Hockett on Potawatomi - uni-leipzig.deproalki.uni-leipzig.de/w/images/8/8c/Pot_Hockett.pdf ·...
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Hockett on Potawatomi Jochen Trommer Universität Leipzig Institut für Linguistik Algonquian Day September 21, 2009
Transcript of Hockett on Potawatomi - uni-leipzig.deproalki.uni-leipzig.de/w/images/8/8c/Pot_Hockett.pdf ·...
Hockett on Potawatomi
Jochen Trommer
Universität LeipzigInstitut für Linguistik
Algonquian DaySeptember 21, 2009
Categories
1 Categories
2 Morphology
3 One-referent FormsPronounsI NounsII VerbsA NounsAI Verbs
4 Two-referent FormsPossesed NounsTA VerbsTI VerbsConjunct Order TI Verbs
Categories
Basic Categories
animatelocal
speakeraddressee
proximate(nearer) obviativefurther obviative
inanimateproximateobviative
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Categories
Basic Categories
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Categories
Animate and Inanimate
“Animate and inanimate are genders. Contrasts of obviation intersect thoseof gender, but with more contrating points on the scale for animates” (p.60)
“. . . the animate gender is . . . absorptive. If an animate noun . . . is asignedpowers usually associated with people, animals, and spirits, it tends tobecome animate and to be so treated syntactically, sometimes eveninflectionally. . . .
On the other hand, an animate noun remains syntactically and inflectionallyinanimate even when used . . . of what might be taken to be an inanimateentity.” (p.62)
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Categories
Person
“Speaker and addresse are not separated along the obviation scale; rather,both are local, and the contrast between them establishes an additionaldimension . . .
Note that the traditional grammatical terrm ‘person’ does not appear at all.We could force it in somehow, but not without being either arbitrary ormisleading or both.”
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Categories
Plural
“there are four different kinds of pluralization:
Iful plural (necessarily animate)Iless animate plural(general) animate pluralinanimate plural
The terms ‘Iful ’ and ‘Iless’ are built on the English pronoun ‘I’, and referrespectively to the obligatory inclusion in a plurality, and the obligatoryexclusion therefrom, of the speaker.” (p.60)
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Categories
Proximate and Obviative
“A basic principle of Potawatomi discourse is that within a single contextualspan – the length of which is variable . . . – distinct entities must belong todistinct categories of those listed above, unless they stand in mereconjunction.
Thus in I went for a walk and saw a bear and an elk, the entities named . . .bear and elk will both be proximate animate; but in I went for a walk andsaw a bear chasing an elk, they cannot both be proximate animate; one ofthe two, say elk, will instead be obviative animate.
Which of two nonlocal animates is obviated depends on the focus ofinterest: the entity at the focus of interest remains proximate.” (p.60)
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Categories
Higher-Order Categories
Direct, inverse, . . . (later slides)
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Morphology
1 Categories
2 Morphology
3 One-referent FormsPronounsI NounsII VerbsA NounsAI Verbs
4 Two-referent FormsPossesed NounsTA VerbsTI VerbsConjunct Order TI Verbs
Morphology
How Morphology Works
• Affixes of the same position class cannot be combined
• Otherwise all affixes can be freely combined
• the meaning of a form is the sum of its affixes meaning
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Morphology
How Morphology Works
• Affixes of the same position class cannot be combined
• Otherwise all affixes can be freely combined
• the meaning of a form is the sum of its affixes meaning
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Morphology
How Morphology Works
• Affixes of the same position class cannot be combined
• Otherwise all affixes can be freely combined
• the meaning of a form is the sum of its affixes meaning
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One-referent Forms
1 Categories
2 Morphology
3 One-referent FormsPronounsI NounsII VerbsA NounsAI Verbs
4 Two-referent FormsPossesed NounsTA VerbsTI VerbsConjunct Order TI Verbs
One-referent Forms Pronouns
Personal Pronouns – Forms
n-in ‘I’k-in ‘thou’w-in ‘(s)he/it’n-in-an ‘we (inc.)’k-in-an ‘we (exc.)’k-in-wa ‘ye’w-in-wa ‘they (animate)’
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One-referent Forms Pronouns
Personal Pronouns - Affixes
k- addressee involvedn- addressee excluded but speaker involvedw- referent not local
-nan Iful plural-wa Iless plural (animate)
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One-referent Forms I Nouns
Inanimate Nouns
čiman ‘canoe’ (prox. or obv.)čiman-un ‘canoes’ (prox. or obv.)
