Hoàn thiện hệ thống xếp hạng tín dụng doanh nghiệp của các ngân hàng thương...

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Jo x`l| emp ke oe = xo aom emec xomeo xime j|m himeo eco`l~ j meoc`m km xix% X|p eo`le l meo c`m joeo mj jo x`l| emp xo jie ~om` ld lxxold wl wiec }|mp omec xie aoi j|m himeo eco`l~%

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hm` ome)+aom emec xomeo xime km` wmp x ec|ie x`le dmxQ/Km` riec zxah !Jo` ~o rm km` ! Xo|l XEHE ! Aom| omi)Xiec km` wmpT+

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Di oeo ^rib`x c`m xo`lx rmec mj z|mx w e i` w` dix aoime xe h|ec jihmec ~ome ~oi` jo|me xoli hmec omd zizm| 6

xriec i 6

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kec V km xoj i xiec o~ l ~ome xjo r|` ri xe h|ec j|m himeo eco`l~% Dioeo `ld zi V j|m Mkxdme ji hmec eo zm|6

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RMD jo| pl| xm~ xr|ec wmi ~ome xjo ecmeo+ ~ome xjo oimx iec aèo himeo wm~ome xjo oimx iec xm` joeo%

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jmj oimx iec j|m jiec xp+

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h|ec j|m aomjo omec% Ecme omec zl mj eo jmj b`le zi zm| mp l mj eor|` ri w e j|m himeo eco`l~6

^H /^ribmb`k`xp ig Hlgm|kx) 6 _mj z|mx w e

KCH /Kizz C`wle Hlgm|kx) 6 Dmx dmx hi w e



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LMH /L~iz|rl mx Hlgm|kx)6 Xiec h e j|m aomjo omec xm` xo` `ldaomjo omec aoiec xrm j e

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emec eco`le j| wm ~omx xr`le+

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Ol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ld ei` bi ~om` xmjo bmjo wm ~ome b`lx ri c`mom` oeo xoj l~ omec xe eo`ld6 l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ wml~ omec xe eo`ld aoime wmp% _l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ h|ecl ~ome meo r|` ri w e j|m himeo eco`l~ xriec dix aoimec xo` c`meeomx eo+ jie l~ omec xe eo`ld aoime wmp h|ec l ~ome meo r|` rimj xo| j|m xec c`mi hjo c`m ecme omec w` himeo eco`l~%

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Ecme omec ~om` xo| xom~ xmx jm jmj xoiec xè ji k`le }|me ao` l~ omecxe eo`ld himeo eco`l~% Ji om` kim` xoiec xè joeo h|ec xriec l~ omec6 xoiec xè ~ome meo r|` ri j|m ec` wmp wm xoiec xè ~ome meo r|` ri j|mxec c`mi hjo% Jmj xoiec xè emp ~om` ~o| o~+ mp | wm jm~ eomx% Xoli

}|p eo emp xo dj omec xe eo`ld j|m himeo eco`l~ zl j meo c`mkm` eo ap x|p wmi eoec xoiec xè wl r|` ri j|m himeo eco`l~ dm ecmeomec jm~ eomx j wm eoec xoiec xè emp ji meo oec mec al lemj z|mx w e j|m himeo eco`l~%

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=%:%: Bm` oij aèo eco`ld i` w` W`lx Emd xriec w`lj emec jmi o`l|}|m ol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ xm` jmj ecme omecxoec dm`

_l~ omec xe eo`ld km dix }|m xreo bmi cid eo`l| bj aomj eom| wm

ji di` k`le ol jomx jol w` eom|+ x w`lj km joie jmj h k`l| ~o| o~w` mj `ld j|m xec ecmeo wm xec himeo eco`l~ joi le w`lj kpjmj h k`l| emp dix jmjo aoli kli wm aoim oij eomd kmd xmec p ecomaèo xl j|m h k`l| j z h|ec xriec jmj di oeo l~ omec% El| xojo`le xix `l| emp xo jmj ecme omec zl kmd xmec i joeo mj xriec w`ljl~ omec xe eo`ld jmj himeo eco`l~ wmp wie xm` ecme omec deo wm xmiz jiec bmec joi jmj himeo eco`l~ j l~ omec%

_l~ omec xe eo`ld km eoe wl xec km` ~omx xr`le j|m himeo eco`l~+ hi

i w`lj ~ome xjo jmj h k`l| wl xeo oeo xm` joeo wm aèo himeo j|mhimeo eco`l~ ~om` j mx xriec bi` jmeo wl r|` ri xiec xol j|m himeoeco`l~ xrj eoec xomp i` ji xol ji j|m jmj jo| ap aèo xl ji xol mprm xriec xec km`% Ble jmeo i w`lj l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~j|ec ji ele xmec kp xo|plx wec wmec wl jmj xrec o~ ao|ec oimechimeo eco`l~%



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Xriec jiec xmj l~ omec xe eo`ld jmj himeo eco`l~ wmp wie xm` ecmeomec xo ~om` ~ome b`lx ri c`m l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ wm l~omec aoime wmp% _l~ omec xe eo`ld km meo c`m |p xe xe h|ec xiec}|mx j|m himeo eco`l~ xriec dix aoimec xo` c`me eomx eo% Jie l~

omec aoime wmp km meo c`m dj i xie xomx wm dj i ji xol xo| oi` j|maoime wmp+ hi i l~ omec aoime wmp k|ie cme k`le w` xec c`mi hjo j|xol wm ~o| xo|ij wmi jmj `l| a`le aomj eom| eo6 dj omec xe eo`ldbme m| j|m himeo eco`l~+ xm` zme md bmi joi aoime wmp+ jmj `l|aoime xriec o~ iec xe h|ec+

W`lx Emd jme mp dmeo ~omx xr`le oe em xo xrec wie+ mj b`lx km xoxrec joec aoime l eoec xoiec xè wl h`le b`le xeo oeo aèo himeoj|m himeo eco`l~ j jo|ple xm` eomeo joiec xrle xo xrec joecaoime% Eoec xoiec xè }|me xriec x xo xrec joec aoime eo jo zi^L+ zl km eoec jme j }|me xriec xriec jiec xmj l~ omec xe eo`ldhimeo eco`l~ j|m jmj ecme omec xoec dm`%

Ol xoiec ecme omec xoec dm` W`lx Emd jme emec jmi oe em xreo i}|me kp+ m| x jo`l| zm| wmi jiec ecol ecme omec mj b`lx km jiec ecolxoiec xè+ jm| xr|j km` bi dmp xi joj+ eomd m~ ec jmj x`l| jo|me wll~ omec xe eo`ld ei` bi xoli }|p eo j|m \p bme Bmzlk wl md bmi

me xime xriec jmj oimx iec ecme omec% mp j|ec km i` oi` l xmi zjdmeo xiec o~ joi ol xoiec ecme omec xoec dm` W`lx Emd xriec }|mxreo oi` eom~ aèo xl }|ij xl%

