Home Security Sysytem Using Ir

Home Security System

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1OVERVIEW

The overview of this project is to implement home security system using IR technology and 89S52 controller. 89S52 is very efficient architecture which can be used for low end security systems and IR is widely adapted technology for communication.

1.2PURPOSE

Purpose of the current work is to study and analyze the security system by using 8051 controller.

1.3 SCOPE

Current work focuses on how to use effectively IR and 8051 controllers for security systems.

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2. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a

few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. It is usually

embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In

contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different

tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems control many of the common

devices in use today.

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize

it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance.

Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and

mp4 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the

systems controlling nuclear power stations. Complexity varies from low, with a single

microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted

inside a large chassis or enclosure.

In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems have

some element of programmability. For example, handheld computers share some

elements with embedded systems — such as the operating systems and microprocessors

which power them — but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different

applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected

2.2 CHARACTERISTICS

1. Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a

general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time

performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability;

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others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system

hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.

2. Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems

consist of small, computerized parts within a larger device that serves a more

general purpose. For example, the features an embedded system for tuning the

strings, but the overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music.

Similarly, an embedded system in automobiles provides a specific function as a

subsystem of the car itself.

3. The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as

firmware, and are stored in read-only memory or flash memory chips. They run

with limited computer hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent

keyboard and/or screen.

Fig1: Embedded system block diagram

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3.MICRO CONTROLLER

A bye product of microprocessor development was the micro controller. The same

fabrication techniques and programming concepts that make possible general-purpose

microprocessor also yielded the micro controller.

Among the applications of a micro controller we can mention industrial automation,

mobile telephones, radios, microwave ovens and VCRs. Besides, the present trend in

digital electronics is toward restricting to micro controllers and chips that concentrate a

great quantity of logical circuits, like PLDs (Programmable Logic Devices) and GALs

(Gate Array Logic). In dedicated systems, the micro controller is the best solution,

because it is cheap and easy to manage.

3.1 8051 Micro Controller

Despite it’s relatively old age, the 8051 is one of the most popular micro controllers in

use today. Many derivative micro controllers have since been developed that are based

on--and compatible with--the 8051. Thus, the ability to program an 8051 is an important

skill for anyone who plans to develop products that will take advantage of micro

controllers. In 8051 architecture there are so many controllers developed by different

semiconductor companies. Here we are going to use the controller manufactured by

Atmel semiconductors which is AT89S52.All the controllers belongs to 8051 architecture

follow harward architecture and CISC design.

.

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4. IR REMOTE THEORY

The cheapest way to remotely control a device within a visible range is via Infra-Red

light. Almost all audio and video equipment can be controlled this way nowadays. Due to

this wide spread use the required components are quite cheap, thus making it ideal for us

hobbyists to use IR control for our own projects.

IR sensor is the combination of IR LED with PHOTO DIODE. After this combination

we are connecting the DARLINGTON PAIR TRANSISTOR. End of the IR sensor we

have to connect a NOT gate for the inverting purpose means low input have

corresponding low output. At last this entire connector is connected to any one external

interrupt to generating the interruption of the main program.

Infra-Red actually is normal light with a particular color. We humans can't see this color

because its wave length of 950nm is below the visible spectrum. That's one of the reasons why

IR is chosen for remote control purposes, we want to use it but we're not interested in seeing it.

Another reason is because IR LEDs are quite easy to make, and therefore can be very cheap.

IR LED wave length range 1.6m to 2.4m. Materials used for IR LED are InSB, Ge,Si,

GaAs, CdSe . These IR s are not visible range for observation purpose we have to

connect LED s are not.

4.1 SECURITY SYSTEMS

Nowadays security became very serious issue at anywhere. To get security at any time

we need a system which can work at any circumstances. In this project we are going to

use IR technology which is widely accepted technology for small distance

communications. With the use of 89s52 controller and IR technology we are going to

implement security system for home with door opening and closing when intruder is

detected.

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4.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION

The problem with the security systems is access to the specific person and at the same

time if any person trying to access the system it should intimate without any fail.IR

technology we are using to pass information to the specific person with the help of 8051

controller. To detect intruder we are using IR transmitter and Receiver circuit or we can

go with photo diode and photo transmitters. In this system a person can access only if the

password is correct and if not correct door is will not open. With the use of 89s52

controller and IR technology we are going to implement security system for home with

door opening and closing when intruder is detected.

