Section 9.1 Samples and Central Tendency Section 9.1 Samples and Central Tendency.
Holt McDougal Algebra 1 10-2 Frequency and Histograms A measure of central tendency describes the...
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Transcript of Holt McDougal Algebra 1 10-2 Frequency and Histograms A measure of central tendency describes the...
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
A measure of central tendency describes the center of a set of data. Measures of central tendency include the mean, median, and mode.
• The mean is the average of the data values, or the sum of the values in the set divided by the number of values in the set.
• The median the middle value when the values are in numerical order, or the mean of the two middle numbers if there are an even number of values.
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
The range of a set of data is the difference between the least and greatest values in the set. The range describes the spread of the data.
• The mode is the value or values that occur most often. A data set may have one mode or more than one mode. If no value occurs more often than another, we say the data set has no mode.
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Additional Example 1: Finding Mean, Median, Mode, and Range of a Data Set
mean:
Write the data in numerical order.
Add all the values and divide by the number of values.
There are an even number of values. Find the mean of the two middle values.
median: 150, 150, 156, 156, 161, 163The median is 156.
The weights in pounds of six members of a basketball team are 161, 156, 150, 156, 150, and 163. Find the mean, median, mode, and range of the data set.
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Additional Example 1 Continued
150, 150, 156, 156, 161, 163
modes: 150 and 156 150 and 156 both occur more often than any other value.range: 163 – 150 = 13
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Check It Out! Example 1 The weights in pounds of five cats are 12, 14, 12, 16, and 16. Find the mean, median, mode, and range of the data set.
12, 12, 14, 16, 16
Write the data in numerical order.
Add all the values and divide by the number of values.
median: 12, 12, 14, 16, 16The median is 14.
There are an odd number of values. Find the middle value.
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Check It Out! Example 1 Continued
mode: 12 and 16
range: 12 – 16 = 4
The data set is bi-modal as 12 and 14 both occur twice.
The weights in pounds of five cats are 12, 14, 12, 16, and 16.Find the mean, median, mode, and range of the data set.
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
A stem-and-leaf plot arranges data by dividing each data value into two parts. This allows you to see each data value.
The last digit of a value is called a leaf.
The digits other than the last digit of each value are called a stem.
Key: 2|3 means 23
The key tells you how to read each value.
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Example 2A: Reading a Stem-and-Leaf Plot
The stem-and-leaf plot below shows the numbers of defective widgets in batches of 1000 are given below. Use the stem-and-leaf plot to answer the following questions.
Number of DefectiveWidgets per Batch
Stem Leaves
0 8 8 9 91 2 3 3 4 5 92 0 1
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Example 2A: Reading a Stem-and-Leaf Plot
Number of DefectiveWidgets per Batch
Stem Leaves
0 8 8 9 91 2 3 3 4 5 92 0 1
A. What is the median number of defective widgets per batch?
B. What is the mean number of defective widgets per batch?
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Example 2A: Reading a Stem-and-Leaf Plot
Number of DefectiveWidgets per Batch
Stem Leaves
0 8 8 9 91 2 3 3 4 5 92 0 1
C. How many orders had less than 15 defective widgets?
D. About what percent of the batches had fewer than 10 defective widgets?
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Example 2B Reading a Stem-and-Leaf Plot
Football StateChampionship Scores
Team A Team B3 7
9 5 2 2 4 8 8 9 8 6 5 5 2 7 8
5 1 6 0 1 3 2 7
The season’s scores for the football teams going to the state championship are given in the stem-and-leaf plot below. Use the data to answer the following questions
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Example 2B Reading a Stem-and-Leaf Plot
Football StateChampionship Scores
Team A Team B3 7
9 5 2 2 4 8 8 9 8 6 5 5 2 7 8
5 1 6 0 1 3 2 7
A. Which team had the higher median score?
B. Which team had a wider range of scores?
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Check It Out! Example 2 The temperature in degrees Celsius for two weeks are given in the stem-and-leaf plot below. Use the data to answer the following questions.