ALX K\ME JOEC =

Oimx iec xe h|ec j|m EOXD k|ie i` dmx w` eo`l| kim` r|` ri+ w wmpw`lj emec jmi o`l| }|m }|me kp r|` ri xe h|ec k|ie km di` }|me xmd omecm| j|m jmj EOXD% Xriec x`le xreo emp xo w`lj ~omx xr`le ol xoiec l~omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ ji dix p ecom rmx }|me xriec xriec w`lj emec

jmi o`l| }|m }|me kp r|` ri xe h|ec j|m jmj EOXD W`lx Emd%_l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ i` oi` ~om` ~ome xjo mp | wm aoim oijeo`l| jo x`l| aomj eom| ji k`le }|me le r|` ri xm` joeo wm r|` ri aèohimeo j|m himeo eco`l~% Hi i w`lj oij xm~ aèo eco`ld j|m jmj ej xrlexol c`` wl l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ km aoiec xol xo`l| l emec jmi



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o`l| }|m j|m ol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ xm` jmj EOXD W`lxEmd% Joec = j|m k|me wme m ~ome xjo eoec jo x`l| jo| pl| h|ec xriecl~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~+ xreo bmp aèo eco`ld j|m jmj ej xrieckeo wj l~ omec himeo eco`l~ wm x i r|x rm eoec bm` oij aèo eco`ld

i` w` W`lx Emd l emec jmi o`l| }|m l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ xm`jmj EOXD% Joec 2 x`l~ xoli zl ~ome xjo eoec | `ld wm ome jol j|mol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ld j|m jmj EOXD xm` XÔJD%



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JOEC 2ÔME XJO XEO OEO XOJ O@LE _L OMEC XE

EO@LD HIMEO ECO@L J\M JMJ ECME OMECXOEC DM@ XM@ XOMEO ÔI OI JO D@EO

2%= Xiec }|me wl xeo oeo oimx iec xe h|ec j|m jmj ecme omec xoecdm` xm` Xomeo ~oi Oi Jo Dèo

2%=%= Eoec xo|me k`

2%=%=%= Xeo oeo ~omx xr`le aèo xl$m oi` XÔJD

XÔJD km xr|ec xmd aèo xl$ m oi` j|m jm ej% Xriec eoec emd }|m eleaèo xl XÔJD k|ie xmec xrec w` xij i jmi xrle eo`l| keo wj eo zme|mx jiec eco`l~+ m| x ej ecim`+ hjo w| ecme omec+%%% Jmj b`l| o`le j| xolj|m z xmec xrec emp km6

!C`m xr zme |mx jiec eco`l~ emd 2>>7 mx xrle 2:0%>>> xp iec+ xmec=:+=, zi w` emd 2>>>7 mx xrle ==+< xp \ZH+ a`d ecmjoeom~ aom| mx >7 mx xrle =+8 xp \ZH wàoimec =?> h me j jm~ ~ol~%

!Hjo w| xol+ mj b`lx km xol MXD+ xriec emd 2>>7 x`l~ x|j ~omx xr`le w`xij i jmi% Xeo le emd 2>>7 xiec zi xol MXD xrle m bme XÔJD mxaoimec =%>7 jmj XJXH xrle m bme m ~omxomeo 7?>%833 xol+ xmec =+=8 kme zi w` emd 2>>>7 xiec himeo zi xol MXD mx aoimec =3%>>> xp iec+ cm~ =+:8 kme zi w` emd 2>>>7 mx aoimec 2+8 xp \ZH+ xmec

0+>0, zi w` emd 2>>


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WE wme jo`ld xp kl jmi wm c` dj ie eo x 73$7?, xriec xiec ec|ie wieo|p iec% Z h ec|ie wie o|p iec j|m jmj EOXD xmec eomeo xriec emd2>>7 km hi eoec ec|ple eome zm|6

!Eo| jm| wie xe h|ec xriec emd 2>>7 j|m jmj himeo eco`l~ xrle m bmeXÔJD xmec dmeo ele i` oi` jmj EOXD ~om` xmec km` z|mx o|p iec l jmeoxrmeo eomd xo| o|x j eo`l| ec|ie wie m~ ec oimx iec xe h|ec j|m ecmeomec deo%

!Km` z|mx \ZH k`le x|j xmec xriec emd 2>>7 ele i` oi` jmj EOXD ~om` c`mxmec km` z|mx WE eomd md bmi z joleo kljo c`m km` z|mx WE wm km` z|mx\ZH l om~ hme ec` hme c` WE eo`l| oe zi w` c` bmec \ZH%

!Xriec emd 2>>7 jmj EOXD xrle m bme m ~omx omeo eo`l| kim` c`mp x ji

c`m l o|p iec wie eo 6 ap ~o`l|+ xrm` ~o`l|+ joec jo x`le c`+ Jmj kim`c`mp x ji c`m emp w` km` z|mx bmec oimj jmi oe km` z|mx ecme omec m kmd joixo xrec o|p iec wie jmec xold zi` iec%

2%=%=%: Xeo oeo oimx iec xe h|ec j|m jmj EOXD xm` XÔJD

BMEC XEO OEO OIMX IEC XE H\EC J\M JMJ ECMEOMEC XOEC DM@ XM@ XÔJD : EMD 2>>8+ 2>>>7

e w xeo6 xp

iecEmd 2>>8 Emd 2>>< Emd 2>>7

Jo x`l| X|plxi`

!$ zi w`2>>:

X|plxi`

!$ zi w`2>>8

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!$ zi w`2>> 2>,

Ec|ie 6 J@J

Xiec h e j|m jmj EOXD xrle m bme XÔJD emd 2>>7 mx 2=0%700 xp

iec+ w` e ecme ome jo`ld 7>, xriec xiec h e% Hi eo| jm| wl wie aèohimeo ecme ome j|m jmj xomeo ~ome aèo xl ecmp jmec xmec ele jmj EOXD xm`XÔJD xriec xo` c`me }|m m mp dmeo oeo xoj joi wmp ecme ome eo joiwmp x`l| h|ec i` w` jmj xmec k~ hme j+ joi wmp l bi z|ec wie k| iec i`w` jmj himeo eco`l~ wm wm eoi+ l ~o|j w| joi oimx iec zme |mx aèohimeo j|m ao| wj hme j wm j|m jmj himeo eco`l~% Dmx aomj xr zi x|plx i`j|m h e xr|ec wm hm` ome j|m jmj EOXD j|ec xmec hme }|m jmj emd `l| empjoi xomp jmj EOXD m aoiec ecec ei kj j jm| km` h e xe h|ec l md

bmi z jme i` c`m h e xe h|ec ecme+ xr|ec wm hm` ome% J jm| xe h|ec c`mjoi wmp xr|ec hm` ome wm joi wmp ecme ome j|m jmj EOXD xm` XÔJD xo`c`me }|m x`l~ x|j h|p xr dj 7>,$7=, i` w` joi wmp ecme ome wm :0,$8>,i` w` joi wmp xr|ec wm hm` ome% mp km j jm| o~ kp ~o| o~ w` jme ièc|ie wie o|p iec j c`m wie xr|ec hm` ome wm wie ecme ome j|m jmjEOXD wm km j jm| j jmj EOXD xrle m bme h|p xr k`le x|j xriec xo` c`me}|m%