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5. SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS

89S52 Micro Controller

5.1 FEATURES:

• Compatible with MCS-51® Products

• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles

• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

• Three-level Program Memory Lock

• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

• Eight Interrupt Sources

• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

• Watchdog Timer

• Dual Data Pointer

• Power-off Flag

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5.2 DESCRIPTION:

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K

bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using

Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the

industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the

program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile

memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable

Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which

provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control

applications.

The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of

RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-

vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and

clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down

to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle

Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt

system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but

freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or

hardware reset.

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Fig2: pin configurations of micro controller

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Fig3: Block diagram of Micro controller

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5.2.1 Pin Description:

VCC: Pin 40 provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is + 5V.

GND: Pin 20 provides ground.

Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin

can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as

high impedance inputs.

Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during

accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull ups.

Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes

during program verification. External pull ups are required during program verification.

Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output

buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are

pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that

are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups.

In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count

input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown

in the following table.

Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and

verification.

Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 2 output


pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that

are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.

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Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash

programming and verification.

Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output


pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that

are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups.

Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in

the following table.

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is

running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the

Watchdog times out.

ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of

the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input

(PROG) during flash programming.

If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the

bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is

weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in

external execution mode.

PSEN: Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory.

When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated

twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each

access to external data memory.

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EA/VPP: External access enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the

device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to

FFFFH.

Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.

EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the

12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.

XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock

operating circuit.

XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

5.2.2 Special Function Registers

Timer 2 Registers: Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON (shown in

Table 2) and T2MOD (shown in Table 3) for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H,

RCAP2L) is the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit

auto-reload mode.

Interrupt Registers: The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two

priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register.

Dual Data Pointer Registers: To facilitate accessing both internal and external data

memory, two banks of 16-bit Data Pointer Registers are provided: DP0 at SFR address

locations 82H-83H and DP1 at 84H-85H. Bit DPS = 0 in SFR AUXR1 selects DP0 and

DPS = 1 selects DP1. The user should always initialize the DPS bit to the appropriate

value before accessing the respective Data Pointer Register.

Power Off Flag: The Power Off Flag (POF) is located at bit 4 (PCON.4) in the PCON

SFR. POF is set to “1” during power up. It can be set and rest under software control and

is not affected by reset.

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5.2.3 Memory Organization

MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to

64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.

Program Memory: If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed

to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to

addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to

addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.

Data Memory: The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128

bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that

the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate

from SFR space.

When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode

used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM

or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access of the SFR space.

5.3 WATCHDOG TIMER

(One-time Enabled with Reset-out)

The WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU may be

subjected to software upsets. The WDT consists of a 13-bit counter and the Watchdog

Timer Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable from exiting reset. To

enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register

(SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle

while the oscillator is running. The WDT timeout period is dependent on the external

clock frequency. There is no way to disable the WDT except through reset (either

hardware reset or WDT overflow (reset). When WDT overflows, it will drive an output

RESET HIGH pulse at the RST pin.

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Using the WDT

To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST

register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, the user needs to service it by

writing 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST to avoid a WDT overflow. The 13-bit counter

overflows when it reaches 8191 (1FFFH), and this will reset the device. When the WDT

is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. This

means the user must reset the WDT at least every 8191 machine cycles. To reset the

WDT the user must write 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST. DTRST is a write-only register.

The WDT counter cannot be read or written. When WDT overflows, it will generate an

output RESET pulse at the RST pin. The RESET pulse duration is 96xTOSC, where

TOSC=1/FOSC. To make the best use of the WDT, it should be serviced in those

sections of code that will periodically be executed within the time required to prevent a

WDT reset.

UART

Serial data communication uses two methods, asynchronous and synchronous. The

synchronous method transfers a block of data (characters) at a time, while the

asynchronous method transfers a single byte at a time. It is possible to write software to

use either of these methods, but programs can be tedious and long. For this reason, there

are special IC chips made by the manufacturers for the serial data communications. These

chips are commonly referred to as UART (universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter)

and USART ( universal synchronous receiver-transmitter). The 8052 has built-in UART.

Timer 0

The 16-bit register of timer 0 is accessed as low byte and high byte. The low byte register

is called TL0 (Timer 0 low byte) and the high byte register is referred to as TH0 (Timer 0

high byte). These registers can be accessed like any other registers.

Timer1

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Timer 1 is also 16 bits and its 16-bit register is split into two bytes, referred to as TL1

(Timer 1 low byte ) and TH1 ( Timer 1 high byte). These registers are accessible in the

same way as the registers of Timer 0.

