1

Hole’s HumanAnatomy and Physiology

Eleventh Edition

Mrs. Hummer

Chapter 7

Skeletal System

2

Chapter 7Skeletal System

Bone Classification

• Long Bones• Short Bones• Flat Bones• Irregular Bones• Sesamoid (Round) Bones

3

Parts of a Long Bone• epiphysis

• distal• proximal

• diaphysis shaft• compact bone• spongy bone-consits •of branching plates •called trabeculae• medullary cavity• marrow

• red• yellow

• articular cartilagecovers epiphysis

4

Compact and Spongy Bone

5

Microscopic Structureof Compact Bone

• osteon• central canal• perforating canal-connects centralcanal• osteocyte• lacuna -spaces

6

Bone Development

Intramembranous Ossification• bones originate within sheetlike layers of connectivetissues• broad, flat bones

• skull bones (except mandible)• intramembranous bones

Endochondral Ossification• bones begin as hyaline cartilage

• form models for future bones• most bones of the skeleton• endochondral bones

7

Endochondral Ossification

• hyaline cartilage model

8

NotebookUnderstanding Words

1. The expanded articular part of a long bone is called the__________________.

2. The shaft of a long bone is known as its ______________.

3. How is the shape of a bone related to its function?

4. Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in _________, which arearranged in concentric circles around___________or___________ canals.

5. Why do patients who suffer from sickle cell disease havebone pain?

6. What bones are endochondral bones?

9

Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate

First layer of cells• closest to the end ofepiphysis• resting cells

Second layer of cells• undergoing mitosis

Third layer of cells• cells enlarging andbecoming calcified

Fourth layer of cells• dead cells• calcified

10

Homeostasis of Bone Tissue•Bone Resorption (absorb bone) – action of osteoclasts andparathyroid hormone•Bone Deposition (rebuild bone) – action of osteoblasts andcalcitonin

11

Factors Affecting BoneDevelopment, Growth, and

Repair

• Deficiency of Vitamin A – retards bone development• Deficiency of Vitamin C – results in fragile bones• Deficiency of Vitamin D – rickets, osteomalacia• Insufficient Growth Hormone – dwarfism• Excessive Growth Hormone – gigantism, acromegaly• Insufficient Thyroid Hormone – delays bone growth• Sex Hormones – promote bone formation; stimulateossification of epiphyseal plates• Physical Stress – stimulates bone growth

12

Bone Function

• Support, Movement & Protection• gives shape to head, etc.• supports body’s weight• protects lungs, etc.• bones and muscles interact when limbs or body parts move

• Blood Cell Formation• hematopoiesis -begins in yolksac• red marrow-formation of redcells•Yellow marrow- stores fat

• Inorganic Salt Storage• calcium • phosphate• magnesium• sodium• potassium

13

Clinical Application

Types of Fractures

• green stick• fissured• comminuted• transverse• oblique• spiral

14

Life-Span Changes

• decrease in height at about age 30• calcium levels fall• bones become brittle• osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts• spongy bone weakens before compact bone• bone loss rapid in menopausal women• hip fractures common• vertebral compression fractures common

15

Notebook

1. What factors influence the rate at which a fracture heals?

2. What bones function primarily to provide support?

3. What bones function primarily to protect viscera?

4. Where are blood cells formed in the embryo? In the infant?In the adult?

5. What is the difference between red and yellow marrow?

6. What physiological processes depend on calcium ions inthe blood?

7. Excessive loss of bone volume and mineral contentassociated with aging is ________________.

16

Notebook

Critical Thinking:

#3, 4, 6, 7, 8

Chapter Review:

# 3, 6, 11, 12, 14, 18

17

Skeletal Organization

Axial Skeleton-orange• head • neck • trunk

Appendicular Skeleton-green

• upper limbs• lower limbs• pectoral girdle• pelvic girdle

Most people have 206 bones

18

Cranium

Frontal (1)-orange• forehead• roof of nasal cavity• roofs of orbits• frontal sinuses

19

Cranium

Parietal (2)-blue• side walls of cranium• roof of cranium• sagittal suture

20

Cranium

Occipital (1)-periwinkle

• back of skull• base of cranium

21

Cranium

Temporal (2)-red• side walls of cranium• floor of cranium• floors and sides of orbits•mastoid process• styloid process• zygomatic process

22

Cranium

Sphenoid (1)-purple• base of cranium• sides of skull• floors and sides of orbits

23

Facial Skeleton

Maxilla (2)-yellow• upper jaw• anterior roof of mouth• floors of orbits• sides of nasal cavity• floors of nasal cavity

24

Facial Skeleton

Zygomatic (2) • prominences of cheeks• lateral walls of orbits• floors of orbits• temporal process

25

Facial Skeleton

Nasal (2)-teal• bridge of nose

26

Facial Skeleton

Mandible (1)• lower jaw

27

Infantile Skull

Fontanels – fibrous membranes

28

Vertebral Column

• cervical vertebrae (7)• thoracic vertebrae (12)• lumbar vertebrae (5)• sacrum • coccyx

29

Vertebral Column

• cervical curvature• thoracic curvature• lumbar curvature• sacral curvature• rib facets• intervertebral discs

30

Lumbar Vertebrae

31

Sacrum

• five fusedvertebrae•posterior wall ofpelvic cavity

32

Coccyx

• tailbone• four fused vertebrae

33

Thoracic Cage

• Ribs• Sternum• Thoracic vertebrae• Costal cartilages• Supports shoulder girdleand upper limbs• Protects viscera• Role in breathing

34

Ribs

Most people have 24

• True ribs (7)• False ribs (5)

• floating (2)

35

Pectoral Girdle

• shoulder girdle • clavicles• scapulae• supports upper limbs

36

Upper Limb

• Humerus• Radius• Ulna• Carpals• Metacarpals• Phalanges

37

Wrist and Hand

• Carpals (16)• trapezium• trapezoid• capitate• scaphoid• pisiform• triquetrum• hamate• lunate

• Metacarpals (10)

• Phalanges (28)• proximal phalanx• middle phalanx• distal phalanx

38

Pelvic Girdle

• Coxae (2)• supports trunk of body• protects viscera

39

Coxae

• hip bones•ilium•ischium•pubis

40

Male and Female Pelves

Female• iliac bones more flared• broader hips• pubic arch angle greater•lighter bones

41

Lower Limb

• Femur• Patella• Tibia• Fibula• Tarsals• Metatarsals• Phalanges

42

Femur

• longest bone of body

43

Patella

• kneecap• anterior surface of knee

44

Tibia

• shin bone

45

Fibula

• lateral to tibia• long, slender•does not bear anybody weight

46

Ankle and Foot

• Tarsals (14)• calcaneus• talus• navicular• cuboid• lateral cuneiform• intermediate cuneiform• medial cuneiform

• Metatarsals (10)

• Phalanges (28)• proximal• middle• distal

47

Ankle and Foot