2%=%2 Eoec aoi aome

Oimx iec xe h|ec j|m jmj EOXD xrle m bme XÔJD xriec eoec emd}|m m k`le x|j xmec xrec+ jomx kec xe h|ec j|ec j jmj EOXD ecmpjmec }|me xmd eomd kmd c`md le dj xom~ eomx xp kl e m| xriec oimx iecxe h|ec j|m ecme omec% X|p eo`le wme l }|me kp r|` ri xe h|ec j|m jmjEOXD xrle m bme XÔJD wme jie eoec ome jol eo zm|6

W`lj }|me kp r|` ri xe h|ec j|m jmj EOXD jie jom iec bi+ jom ji jo`lekj ri rmec% Ei` h|ec jo| pl| xriec }|me kp r|` ri xe h|ec km ~oiec ecm

~omd w` xec aoime wmp dm jom ji jo`le kj }|me kp hmeo d|j jmj aoimewmp% i` w` xec aoime wmp+ b`le ~om~ ~oiec ecm r|` ri jo dmec xeoeo xeo% Ol xoiec l~ omec r|` ri xe h|ec xm` jmj ecme omec xoec dm`jom ~omx o|p xix wm` xri xriec kec oim j joeo mj dj i r|` ri j|mjmj aoime xe h|ec dm ecme omec jm~ joi aomjo omec%



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Ol xoiec }|me kp r|` ri xe h|ec x|p m j jmj EOXD ecmp jmec }|me xmdeoec b`le ~om~ }|me kp wme jie eo`l| ome jol wm jom m~ ec j pl|jm| aomjo }|me j|m oi` eom~ aèo xl }|ij xl% Jmj EOXD jom mp hecj dix jmjo ji ol xoiec w`lj }|me kp r|` ri xe h|ec xoli ecmeo ecol wm

i` xec aomjo omec% Joeo w wmp dm jmj EOXD o`le emp jie jom jo| iec xd eoec aomjo omec wm ecmeo aèo himeo oimx iec aèo himeo jio`l| }|m jmi l j|ec jm~ hjo w| xe h|ec eomd emec jmi k` eo|me joiecme omec%Di oeo xi joj }|me kp }|me kp r|` ri xe h|ec j|m jmj EOXD wme jie jmjome jol eo6 aoiec xm~ xr|ec j jmj k|iec xoiec xè jo| pl| wl oimxiec xe h|ec j|m ecme omec l mp hec+ a`ld xrm jmj d|j x`l| jo`le kjwm ~oiec ecm r|` ri xe h|ec1 ol xoiec xi joj }|me kp r|` ri jie xo`l| jmj

j }|me ~ome xjo+ h bmi di` xrec aèo himeo+ meo c`m ec|ie kj wm mjeo xmd eoe xr|ec wm hm` ome l }|me kp ji o`l| }|m jmj oimx iec ecmeomec xoli |ec eo oec m l rm+

2%2 ]|m xreo ~omx xr`le ol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|mjmj ecme omec xoec dm` xm` XÔJD

]|m xreo ~omx xr`le ol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m jmjEOXD xm` XÔJD ji xol jo`m xomeo 2 c`m` ime eo zm|6

2%2%= C`m` ime =008$2>>>

Xriec c`m` ime emp jiec xmj l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m jmjEOXD jo| pl| hm wmi oec hme j|m jiec wme zi =?>JW$XH: j|m W| xeh|ec EOEE ecmp 2>>7=008+ jmj x`l| jo|me ~ome kim` himeo eco`l~ j|m Bixm` joeo xm` xoiec x 2=KB$BXJ ecmp =3>7=00:+ xoiec x =3=00?XXKX$BKXB$BXJ ecmp :==2=00? wl jmj jo x`l| l ~ome xjo l~ omec xe eo`ldhimeo eco`l~ joi xec eoid ecmeo% W`lj ~ome xjo l~ omec himeo eco`l~

xriec c`m` ime emp j xoj o`le xm` om| olx jmj EOXD eom ej% Jmj ecmeomec k`le himeo wm ecme omec ej ecim` j|ec xoj o`le l~ omec xe eo`ldhimeo eco`l~ xriec eco`l~ w| xe h|ec j|m deo% Jie ol xoiec jmj EOXDJ^xriec ej j|ec bmx m| }|me xmd le l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~+ eoechi eo`l| ec|ple eome aomj eom| ele w`lj l~ omec himeo eco`l~ j|m jmjEOXDJ^ jo dmec xeo oeo xoj%



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2%2%2 C`m` ime x emd 2>>> le emp

Xriec | xoljmeo xrmeo wm oi` eom~ aèo xl }|ij xl ele jmj EOXD }|ijhimeo wm EOXD ji ~ome l| }|me xmd le w`lj emec jmi jomx kec xe h|ec

j|m ecme omec deo+ wm hi i w`lj ~ome xjo xm` joeo wm meo c`m l~ omec xeeo`ld himeo eco`l~ km ap xo|mx eco`l~ w| aoiec xol xo`l| j|m jmj EOXD% Jz ~om~ kp joi w`lj l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m jmj EOXD xriec c`mìme emp km 6

!]|plx eo 2?82>>>]$EOEE ecmp 202>>> j|m Xoiec ij EOEEwl }|p jol joi wmp j|m XJXH i` w` aomjo omec

!Xoiec x k`le xjo zi =>2>>>XXKX$BKXB_O$BXJ ecmp >8>82>>> wloec hme l~ omec himeo eco`l~ eom ej

!]|plx eo zi>2]$EOEE ecmp 28>=2>>2 j|m Xoiec ij EOEEwl w`lj xr`le aom` xo `ld l me ~ome xjo+ l~ kim` xe h|ec himeo eco`l~

!]|plx eo 83:2>>8]$EOEE ecmp 2?>82>>8 j|m Xoiec ij EOEEwl w`lj ~ol h|plx l me ~ome xjo+ l~ kim` xe h|ec himeo eco`l~%

!]|plx eo zi 80:2>>82>>< j|m Xoiec ijEOEE wl ~ome kim` e+ xrjo km~ wm z h|ec h ~oiec l kp r|` ri xe h|ecxriec oimx iec j|m jmj EOXD