Timer 2

Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter.

The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON (shown in Table 2).

Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud

rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON.

5.4 INTERRUPTS

The AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and

INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. These

interrupts are all shown in Figure 10. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually

enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also

contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. Note that Table 5

shows that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. In the AT89S52, bit position IE.5 is also

unimplemented. User software should not write 1s to these bit positions, since they may

be used in future AT89 products. Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits

TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the

service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether

it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in

software. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in

which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle.

However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which

the timer overflows.

5.5 OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS

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XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that

can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 11. Either a quartz

crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock

source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven, as shown in Figure

12. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the

input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum

and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

Oscillator connections

fig4: Oscillator circuit

Note: C1, C2 = 30 pF ± 10 pF for Crystals

= 40 pF ± 10 pF for Ceramic Resonators

External Clock Drive Configuration

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fig5: Oscillator connections

Idle Mode

In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active.

The mode is invoked by software.

Power-down Mode

In the Power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes

Power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function

Registers retain their values until the Power-down mode is terminated.

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6. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs

(seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:

1. The declining prices of LCDs.

2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to

LEDs, which are limited to numbers and a few characters.

3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU

of the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the

CPU to keep displaying the data.

4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers, which

means that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for writing

different messages on a miniature LCD.

Fig6: LCD Display

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A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used in

practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages

in two lines with 16 characters each.

LCD SCREEN: LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character

consists of 5x7 dot matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and

whether messages are displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is

applied on pin marked as Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some

versions of displays have built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a

resistor for current limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).

6.1 LCD BASIC COMMANDS:

All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or

as data, which depends on logic state on pin RS:

RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. Built in

processor addresses built in “map of characters” and displays corresponding symbols.

Displaying position is determined by DDRAM address. This address is either previously

defined or the address of previously transferred character is automatically incremented.

RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode.

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I/D 1 = Increment (by 1) R/L 1 = Shift right

0 = Decrement (by 1) 0 = Shift left

S 1 = Display shift on DL 1 = 8-bit interface

0 = Display shift off 0 = 4-bit interface

D 1 = Display on N 1 = Display in two lines

0 = Display off 0 = Display in one line

6.2 LCD CONNECTION: Depending on how many lines are used for connection

to the microcontroller, there are 8-bit and 4-bit LCD modes. The appropriate mode is

determined at the beginning of the process in a phase called “initialization”. In the first

case, the data are transferred through outputs D0-D7 as it has been already explained. In

case of 4-bit LED mode, for the sake of saving valuable I/O pins of the microcontroller,

there are only 4 higher bits (D4-D7) used for communication, while other may be left

unconnected.

Consequently, each data is sent to LCD in two steps: four higher bits are sent first (that

normally would be sent through lines D4-D7), four lower bits are sent afterwards. With

the help of initialization, LCD will correctly connect and interpret each data received.

Besides, with regards to the fact that data are rarely read from LCD (data mainly are

transferred from microcontroller to LCD) one more I/O pin may be saved by simple

connecting R/W pin to the Ground. Such saving has its price. Even though message

displaying will be normally performed, it will not be possible to read from busy flag since

it is not possible to read from display.

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6.3 LCD INITIALIZATION:

Once the power supply is turned on, LCD is automatically cleared. This process lasts for

approximately 15mS. After that, display is ready to operate. The mode of operating is set

by default. This means that:

1. Display is cleared

2. Mode

DL = 1 Communication through 8-bit interface

N = 0 Messages are displayed in one line

F = 0 Character font 5 x 8 dots

5. Display/Cursor on/off

D = 0 Display off

U = 0 Cursor off

B = 0 Cursor blink off

6. Character entry

ID = 1 Addresses on display are automatically incremented by 1

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S = 0 Display shift off

Automatic reset is mainly performed without any problems. Mainly but not always! If for

any reason power supply voltage does not reach full value in the course of 10mS, display

will start perform completely unpredictably. If voltage supply unit cannot meet this

condition or if it is needed to provide completely safe operating, the process of

initialization by which a new reset enabling display to operate normally must be applied.

Algorithm according to the initialization is being performed depends on whether

connection to the microcontroller is through 4- or 8-bit interface. All left over to be done

after that is to give basic commands and of course- to display messages.

