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HOME ASSIGNMENT-

Q1.What are the issues related to Management of Technology in India.What

lessons can India learn from Japanese experience?

Total expenditures on research and development amounted to 41.9 billion rupees in 198797; India had

an estimated 149,000 scientists and engineers and 108,000 technicians engaged in research and

development that year. Allocations are divided among government and industry, with government

providing the major share. There has been a marked growth in the training of engineers and technicians.

In 198797, science and engineering students accounted for 25% of college and university enrollments.

Among the technological higher schools are the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore and the Indian

Institutes of Technology at Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur, and Madras. In 1947,

there were 620 colleges and universities; by 1996, that number was nearly 7,700. One of the primary

science and technology issues facing India is a "brain drain." Over 13,000 Indian students annually seek

science and engineering degrees in the United States. Such an exodus may greatly reduce the quality of

science and engineering education in India.

There are more than 2,500 national research and development institutions connected with science and

technology in India. Principal government agencies engaged in scientific research and technical

development are the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Council of Scientific and Industrial

Research, the Ministry of Atomic Energy, and the Ministry of Electronics. The Council for Scientific and

Industrial Research (founded in 1942) has 39 national laboratories under its umbrella. In March 1981, a

cabinet committee, headed by the prime minister, was established to review science and technology

programs and to decide future policy.

An importer of nuclear technology since the 1960s, India tested its own underground nuclear device for

the first time in 1974 at Pokaran, in Rajasthan. In May 1996, India once again performed nuclear tests,

dropping three bombs into 700-foot-deep shafts in the desert at Pokoran, with an impact of 80 kilotons.

Pakistan responded later the same month with tests of its own. The first Indian-built nuclear power

plant, with two 235-MW heavy-water reactors, began operating in July 1983, and an experimental fast-

breeder reactor was under construction.

The country's largest scientific establishment is the Bhabha Atomic Research Center at Trombay, near

Mumbai (formerly Bombay), which has four nuclear research reactors and trains 150 nuclear scientists

each year. In the area of space technology, India's first communications satellite, Aryabhata, was

launched into orbit by the former USSR on 19 April 1975, and two additional satellites were orbited by

Soviet rockets in 1979 and 1981. The Indian Space Research Organization constructed and launched

India's first satellite-launching vehicle, the SLV-3, from its Vikram Sarabhai Space Center at Sriharikota

on 18 July 1980; the four-stage, solid-fuel rocket put a 35 kg (77 lb) Rohini satellite into near-earth orbit.

Indian-built telecommunications satellites have been launched into orbit from Cape Canaveral, Florida,

by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration, by the European Space Agency, and from

French Guiana. India has established a satellite-tracking station at Kavalur, in Tamil Nadu. In 1984, the

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first Indo-Soviet manned mission was completed successfully; in 1985, two Indians were selected for an

Indo-US joint shuttle flight. An important international sciences program is the United States-India Fund

(USIF), through which scientists and engineers participate in Indo-US joint research projects at 15

institutions in each country. Projects include earthquake, atmospheric, marine, energy, environment,

medical, and life sciences.

Major learned societies in the country are the Indian Academy of Sciences (founded in 1934 in

Bangalore), the Indian National Science Academy (founded in 1935 in New Delhi), and the National

Academy of Sciences (founded in 1930 in Allahabad).

Helping America compete in a global economy is the long-term goal of the Japan Technology

Management Program (JTMP). Established in 1991 with a grant from the Air Force Office of Scientific

Research, the JTMP helps American industrial managers learn how the Japanese manage technology and

to educate students in Japanese language and culture so they are prepared to do business with the

Japanese. "Japanese management techniques can and do work in the United States," JTMP director

Jeffrey Liker said in the University Record. "Japanese culture places a high value on relationships and

teamworkfactors that are particularly crucial in today's technology-based industries." Getting faculty

and students to Japan to see how the Japanese manage technology is a prime mission of the program;

over the past three years, the JTMP has sponsored ninety trips to Japan by faculty and students. Housed

in the Center for Japanese Studies, the JTMP is a joint program of the CJS, the College of Engineering,

and the School of Business Administration. It has received more than $2.5 million from the government.

Co-directors of the program are John Campbell, Professor of Political Science, Brian Talbot, Professor of

Operations Management, and John Shook, Visiting Assistant Research Scientist in Industrial and

Operations Engineering.