!]|plx eo zi=272>>7 j|m Xoiec ij EOEE wlw`lj joi ~ol~ Xr|ec xmd Xoiec xè xe h|ec J@J xoj o`le eco`l~ w| ~ome xjo+l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~

Ol xoiec jmj jo x`l| h|ec l ~ome xjo+ l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~c`m jmj EOXD eom ej wm jmj EOXDJ^ j|ec ji eoec `ld xec iec wmaomj eom|%

Wl jo x`l| xm` joeoXriec meo c`m wl xeo oeo xm` joeo l l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~

xo jmj EOXD eom ej z h|ec == jo x`l| j joi xriec bmec zm|6

Jo x`l| Xp xriec /,)

Jo x`l| xomeo aoime =7,



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=% Aom emec xomeo xime ecme ome ?,

2% Aom emec xomeo xime eomeo ?,

Jo x`l| oimx iec :>,

:% Wiec }|mp omec xie aoi =>,

8% Ap xo| x`le beo }|me =>,

,

Jo x`l| jme e :>,

7% E ~om` xrm xiec xm` zme =>,

3% E ~om` xrm ec|ie wie jo| z o|

=>,

?% E }|m ome xiec h e ecme omec =>,

Jo x`l| xo| eom~ 28,

0% Xiec xo| eom~ xrj xo|l himeo xo| ?,

=>% Xiec xo| eom~ xrj xo|l xiec xm` zme ji ?,

==% Xiec xo| eom~ xrj xo|l ec|ie wie jo| z o| ?,

Xiec =>>,Ec|ie 6 Zi xmp xe h|ec ecme omec Jiec xoec W`lx Emd

i` w` jmj EOXD ji ~ome xo ble jmeo == jo x`l| xm` joeo j|m jmj EOXDeom ej+ jmj EOXDJ^ jie mp hec xold joi ecme omec deo jmj jo x`l|eo 6 md bmi wie joi zme |mx a`eo himeo+ emec kj ` wmp+ xij i xmec himeoxo|+ xij i xmec k` eo|me+

Wl jo x`l| ~o` xm` joeoBle jmeo jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo+ jmj jo x`l| ~o` xm` joeo j|ec j jmj

EOXD z h|ec l i kec dj i xe eo`ld j|m himeo eco`l~ i` w` ecmeomec% Jmj jo x`l| ~o` xm` joeo cid ji6

Eoid jo x`l| wl aom emec }|me xr hiec x`le joi jmj oimx iec6 ol zi aomemec xrm km`+ ol ziaom emec xrm e cij+ | oec j|m k| jo|ple x`le xl xo|me



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xriec }|m ao+ xrmec xom` k| jo|ple x`le xo|me x oimx iec+ x`le wm jmj aoimexec ec x`lewie jo| z o|%

Eoid jo x`l| wl jomx kec }|me kp 6 emec kj jo|ple die wm aèo eco`ldj|m ec` `l| omeo himeo eco`l~+ aèo eco`ld xriec ecmeo j|m bme }|me kphimeo eco`l~+ di` xrec a`ld zimx ei` bi+ xomeo x| mx j j|m bme }|me kp+xeo aom xo` j|m ~oec me aèo himeo%

Eoid jo x`l| wl |p xe j|m himeo eco`l~ xriec }|me ol w` ecme omeceo6 xrm e |ec ome+ e }|m ome xriec }|m ao+ zi kme c`m ome e+ zi kme jomdxrm km` wmp+ zi h x`le c` xr|ec beo xomec xm` ecme omec+ xo` c`me h|p xr xmàoime w` ecme omec+ zi kec jmj kim` c`mi hjo w` ecme omec+ zi kec c`mihjo omec xomec w` xm` aoime xm` ecme omec+ zi kec jmj ecme omec aomj dm

himeo eco`l~ h|p xr xm` aoime% Eoid jo x`l| wl di` xrec aèo himeo 6 xr`le wiec ecmeo+ xoec o`l|

zme ~omd+ w xol jmeo xrmeo+ zi kec i` xo| jmeo xrmeo+ xo| eom~ j|m himeoeco`l~ xrj }|m xreo i` d`+ jm` jmjo%

Eoid jo x`l| wl mj `ld oimx iec j|m himeo eco`l~ 6 m hmec oim jmjoimx iec /xoli ecmeo+ xo xrec+ w xr)+ xo| eom~ x oimx iec |mx aom|+ z~o| xo|ij wmi jmj i` xmj+ k` eo|me j|m jiec xp xriec eoec emd cme mp+ w

xol j|m himeo eco`l~ i` w` jmj jiec xp aomj+ xm` zme md bmi% Wl ~oec ~om~ l~ omec

W`lj l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j xoj o`le bmec jmjo jomd `ldjmj jo x`l| xm` joeo wm ~o` xm` joeo xoli xomec `ld wm x`l| jo|me meo c`m meo zme% Zm| ao` jomd `ld jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo wm ~o` xm` joeo dix ziEOXD jie z h|ec `ld xoec~omx x|p wmi xp kl h e ji xm` zme md bmi+ol zi x xm` xr j|m himeo eco`l~+ k` xol xoec dm`+ |p xe j|m himeo eco`l~xrle xo xrec wm jmj xoiec xè aomj%

Jme j wmi xiec `ld j|m jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo wm ~o` xm` joeo+ `ldxoec~omx /el| ji) j|m himeo eco`l~ dm di` ecme omec zl x|p xoli }|p eowl xomec `ld l~ omec j|m ecme omec deo l l~ himeo eco`l~ wmi xo omecxojo o~% Zi kec jmj xo omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|ec aomj eom| c`mjmj EOXD% Jomec ome eo+ Ecme omec jiec xoec W`lx Emd wm Ecme omec



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Eiec eco`l~ wm ômx xr`le eiec xoie W`lx Emd xo }|p eo => xo omec+ Ecmeomec m| x wm ~omx xr`le W`lx Emd xo }|p eo 3 xo omec+

O`le emp xoli ]|plx eo zi =272>>7 j|m Xoiecij EOEE wl w`lj joi ~ol~ Xr|ec xmd Xoiec xè xe h|ec J@J xoj o`leeco`l~ w| ~ome xjo+ l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ xo himeo eco`l~ zl jl~ wmi = xriec 0 xo omec zm| mp

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Kim` xi` | 6 himeo eco`l~ oimx iec mx o`l| }|m jmi% Aomemec x jo| xm` joeo rmx xix% Xr`le wiec ~omx xr`le km| hm`+ x`ldkj xm` joeo dmeo% Kjo z wmp xrm e xix% R| ri xom~ eomx

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Kim` | 6 Himeo eco`l~ oimx iec ji o`l| }|m wm ie eo% Aomemec x jo| xm` joeo xix% Kjo z wmp xrm e xix% R|` ri xom~%