Temperature in Degrees Celsius
Stem Leaves
0 71 92 2 3 6 7 9 3 0 1 1 2 4 5 6
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Check It Out! Example 2
A. What was the range of temperatures during the two weeks?
Temperature in Degrees Celsius
Stem Leaves
0 71 92 2 3 6 7 9 3 0 1 1 2 4 5 6
B. What was the mean temperature during the two weeks?
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Check It Out! Example 2
C. How many days had temperatures above freezing?
Temperature in Degrees Celsius
Stem Leaves
0 71 92 2 3 6 7 9 3 0 1 1 2 4 5 6
D. What percent of the days had temperatures in the 20’s?
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
The frequency of a data value is the number of times it occurs. A frequency table shows the frequency of each data value. If the data is divided into intervals, the table shows the frequency of each interval.
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
A histogram is a bar graph used to display the frequency of data divided into equal intervals. The bars must be of equal width and should touch, but not overlap.
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Example 3: Reading a Frequency Table
The numbers of students enrolled in Western Civilization classes at a university are given on the frequency table below. Use the table to answer the following questions.
Number Enrolled
Frequency
1 – 10 1
11 – 20 4
21 – 30 5
31 – 40 2
Enrollment in WesternCivilization Classes
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and HistogramsExample 3: Reading a Frequency Table
A. How many classes have more than 20 students?
Number Enrolled
Frequency
1 – 10 1
11 – 20 4
21 – 30 5
31 – 40 2
Enrollment in WesternCivilization Classes
B. If a class were selected at random, what is the probability that the class would have more than 30 students?
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
The number of days of Maria’s last 15 vacations are shown on the frequency table below. Use the table to answer the following questions.
Check It Out! Example 3
Interval Frequency
4 – 6 5
7 – 9 4
10 – 12 4
13 – 15 2
Number of Vacation Days
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
A. How many more vacations lasted 4 to 6 days than lasted 13 to 15 days?
Check It Out! Example 3
Interval Frequency
4 – 6 5
7 – 9 4
10 – 12 4
13 – 15 2
Number of Vacation Days
B. What percent of the vacations lasted 7 to 9 days?
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Example 4The histogram shows the frequencies for various enrollments in Civilizations classes. Use the histogram to answer the following questions.
A. How many classes have between 11 and 30 students?
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Example 4The histogram shows the frequencies for various enrollments in Civilizations classes. Use the histogram to answer the following questions.
B. If you were enrolled into a class at random, what is the probability of there being at most 10 students?
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Check It Out! Example 4
The histogram shows the frequency for the different heights of Black Cherry Trees in an orchard. Use the histogram to answer the following questions.
A. For which range of heights are there the fewest in the orchard?
B. If a tree were selected at random, you would expect its height to be in what range?
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Cumulative frequency shows the frequency of all data values less than or equal to a given value. You could just count the number of values, but if the data set has many values, you might lose track. Recording the data in a cumulative frequency table can help you keep track of the data values as you count.
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Example 4: Making a Cumulative Frequency Table
The weights (in ounces) of packages of cheddar cheese are given on the table below. Use the table to answer the following questions.
Weight (oz)
Frequency CumulativeFrequency
18-20 6 6
21-23 2 8
24-26 5 13
27-29 3 16
Cheddar Cheese
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Example 5: Reading a Cumulative Frequency Table
A. How many packages weighed less than 24 ounces?
Weight (oz)
Frequency CumulativeFrequency
18-20 6 6
21-23 2 8
24-26 5 13
27-29 3 16
Cheddar Cheese
B. What percent of packages weighed less than 27 ounces?
Holt McDougal Algebra 1
10-2 Frequency and Histograms
Check It Out! Example 5
The number of vowels in each sentence of a short essay are shown on the cumulative frequency table below. Fill in the missing values.
Number Frequency CumulativeFrequency
28-31 2 2
32-35 ___ 9
36-39 5 ___
40-43 3 ___
Vowels in Sentences