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7. INFRARED LED (IR LED)

IR sensor is the combination of IR LED with PHOTO DIODE. After this combination we

are connecting the DARLINGTON PAIR TRANSISTOR. End of the IR sensor we have

to connect a NOT gate for the inverting purpose means low input have corresponding low

output Infra-Red actually is normal light with a particular color. We humans can't see

this color because its wave length of 950nm is below the visible spectrum. That's one of

the reasons why IR is chosen for remote control purposes, we want to use it but we're not

interested in seeing it. Another reason is because IR LEDs are quite easy to make, and

therefore can be very cheap.

Although we humans can't see the Infra-Red light emitted from a remote control doesn't

mean we can't make it visible. A video camera or digital photo camera can "see" the

Infra-Red

7.1 TRANSMITTER:

In the picture below we can see a modulated signal driving the IR LED of the transmitter

on the left side. The detected signal is coming out of the receiver at the other side.

:

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FIG7: IR TRANSMITTER

The transmitter usually is a battery powered handset. It should consume as little power as

possible, and the IR signal should also be as strong as possible to achieve an acceptable

control distance. Preferably it should be shock proof as well.

FIG8: TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT USED TO DRIVE IR LED

Quartz crystals are seldom used in such handsets. They are very fragile and tend to break

easily when the handset is dropped. Ceramic resonators are much more suitable here,

because they can withstand larger physical shocks. The fact that they are a little less

accurate is not important.

The current through the LED (or LEDs) can vary from 100mA to well over 1A! In order

to get an acceptable control distance the LED currents have to be as high as possible. A

trade-off should be made between LED parameters, battery lifetime and maximum

control distance. LED currents can be that high because the pulses driving the LEDs are

very short. Average power dissipation of the LED should not exceed the maximum value

though. You should also see to it that the maximum peek current for the LED is not

exceeded. All these parameters can be found in the LED's data sheet.

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A simple transistor circuit can be used to drive the LED. A transistor with a suitable hfe

and switching speed should be selected for this purpose. The resistor values can simply

be calculated using Ohm's law. Remember that the nominal voltage drop over an IR LED

is approximately 1.1V. The normal driver, described above, has one disadvantage. As the

battery voltage drops, the current through the LED will decrease as well. This will result

in a shorter control distance that can be covered.

An emitter follower circuit can avoid this. The 2 diodes in series will limit the pulses on

the base of the transistor to 1.2V. The base-emitter voltage of the transistor subtracts

0.6V from that, resulting in constant amplitude of 0.6V at the emitter. This constant

amplitude across a constant resistor results in current pulses of a constant magnitude.

Calculating the current through the LED is simply applying ohm’ law.

7.2 PHOTODIODES:

Unfortunately for us there are many more sources of Infrared light. The sun is the

brightest source of all, but there are many others, like: light bulbs, candles, central

heating system, and even our body radiate Infrared light. In fact everything that radiates

heat also radiates Infrared light. Therefore we have to take some precautions to guarantee

that our IR message gets across to the receiver without errors.

Photodiodes are used for the detection of optical power (UV, Visible, and IR) and for the

conversion of optical power to electrical power. The photodiode spectral response can be

measured in X-ray, UV, visible, or IR. X-ray photodiodes are optimized for X-ray,

gamma ray, and beta radiation detection.

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8. SYSTEM DESIGN

Designing of this system is possible when you select the specific controller to suite. For this we selected 89S52 controller. With the help of this controller home security can be implemented successfully with the help IR technology. To the controller we connected IR transmitter and receiver circuit. Instead of IR transmitter and receiver we can go with photo diode and photo transmitters also. Whenever person enters into home, then IR detects the person by sending signal to controller and the controller will gives alarm and display message on the LCD and it rotates stepper motor

8.1 HARDWARE DESIGN:

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8.1.1 Schematic

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Fig9: Circuit diagram

8.1.2. Schematic Description

The main aim of this power supply is to convert the 230V AC into 5V DC in order to

give supply for the TTL. This schematic explanation includes the detailed pin

connections of every device with the microcontroller.

This schematic explanation includes the detailed pin connections of every device with the

microcontroller.

Let us see the pin connections of each and every device with the microcontroller in detail.

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Power Supply: The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains

electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A

RPS (Regulated Power Supply) is the Power Supply with Rectification, Filtering and

Regulation being done on the AC mains to get a Regulated power supply for

Microcontroller and for the other devices being interfaced to it.