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Kim` xix 6 Xeo oeo xm` joeo ie eo+ oimx iec aèo himeo ji o`l| }|m% Kjo z wmp xrm e xix% R|` ri xec i` xom~%

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Kim` aom 6 Oimx iec xec i` o`l| }|m+ xeo oeo xm` joeo ieeo x|p eo`le ji ome jol eomx eo wl x`ld kj xm` joeo% R|` rixr|ec beo

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Kim` xr|ec beo pl| 6 himeo eco`l~ oimx iec ji o`l| }|m xom~+

emec kj }|me kp ald+ aom emec xrm e xom~+ x jo| wl xm` joeopl|% R|` ri jmi

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Kim` pl| 6 himeo eco`l~ oimx iec ald o`l| }|m+ x jo| xm`joeo pl| ald% Aom emec xrm e ecme omec ald% R|` ri rmx jmi

J Kim` pl| ald 6 himeo eco`l~ oimx iec pl| ald+ xo|m ki ali



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H` ::`ld

hm`+ aoiec x jo| wl xm` joeo% Emec kj }|me kp pl| ald+ ji e}|m ome% R|` ri rmx jmi

Ec|ie 6 J@J

Wl xomp i` dj l~ omecXo omec xe eo`ld j|m jmj himeo eco`l~ j|ec eo ap j jmj EOXD

meo c`m km` joi ~o| o~ w` z xomp i` wl r|` ri j|m himeo eco`l~% Di` ecmeomec j|ec ji eoec jmjo meo c`m aomj eom| wl wme l emp% Jomec ome eo+Ecme omec m| x wm ômx xr`le W`lx Emd }|p eo zl meo x|x = omec el|aomjo omec ji alx }|m aèo himeo ki 2 emd k`le x`l~+ meo x|x 2 omec el| ji}|plx eo ao` xi i` w` xomeo w`le Bme kmeo mi oimj al xime xrec% JieEcme omec Ecim` xoec W`lx Emd xo }|p eo 6 ao` ji jmj jmj xe o`l| eo bi

dmp }|me kp j|m himeo eco`l~ aoiec a`ld zimx j aèo himeo cmp ki+ xomxxoimx xm` zme+ hiec x`le x jmj oimx iec aoiec md bmi xrm e+ xi joj zme |mxaèo himeo aoiec o~ kp+ xo zl x`le omeo meo c`m km` xo omec j|m himeoeco`l~%

2%: Eoec | `ld wm ome jol xriec l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|mjmj EOXD xm` XÔJD

2%:%= Eoec | `ld

Jmj EOXD m joie kij j dix zi jo x`l| xm` joeo wm ~o` xm` joeo

xec i` ~o| o~ l i kec r|` ri j|m himeo eco`l~%

J| xol6

!Wl jo x`l| xm` joeo 6 jmj EOXD m joie j jmj jo x`l| eo aom emecxomeo xime+ wiec }|mp omec xie aoi+ e ~om` xrmxiec xm` zme+ k` eo|mexiec xm`zme% mp km jmj jo x`l| m j jmj xi joj l~ omec xe eo`ld ke eo Diihpwm Z'^ z h|ec xriec l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~%

!Wl jo x`l| ~o` xm` joeo 6 jmj EOXD m joie j jmj jo x`l| eo w xoljmeo xrmeo j|m himeo eco`l~+ dj i r|` ri ecmeo+ xr`le wiec ecmeo+ xreo iwm aèo eco`ld bme kmeo mi himeo eco`l~+ aom emec }|me xr hiec x`le joi jmj



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oimx iec% mp km jmj jo x`l| eo xeo rmx }|me xriec xriec meo c`m o`l| }|mzme |mx aèo himeo j|m himeo eco`l~%

W`lj km joie jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo wm ~o` xm` joeo l l~ omec xe eo`ld

himeo eco`l~ joi xomp jmj EOXD m ji z jomj kij jme j wmi xoj xrmec

oimx iec zme |mx aèo himeo j|m jmj himeo eco`l~ W`lx Emd wm jmj }|p

eo ~om~ kp ji k`le }|me

Jomec ome eo xriec w`lj jomd `ld }|p di himeo eco`l~+ jmj EOXD jmej wmi 8 jo x`l| km wie aèo himeo+ zi ec` kmi iec+ himeo xo| xo|me wm djei~ ecme zmjo% Xriec ao` i jmj ej ~omx xr`le xoec h|ec jmj jo x`l| eo}|p di xiec xm` zme+ }|p di himeo xo|+ c`m xr xo xrec xiec xm` zme wm c`m xrxo xrec wie jo| z o| l meo c`m }|p di himeo eco`l~% X|p eo`le hi xo

xrec joec aoime W`lx Emd jie jom ~omx xr`le dmeo+ jmj }|p eo wl joli al xime wm bmi jmi xoiec al jie eo`l| bmx jm~+ ele 8 jo x`l| dm jmjEOXD W`lx Emd z h|ec l meo c`m }|p di himeo eco`l~ km xec i` ~o|o~ w` xoj x`le oimx iec zme |mx aèo himeo j|m jmj himeo eco`l~ W`lxEmd%

Ecme omec eom ej wm jmj Bi ecmeo ji k`le }|me ecmp jmec }|me xmd

mp hec ol xoiec jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo wm ~o` xm` joeo l oec hme jmj

EOXD meo c`m l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~

Jomec ome eo Xoiec x =3=00?XXKX$BKXB$BXJ ecmp :==2=00? j|mBi xm` joeo m l jm~ aom j| xol }|m xreo ~ome xjo+ l~ kim` himeo eco`l~kmd j z xoiec eomx joi w`lj z h|ec alx }|m ~ome xjo j|m eo`l| i` xec jik`le }|me eo ecme omec+ xo|l+ a`ld xime% ]|plx eo >2]$EOEE ecmp28>=2>>2 wm cme mp km ]|plx eo =272>>7 j|mXoiec ij EOEE m l jm~ aom jo` x`lx jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo wm ~o` xm` joeol oec hme jmj EOXD xoj o`le l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~%

Jmj EOXD W`lx Emd ecmp jmec }|me xmd le emec jmi o`l| }|m jiec xmjl~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ xm` ecme omec deo

Ji xol xomp xriec xo` c`me }|m jmj EOXDJ^ m rmx emec iec xriec o~xmj w` jmj xi joj }|ij xl eo @GJ+ ecme omec ej ecim`+ xriec w`lj oimexo`le ol xoiec jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo joi ~o| o~ w` mj `ld zme |mx aèo