During the first round of the grant (1991-93), the program focused on research, lending major support

to eleven different research projects. These projects, involving faculty and graduate students in the

School of Business, College of Engineering, Office for the Study of Automotive Transportation, and LSA,

examined various aspects of the product development process, global technology strategy, and cross-

cultural learning at the industry level. Research support for some of these projects continues in the

second round grant (1993-95), and several projects on Japanese manufacturing methods in the United

States and on the ecofactory have been added. Faculty involved in JTMP-supported research not only

take the information they have learned into the classroom, but disseminate it to industry as consultants

and to colleagues at academic fora.

The JTMP sponsors short courses at the U-M for technology managers, as well as on-site instruction andconsultation in private companies and government laboratories. Activities include a three-day seminar

through the Summer Engineering Conference, a one day seminar broadcast via satellite by the National

Technological University to off-site users, and a sessions led by Jeff Liker at the Management Briefing

Seminars in Traverse City. Other faculty include the findings of their JTMP-supported research in other

continuing education and consulting activities. The program plans to expand these activities during the

current grant period with the help of a new staff member, John Shook. Shook, named Co-director of

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Educational Programs, worked for Toyota for twelve years, most recently at its Supplier Support Center

in Kentucky. An expert on lean manufacturing, Shook plans to offer on-site workshops to small and

medium-sized companies on the Toyota Production System. He will also teach a graduate course on lean

manufacturing in the Industrial and Operations Engineering Department in Winter 1995.

While the focus of the Japan Technology Management Program is on understanding the processes usedby the Japanese to develop products and manufacturing systems, the program also encourages faculty

to look more deeply at Japanese research trends, technological innovations, and management practices,

as well as strengthen ties with Japanese research institutions.

The JTMP also supports the University research community through its new information search service.

The program maintains a list of scholars and their research interests, and actively searches technical

sourcesmany originating in Japanin various fields. In addition to scanning publications explicitly

devoted to Japan science and technology information (JSTI) dissemination, the service also uses on-line

resources to access technical databases, mail groups, and distant sources of JSTI. Commercial and

government databases, as well as public files (accessible via the Internet) at other universities have

yielded useful materials in a wide range of technical fields. In the short term, the aim is to get useful

information in timely manner for scholars at the University. The long-term goal is to introduce

researchers to a new set of resources available through the Internet. A brown bag lunch on accessing

JSTI is planned for fall term.

As part of its mission to build a force of Japan-knowledgeable managers, the JTMP offers summer,

academic year, and research support fellowships to undergraduate and graduate students and has

worked with the Department of Asian Languages and Cultures to develop two courses in technical

Japanese taught by Keiko Unedaya. Unedaya is also collaborating with colleagues at Tokyo University

and Tsukuba University to develop a computer-aided instruction program and textbook on technical

Japanese. Fellowships are available to US citizens studying engineering, science, or business, or who are

incorporating the study of technology management in a social science. About 18 fellowships are given

each summer for students to study Japanese language. Most fellowship recipients study at the U-M's

summer intensive Japanese language program, but a few are sent to language courses in Japan. Summer

fellowships are available to students from any institution, not just the University of Michigan.

Academic year fellowships are primarily for graduate students in technological or scientific fields or

operations management to cover one year of Japanese language and area training at the University of

Michigan in addition to their regular course of study. About five fellowships are awarded each year.

Fellowships to support engineering students taking advanced-level Japanese are also available. Students

choosing to focus on Japanese technology management issues in dissertations or other major researchprojects can apply for funds for direct research expenses, such as printing and mailing of surveys. The

program has also been instrumental in working to establish a graduate-level certificate program in

Japanese studies for engineers and one in manufacturing management for Japan specialists.

Ultimately the best way for students to learn about Japan and encourage a long-term commitment to

involvement with Japan is through internships. The JTMP has placed 16 students in Japanese firms,

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research centers, or university laboratories so far. Internships have typically been for 10 - 14 weeks in

the summer, but the program is exploring the possibility of longer placements during the academic year.

While placing graduate engineering students is a priority, the program strives to place any qualified

student and has found positions or supported internships for students in business, economics, public

policy, political science, and Japanese studies. Students have found positions at Toyota, Aisin Seiki,

Sumitomo Metals, Hiroshima University, Long Term Credit Bank of Japan, and the Nihon Keizai Koho

Senta, among other places