A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a

particular function. A d.c power supply which maintains the output voltage constant

irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is known as “Regulated D.C

Power Supply”

Regulator:

Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output

voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage

regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some

automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating

('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulators ICs have 3 leads and look

like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. The

LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC

power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative

lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply

from the output pin.

Transformer: At the primary of the transformer we are giving the 230V AC supply. The

secondary is connected to the opposite terminals of the Bridge rectifier as the input. From

other set of opposite terminals we are taking the output to the rectifier.

Rectifier: The bridge rectifier converts the AC coming from the secondary of the

transformer into pulsating DC. The output of this rectifier is further given to the smoother

circuit which is capacitor in our project. The smoothing circuit eliminates the ripples

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from the pulsating DC and gives the pure DC to the RPS to get a constant output DC

voltage. The RPS regulates the voltage as per our requirement.

Microcontroller:

The microcontroller AT89S52 with Pull up resistors at Port0 and crystal oscillator of

11.0592 MHz crystal in conjunction with couple of capacitors of is placed at 18 th & 19th

pins of 89S51 to make it work (execute) properly.

IR Module:

The IR module is input device. This is connected to the port P2 of the Microcontroller

through the decoder and encoder for transmitter and receiver circuit respectively

LCD:

The LCD data lines are connected to port 0 of the microcontroller in the schematic and

the control signals like RS, EN are connected to pin2,3 of port 1.

PC Connection :

Here the PC is connected to microcontroller by using serial port of 89S52. i.e., Tx and Rx

signals (pin 10, 11)

8.2 SYSTEM TESTING

Home security is a somewhat dated term used to describe an opto-electronic means of

sensing something, most commonly a photo detector of some type. An example is the

door safety system used on garage door openers that use a light transmitter and receiver

at the bottom of the door to prevent closing if there is any obstruction in the way that

breaks the light beam. The system can be tested with the use of KEIL compiler. This one

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we are using to write programs for 8051 controller. After writing programs using 8051

programmer we can dump code in to the controller. Now develop intruder detection

system by using IR transmitter and receiver with the help of 555 timer or we can use

photo diode and photo transistors. To test the board, First of all write a program in terms

of like first enable LCD. To activate LCD send proper commands to it and after that

configure baud rate, parity and number of bits for the serial port. After initializing all the

devices connected to the controller,

While testing keep the transmitter & receiver aligned in a straight position facing each

other about a distance more than 2 meter but not less than that. If the transmitter and

receiver are not in a aligned position data communication is not possible. Connect the

output of IR receiver to the controller port pin. If there is no intruder the output pin will

show low value. If there is any introduce it will show high value. In program monitor for

high value and when you the value is high sense a message to a number indicating that

intruder detected.

9. SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

Software used is:

*Keil software for C programming

*Express PCB for lay out design

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*Express SCH for schematic design

KEIL µVision3

µVision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile,

and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components:

A project manager.

A make facility.

Tool configuration.

Editor.

A powerful debugger.

Express PCB Express PCB is a Circuit Design Software and PCB manufacturing

service. One can learn almost everything you need to know about Express PCB from the

help topics included with the programs given.

Details: Express PCB, Version 5.6.0

Express SCH The Express SCH schematic design program is very easy to use. This

software enables the user to draw the Schematics with drag and drop options. A Quick

Start Guide is provided by which the user can learn how to use it.

Details: Express SCH, Version 5.6.0

The programming Language used here in this project is an Embedded C Language

9.1 PROGRAM CODING

void Delay(unsigned int v) //Here we are generating ms delay{

unsigned int t;for(t=0;t<v;t++)Delay_1ms();

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}//===============================================void lcd_init() { Delay(1); //only for avoiding warning

Delay_30ms(); lcd_cmd(0x38); Delay_30ms(); lcd_cmd(0x01); Delay_30ms(); lcd_cmd(0x0C); Delay_30ms(); lcd_cmd(0x06); Delay_30ms(); lcd_cmd(0x80); Delay_30ms();

} void lcdcmd(unsigned char cmd) {

LCD =cmd;RS =0;RW =0;EN =1;for(i=0;i<50;i++);EN =0;for(i=0;i<50;i++);

}//===============================================void lcddata(unsigned char dat) //display_data {

LCD =dat;RS =1;RW =0;EN =1;for(i=0;i<50;i++);EN =0;for(i=0;i<50;i++);

}//===============================================//DISPLAY STRING IN of data in LCD