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himeo j|m jmj himeo eco`l~ W`lx Emd% D|j x`l| j|m jmj EOXDJ^ km eomdkmd xmec i joeo mj xriec jiec xmj l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|mecme omec deo% Ble jmeo i xo xriec jmj }|plx eo joi wmp j|m deo+ jmjEOXD k|ie lx le alx }|m l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ l ji joeo zmjo

aomjo omec ~o| o~6 himeo eco`l~ ji r|` ri xom~ xo zl j oec dj km` z|mxxom~ wm ecj km`% `l| emp joi ~ol~ EOXD ji dix eo oec xix oe wl r|`ri xriec joi wmp i` w` jmj himeo eco`l~%

2%:%2 Eoec ome jol

Jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo l ~ome xjo l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m

jmj EOXD wme jie xo`l| jmj jo x`l| }|me xriec

Jomec ome eo l meo c`m aom emec xomeo xime j|m himeo eco`l~+ jmj

EOXD z h|ec om` jo x`l| km aom emec xomeo xime o`le omeo wm aom emec xomeoxime eomeo+ wm hi i m xo`l| dix jo x`l| rmx }|me xriec i km jo x`l| wie k|iec riec dix jo x`l| rmx }|me xriec xriec meo c`m aom emec xomeo xime j|mhimeo eco`l~% Dmx aomj+ om` jo x`l| aom emec xomeo xime o`le omeo wm aomemec xomeo xime eomeo l| ji ei` h|ec xoiec x`e xec x eom|+ b` w aom emecxomeo xime eomeo jo e xo|me km aom emec xomeo xime o`le omeo m kim` xr bxomec xie aoi xriec xiec xm` zme k| iec% Oe em+ aoime d|j omec xie aoi xom j z h|ec xriec jo x`l| wiec }|mp omec xie aoi l ~ome meo o`l| }|m

oimx iec j|m himeo eco`l~+ hi i jo jme z h|ec aom emec xomeo xime eomeodm xoi`% Ble jmeo i+ jmj EOXD wme jie xo`l| jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo rmx }|mexriec l l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~+ jomec ome eo6 eoid jo x`l| xolo`le z k`eo oimx wl xm` joeo j|m himeo eco`l~+ xij i xmec xrec himeo xo|+xij i xmec xrec k` eo|me+ c`m xr xo xrec xiec xm` zme j|m himeo eco`l~+

Ble jmeo w`lj xo`l| jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo+ ol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ldhimeo eco`l~ j|m jmj EOXD W`lx Emd wme jom ji x`l| jo|me xoiec eomx

jo|ec l meo c`m wm xeo `ld jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo% W wmp himeo eco`l~ kim`M j|m ecme omec emp ji xol km kim` B j|m ecme omec aomj%

Ol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m jmj EOXD jie xo`l| jmj

jo x`l| l kec oim w xol jmeo xrmeo j|m himeo eco`l~+ dj i r|` ri

ecmeo wm aom emec }|me xr `l| omeo j|m himeo eco`l~



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W xol jmeo xrmeo km dix jo x`l| rmx }|me xriec l meo c`m r|` ri wm xr`lewiec ~omx xr`le xriec xec km` j|m himeo eco`l~% Om` himeo eco`l~ ji r|` ri xm`joeo eo eom| eoec zl ji xo omec rmx aomj eom| x|p wmi jmj xomjo xoj lex di` xrec aèo himeo dm di` himeo eco`l~ cm~ ~om wm jmj j oi` aèo

himeo dm di` himeo eco`l~ ji j wm ji xol emd bmx j+ xj km x|p xo|ijwmi w xol jmeo xrmeo j|m di` himeo eco`l~% O`le xm` ol xoiec l~ omec xeeo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m jmj EOXD W`lx Emd wme jie xo`l| jm jo x`l| eoxeo wm eo kec l ~ome xjo w xol jmeo xrmeo j|m himeo eco`l~% mp km dixome jol xriec ol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m jmj EOXD W`lxEmd o`le emp%

R|` ri ecmeo j|ec km dix jo x`l| }|me xriec l ~ome xjo l~ omec himeo

eco`l~ b` w mp km kim` r|` ri ol xoiec+ di` himeo eco`l~ oimx iec xriec jmjecmeo ecol aomj eom| zl jo| xmj iec wl r|` ri j|m ecmeo i% O`le xm` jmjEOXD W`lx Emd jom mp hec j mp | ol xoiec jmj jo x`l| eo xeo wmeo kec l ~ome xjo r|` ri ecmeo xriec l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~%Dmx aomj+ jmj xoiec xè+ zi k`l| aèo xl w di k`le }|me le ecmeo aèo xl+xoiec xè wl xo xrec xriec wm ecim` ej dm jmj EOXD jm~ eomx j jie}|m ecoli eme l ji xol z h|ec xriec ~ome xjo r|` ri ecmeo dm himeo eco`l~mec oimx iec% Hi i w`lj meo c`m r|` ri ecmeo j|m EOXD jie ~o| xo|ij

eo`l| wmi eome eo jo| }|me j|m ec` ~ome xjo% mp j|ec km dix ome jol dmjmj EOXD W`lx Emd jme ji c`m` ~om~ aomj ~o|j xriec xo` c`me x`%

Aom emec }|me xr `l| omeo himeo eco`l~ km dix jo x`l| aoiec xol xo`l|xriec l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~% W`lj kec oim aom emec }|me xr `l|omeo km eomd meo c`m aom emec jo| ec j|m himeo eco`l~ xrj eoec b`leiec j|m di` xrec aèo himeo wm r|` ri xriec joeo zmjo xm` joeo j|m himeoeco`l~% Di` himeo eco`l~ l| ji mj `ld aomj eom| wl zi kec jmj aomjoomec+ di` k`le ol w` jmj eom j|ec jm~+ jo` ~o zme |mx+ jomx kec zme ~omd+

ele di` himeo eco`l~ l| ji jo`le kj aèo himeo+ joeo zmjo xm` joeo wmxec ec km dj i r|` ri aèo himeo wm r|` ri xm` joeo zl aomj eom|% l meoc`m aom emec }|me xr `l| omeo j|m himeo eco`l~ xo ol xoiec l~ omec xeeo`ld j|m jmj EOXD o`le emp jo| pl| hm wmi dix zi jmj jo x`l| eo xeoeo6 xreo i oij wme+ emec kj jo|ple die j|m Bme kmeo mi himeo eco`l~+ |pxe j|m bme kmeo mi himeo eco`l~+ aom emec emd bmx xo xrec j|m bme kmeo



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mi+ Hi i jo| pl| hm wmi jmj jo x`l| eo xeo ele jmj EOXD rmx aoi mxj z joeo mj xriec w`lj kec oim r|` ri aom emec }|me xr `l| omeo j|mhimeo eco`l~ b` w w`lj meo c`m ao` i zl ~o| xo|ij eo`l| wmi a`le xoj wmeome eo jo| }|me j|m ec` ~ome xjo l~ omec%

