture- Tuesday 28 November Middle East from the End of the Cold War to the overthrow of Saddam

1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 499-535. 2. Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 251-253.

Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 205-207.

Key Concepts

No Fly Zone

Kurdish Autonomous Region

Food for Oil

UNSCOM

AMERICAN NEW CENTURY PROJECT

The Americans are stuck in Iraq and have no way out. They are like a wolf whose tail has

been caught in a trap.

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, May 2004

WATCH

President George W. Bush announces Operation Iraqi Freedom https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BwxI_l84dc

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Week 13: Session 24- Lecture- Tuesday 28 November: Research Essay Due Middle East from the End of the Cold War to the overthrow of Saddam

READ

1. Cleveland and Buton’s A History of Modern Middle East, 537-556. 2. Gettleman and Schaar’s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 351-362.

Key Concepts

Arab Spring

ISIS

FAILED STATES

ARAB SOCIAL MEDIA

CYBER JIHAD

WATCH

BBC Documentary: How Facebook changed the World: The Story of Arab Spring Episode 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCdIOch2970

The first…is violent extremism in all of its forms…America is not- and never will be – at

war with Islam. We will, however, relentlessly confront violent extremists who pose a

grave threat to our security…and it is my first duty as President to protect the American

people….

President Obama at the University of Cairo, Egypt, June 4, 2009