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void lcdmessage(unsigned char *str){

while(*str!='\0') {

LCD =*str;RS =1;RW =0;EN =1;Delay_30ms();EN =0;str++;

}}

#include<lcd.h>#include<string.h>

sbit rled = P0^5;sbit gled =P0^6;sbit buzzer = P0^7;sbit IR = P3^7;

void Buzzer_OFF();void Buzzer_ON(); void fwd(); void bwd();

//***************************************************************************//**************************** MAIN PROGRAM**********************************//*************************************************************************** void main() {

unsigned char ch[5],i; lcd_init(); lcdcmd(0x01);

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lcdcmd(0x85); msgdisplay("WELCOME");

delay(100);lcdcmd(0xC0);msgdisplay("SRTIST College"); delay(200);

lcdcmd(0x01);lcdcmd(0x82);

while(1) {

lcdcmd(0x01);msgdisplay("Home Security ");delay(100);lcdcmd(0xC0);msgdisplay(" System with IR "); delay(200);

delay(200);delay(200);delay(200); if(IR==0) { lcdcmd(0x01);

delay(50); lcdcmd(0x80);

msgdisplay("Itruder Detected"); Buzzer_ON();

delay(1000);delay(200);delay(200);delay(200);

Buzzer_OFF();

lcdcmd(0x01);

msgdisplay("enter password");delay(100);delay(200);delay(200);lcdcmd(0x01); for(i=0;i<4;i++){ch[i]=keypad();lcddata('*');

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delay(100);delay(200);delay(200);}

if(!strcmp(ch,"1234")){

fwd();delay(100);delay(100);delay(200);delay(200);delay(100);bwd();

}

else{

delay(200); lcdcmd(0x01);

msgdisplay("Access Denied");delay(200);delay(200);delay(200);}

delay(200); } else {

lcdcmd(0x01); delay(50);

lcdcmd(0x80); msgdisplay("NO Itruder");

delay(200);}

} }//***********************// LCD CONVERSION //************************** void Buzzer_ON()

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{ delay(50); lcdcmd(0xC0); msgdisplay("Alarm ON"); buzzer = 0;

delay(1000); }

void Buzzer_OFF() { delay(50); lcdcmd(0xC0); msgdisplay("Alarm OFF"); buzzer = 1;

delay(1000); }

void fwd(){int i;lcdcmd(0X01);lcdcmd(0x80);msgdisplay("ACCESS OK");lcdcmd(0xC0);msgdisplay("DOOR OPENED");

for(i=0;i<100;i++)

{P2=0x11;

}}

void bwd(){int i;lcdcmd(0xC0);

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msgdisplay("DOOR CLOSED");

for(i=0;i<100;i++)

{P2=0x11;delay(5);

}

10. CONCLUSION

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The controller we used having the following features like 8 bit 8051 architecture in a tiny

40 pin DIP package,128B RAM and 4kB on-chip Flash Program Memory. For low end

applications this controller is very easy to use.

In real time electronic eyes are used for a long-range straight line of site security

protection. With a photo detection range of up to hundreds of feet, a Photoelectric Beam

Sensor is the ideal infrared (IR) light beam detector.

It can also be used for “present” detection in automated manufacturing processes, garage

door security, entry detection, as a parking position sensor, or an intrusion alarm.

A focused infrared (IR) light beam is projected from the emitter and detected by the

receiver that is placed at the other side of the detection area. The photoelectric beam

sensor detects when the infrared beam is broken due to the passing of a person, or the

presence of an object, in the path of the infrared beam. A relay built into the receiver

alerts you that a breech of the beam has occurred, or that an object has entered or passed

through the photoelectric infrared beam.

The flexibility of a home security and access control system can allow you to be in many

places at one time. This is critical for a large, multi-faceted operation, like a hospital,

where a watchful eye is paramount.

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY

S.NO. Title of the Text books Author Publications Year1 8051 Micro Controller MAZIDI&MAZIDI Prentice hall 2009

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and Embedded systems(2nd edition)

publications

2 8051 Micro Controller(3rd edition)

KENNETHJ.AYALA

Thomson publications

2004

3 Embedded controller hardware design

KEN ARNOLD Newnes publications

2007

11.1 WEB REFERENCES

www.beyondlogic.org/serial/serial/html

www.intersil.com

www.atmel.com

www.microcontroller.com

www.wikipedia.com

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http://www.microcontroller.com/

http://www.intersil.com/

http://www.beyondlogic.org/serial/serial/html

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