Ol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco ~jie jom jo| xriec meo c`m

hiec k| jo|ple x`le xl jm himeo eco`~

O`l| }|m oimx iec j|m himeo eco`l~ ~om` j alx o~ ~ome xjo w` k|jo|ple x`le xl l o`l| j himeo eco`l~ ji x`le x m| wm x`le m j zh|ec eo xol emi l m~ ec joi jmj oimx iec a`eo himeo wm xomeo xime j|mhimeo eco`l~% Jmj ol zi xm` joeo ji xol kmd zmec xi wl aom emec z`eo k`+ o`l|}|m }|me kp xm` zme ji+ xm` zme e j|m himeo eco`l~ eoec aoiec xrj x`l~ ei`

kle zi x`le dm himeo eco`l~ zme ji xriec eoec aoimec xo` c`me aomj eom| loime xrm |ec ome jmj aoime wmp% Hi i jmj jo x`l| wl k| jo|ple x`le xl j|mhimeo eco`l~ km jmj jo x`l| rmx jme xo`lx l meo c`m aom emec }|me xr hiecx`le joi jmj oimx iec j|m himeo eco`l~% O`le xm` jo ji Ecme omec Ecim`xoec W`lx Emd km jo| xriec ~ome xjo jo x`l| k| jo|ple x`le xl xriec l~omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~+ jie jmj EOXD aomj xo w`lj ~ome xjo jo x`l|emp wme jie jom j jo| xriec wm }|me xmd |ec dj%

X`l| jo|me+ jo|me dj zi zmeo j|m jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo wm ~o` xm` joeo

jie eoec ome jol eomx eo

Xriec ~oec ~om~ meo c`m r|` ri xm` joeo himeo eco`l~ j|m jmj EOXD+jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo zm| ao` j xeo xime km` j zi zmeo xrj x`l~ w` jox`l| xr|ec beo ecmeo oimj w` ap xrj dm xo`l| }|m xreo `l| joeo h k`l| lc`m xr j|m jmj jo x`l| emp ~ome meo zmx eomx le mj z|mx w e j|m himeoeco`l~% Jmj xi joj l~ omec eo Diihp wm Z'^ ji eo`l| ap xo|mx aomj eom|l `l| joeo c`m xr j|m jmj xp zixm` joeo l jmj xp zi emp ~ome meo xec i`

joeo mj le mj z|mx w e j|m himeo eco`l~% Dmx aomj hi bmi jmi xm` joeoj|m jmj himeo eco`l~ W`lx Emd jie xo`l| xr|ec xoj ele jmj xp zi xm` joeo zm|ao` xeo rm j|ec ~ome meo aoiec joeo mj xeo oeo xm` joeo j|m himeo eco`l~%Joeo w wmp dm jmj jo x`l| ~o` xm` joeo jo`ld le 7>$3>, xriec xomec `ldl~ omec xe h|ec j|m jmj EOXD W`lx Emd% Dm jmj jo x`l| ~o` xm` joeo xowme jie eoec ome jol eo m ~ome xjo xrle%



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Alx }|m l~ omec jom ~omx o|p olx xmj h|ec

O`le xm` ol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m jmj EOXD jo d`j h|ec l xoj o`le joeo zmjo aomjo omec+ mj eo km` z|mx joi wmp wm ~ohjo w|% Hi o`l| }|m jiec xmj l~ omec xe h|ec himeo eco`l~ jie eo`l| omejol ele jmj EOXD W`lx Emd jom xol z h|ec alx }|m l~ omec xe eo`ldhimeo eco`l~ l x`le omeo ~ome kim` e wm xrjo km~ h ~oiec r|` ri+ j jm| km`hmeo d|j xe h|ec+ eomd emec jmi o`l| }|m }|me kp r|` ri xe h|ec xm` ecmeomec deo%

Jo|ec xm ji xol xomp ri eoec | `ld wm ome jol j|m ol xoiec l~ om ecxe eo`ld xmÈOXD xoiec }|m om` w h| zm| mp /jme j xoli x`l| jo|me l~omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m Ecme omec Jiec xoec W`lx Emd)

W H\ =Jiec xp ji ~ome MBJ jo|ple zme |mx z`+ wm`+ dmp }|me mi jmj kim` l

|mx aom| wm x`l| xo| xriec ej%$ Xm` k`l| h|ec kmd jme j meo c`m bmi cid Bmi jmi alx }|m oimx iec

aèo himeo wm Bmec jme i` al xime

$ Bmec alx }|m aèo himeo j|m jiec xp ji ~ome MBJe w xeo 6 xp iec

H@LE C@M@ Dm zi Ap xrj Ap empXiec himeo xo| >= 87? 722 2?> ::>Jmj aoime c`md xr/>< ! >7 ! >3)

>: 8 ?

Xriec i6 >8

!C`md c`m omec bme >7!Xo|l XXB+ xo|l |mx aom| ~om` ei~ >3=%Himeo xo| xo|me />= >:) => 878 7222%C`m wie omec bme == 8>0


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8%Jo` ~o bme omec 2= =2 =3 20 ::$Xo| eom~ oimx iec xm` joeo := 8 ?

$Jo` ~o oimx iec xm` joeo :2 28 283%K` eo|me oimx iec xm` joeo /:= $ :2) 8> /2>) /=7)$Jmj aoime xo| eom~ bmx xoec 8= =? =2$Jo` ~o bmx xoec 82 0 3?%K` eo|me bmx xoec /8= $ 82) 0 ! 8> ! ) 7> =? 22=>%Xo|lXEHE ~om` ei~ 3> 8==%K` eo|me zm| xo|l /7> $ 3>) ?> =2+28 =8+07

$ Bmec jme i` al xime j|m jiec xp ji ~ome MBJe w xeo 6 xp iec

H@LE C@M@ Ap xrj Ap empXM@ ZMEM$Xm` zme k| iec wm m| x ecme ome 2=? :??@$X`le => :>@@$Jmj aoime m| x xm` joeo ecme ome@@@$Jmj aoime ~om` xo| 22 ==>

@W$Omec xie aoi =?8 2:?W$Xm` zme k| iec aomj 2 =>W@$Jo` z eco`l~B$Xm` zme ji eo wm m| x hm` ome 8=> :) /=77)

@@$Jmj aoime m| x hm` ome@@@$Jo` ~o mp hec h hmec :< 2

@W$Jmj aoime ap }|p+ ap jj hm` ome > ?Xiec jiec xm` zme 72? 382EC\IE WIEM$E ~om` xrm 8?0


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$ ôm` rm ec` bme > >@@$E hm` ome 22: 22 >Xiec jiec ec|ie wie 72? 382

JOMD @LD HIMEO ECO@L^6$ ôme kim` himeo eco`l~ xoli ecmeo6 Himeo eco`l~ xo|ij eoid ecmeo