-un inanimate plural
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One-referent Forms II Verbs
Inanimate Intransitive Verbs
wawyeya ‘it (prox.) is round’wawyeya-ton ‘they (inan. prox.) are round’wawyeya-nun ‘it/they (obv.) is/are round’
-ton inanimate proximative plural-nun obviative singular/plural
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One-referent Forms A Nouns
Animate Nouns
waposo ‘rabbit (prox.)’waposo-k ‘rabbits (prox.)’waposo-n ‘rabbit(s) (obv.)’waposo-n-un ‘rabbit(s) (further obv.)’
-uk (proximative) animate plural-un obviative (singular/plural)
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One-referent Forms AI Verbs
Animate Intransitive Verbs
kaskumi ‘he starts running’kaskumi-k ‘they (prox.) start running’kaskumi-n ‘he/they (obv.) start(s) running’
n-kaskumi ‘I start running’k-kaskumi ‘thou startest running’n-kaskumi-mun ‘we (exc.) start running’k-kaskumi-mun ‘we (inc.) start running’k-kaskumi-m ‘ye start running’
-mun Iful plural (cf. -nan)-um Iless plural (cf. -wa)
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One-referent Forms AI Verbs
AI Verbs (Stump 2001)
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Two-referent Forms
1 Categories
2 Morphology
3 One-referent FormsPronounsI NounsII VerbsA NounsAI Verbs
4 Two-referent FormsPossesed NounsTA VerbsTI VerbsConjunct Order TI Verbs
Two-referent Forms Possesed Nouns
Possessed Nouns
singular pluralčiman ‘canoe’ čiman-unn-čiman ‘my canoe’ n-čiman-unk-čiman ‘thy canoe’ k-čiman-unw-čiman ‘his/its (prox./obv.) canoe’ w-čiman-unn-čiman-nan ‘our (exc.) canoe’ n-čiman-nan-unk-čiman-wa ‘your (pl.) canoe’ k-čiman-wa-nw-čiman-wa ‘their canoe’ w-čiman-wa-n
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Two-referent Forms TA Verbs
Direct and Inverse
“Along the obviation scale draw an arrow pointing from local towards furtherobviative, and label it direct; draw an arrow in the opposite direction andlabel it inverse. When the actor of transitive animate verb is closer (lessobviated) than the goal, the form is direct; when the goal is closer than theactor the form is inverse” (p.65)
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Two-referent Forms TA Verbs
Nearer and Further Referent
“The nearer referent of a direct form is the actor; the nearer referent of aninverse form is the goal. The further referent of a direct form is the goal;the further referent of an inverse form is the actor.” (p.65)
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Two-referent Forms TA Verbs
Local Forms
“But this is not enough. Local forms are those for which both actor and goalare local; hence they are neither direct nor inverse. Obviously in any localform the speaker must be (or included in) the actor or the goal, and theaddresse must be (or included in) the other of these two. All local forms canthus be classed (using Bloomfield’s terms) as I-thee or thou-me.” (p.65)
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Two-referent Forms TA Verbs
Transitive Animate Forms
Prefixes
k- addressee involvedn- addressee excluded but speaker involvedw- referent not local
First-position Endings
-a direct-ukw inverse-un I-thee
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Two-referent Forms TA Verbs
Transitive Animate Forms
Second-position Endings
-yumun Iful plural (thou-me forms)-mun Iful plural (I-thee and direct forms)-nan Iful plural (inverse forms)
-um Iless plural (local forms)-wa Iless plural (direct and inverse forms)
Third-position Endings
-uk plural of further referent-un obviative of further referent
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Two-referent Forms TA Verbs
Direct TA Forms (Stump 2001)
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Two-referent Forms TA Verbs
Inverse TA Forms (Stump 2001)
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Two-referent Forms TA Verbs
Local TA Forms (Stump 2001)
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Two-referent Forms TI Verbs
Potawatomi (Stump 2001)
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Two-referent Forms TI Verbs
Conjunct Order Direct TA Forms (Stump 2001)
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Two-referent Forms TI Verbs
Conjunct Order Inverse TA Forms (Stump 2001)
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Two-referent Forms TI Verbs
Conjunct Order Local TA Forms (Stump 2001)
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Two-referent Forms TI Verbs
Conjunct Order IA Verbs (Stump 2001)
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Two-referent Forms Conjunct Order TI Verbs
Potawatomi (Stump 2001)
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