JIEC ECO@L^%

$ Bmec jomd `ld }|p di himeo eco`l~X@L\ JO XR ZI @LD

=% Ec|ie wie aèo himeo =:3 xp iec :>

2% Zikmi iec 2>>> ec` =

8% Zix`le ei~ ecme

zmjoemd 3+>8 xp iec =2XIEC JIEC 03

`ld zi wl }|p di j|m himeo eco`l~ km 03 `ld 6 himeo eco`l~ ji }|p dixo|ij kim` = /}|p di ke)

JOMD @LD JMJ JO X@L\ XM@ JOEOBmec alx }|m jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo

Jo x`l| Jiec xoj Alx }|m

=$Aom emec xomeo ximeecme ome XZK E ecme ome :??:3=4=+>+8>

:$ Wiec }|mp omec xieaoi

C`m wie omec bmeBeo}|me omec xie aoi


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8$ Ap xo| x`le beo }|meBeo }|me jmj aoime~om` xo|:7>himeo xo|xo|me xriec ap

77:7>7224:?+=0

3$ E ~om` xrm zi w` wiejo| z o|

E ~om` xrmwie jo| zo|

?

?$ E }|m ome zi w`xiec h e

E }|m omexiec h e >:3=4>

0$ Xiec xo| eom~ xrj

xo|l zi w` himeo xo|

Xiec xo| eom~ xrj

xo|lhimeo xo| xo|me

227224>+>8

=>$ Xiec xo| eom~ xrjxo|l zi w` xiec xm` zme

Xiec xo| eom~ xrjxo|l xiec xm` zme

223824>+>:

==$ Xiec xo| eom~ xrjxo|l zi w` wie jo| zo|

Xiec xo| eom~ xrjxo|l wie jo| z o|

22=874>+=> ?> 7> 8> 2>

Zi`ld

=$Aom emec xomeoxime ecme ome ?, =+>< 8%?2$ Aom emec xomeoxime eomeo

?, >+8> 8%?

:$ Wiec }|mp omecxie aoi

=>, 2+72 8



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8$ Ap xo| x`le beo}|me

=>, :?+=0 =>

, >+0= 2

7$ E ~om` xrm zi w`xm` zme =>, >+?> 2

3$ E ~om` xrm zi w`wie jo| z o|

=>, 8+>? 2

?$ E }|m ome zi w`xiec h e

=>, >%>> =>

0$ Xiec xo| eom~xrj xo|l zi w`himeo xo|

?, >+>8 8%?

=>$ Xiec xo| eom~xrj xo|l zi w`xiec xm` zme

?, >+>: =%7

==$ Xiec xo| eom~xrj xo|l zi w` wiejo| z o|

?, >+=< ?

Xiec `ld


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JK Omec xie aoi $JK Ec` d|m xrm x`le xrj >

JK ^om` xrm aomj >Jo` ~o bme omec $=3Jo` ~o }|me kp himeo eco`l~ $=0Xo|l XEHE ~om` ei~ $3

K| jo|ple x`le xo|me x oimx iec a`eo himeo $7?@@% K| jo|ple x`le x oimx iec xm` joeo

K` eo|me bmx xoec JK Wie ci~ /4EWJZO JA $ A $ ^ zm| xo|l) $?

K| jo|ple x`le xo|me x oimx iec xm` joeo ??@@@% K| jo|ple x`le x oimx iec m| x

JK m| x xm` joeo ecme ome >JK m| x xm` joeo hm` ome >JK Xm` zme ji eo /ec|ple c`m) $2

K| jo|ple x`le xo|me x oimx iec m| x >



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@W% K| jo|ple x`le xo|me xriec ap $=W% X`le xie m| ap 2W@% X`le xie j|i` ap =

Bmec alx }|m jmj jo x`l| k| jo|ple x`le xlJo x`l| Jiec xoj Alx }|m

=$ Ol ziaom emec xrm km` /K` eo|me xrj xo|l!Km` wmp) Km` wmp

/$2 ! >+=7) >+=7 4 $==++=:

:$ _| oec j|m k|

jo|ple x`le xl xo|mexriec }|m ao

Xmec eomeo+ xmec+ ie

eo+ c`md+ md

Md

8$ Xrmec xom` k| jo|plex`le xl xo|me x oah

Zi zmeo w` k` eo|mexo|me+ md

Md

=7 =2 ? 8

Zi `ld

=$ Ol zi aom emecxrm km`

$==+< 8

2$ Ol zi aom emecxrm e cij

Md 8

:$ _| oec j|m k|jo|ple x`le xl xo|mexriec }|m ao

Md 8

8$ Xrmec xom` k|jo|ple x`le xl xo|mex oah

Md 8


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Xiec `ld 28$ Xiec zi`ld jo x`l| k| jo|ple x`le xl 6 28`ld$ `ldjo x`l| k| jo|ple x`le xlzm| ao` xeo ol zi6 28 2>, 4 8+? `ld

Bmec jomd `ld x`l| jo emec kj wm aèo eco`ld }|me kpJO X@L\

@LD2> =7 =2 ? 8

Zi`ld

Aèo eco`ld j|mec` ec m|himeo eco`l~

Ji bmecjo|pledie+

xo` c`mejiec xmj; = emd

8

Aèo eco`ld j|mec` `l| omeohimeo eco`l~

5 = emd ?

Di` xrec a`ldzimx ei` bi

Ji ome jolxriec jiec xmja`ld zimx ei`

bi

?

Xomeo x| wm xomx

bm` j|m i` ec|`l| omeo himeoeco`l~

Rmx x =2

Xeo aom xo` j|m~oec me aèohimeo wm h ximexm` joeo

Ji ~oecme aèo

himeo wm hxime xm`

joeo eoecaoiec j| xol

ri rmec

=2

Xiec `ld 88$ Xiec zi `ld x`l| jo emec kj wm aèo eco`ld }|me kp 6 88`ld$ `ld j|mx`l| jo emec kj wm aèo eco`ld }|me kp zm| ao` xeo ol zi6 88

::, 4 =8+


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Bmec jomd `ld x`l| jo xeo oeo wm |p xe c`mi hjo w` ecme omecJO X@L\

@LD=> ? 7 8 2

Zi`ld

Xrm e |ec omeAoiec xrm|ec ome 2

Zi kme c`m ome e: kme xriec =2 xomec

wm }|m8

E }|m ome xriec}|m ao

2:> ecmp }|m omexriec wiec =2 xomec

}|m8

Zi kme dmx aomemec xomeo ximei` w` jmj jmd alxw` EOJW

m xec bdmx aom

emec xomeoxime xriecwiec =2

xomec }|m

2

Zi kme jomd xrm km`wmp 2 kme xr kle xriec =2xomec }|m 8Xo` c`me h|p xrxm` aoime w`EOJW

; = emd 8

Zi kec c`mi hjoxr|ec beo omecxomec w` xm` aoimexm` EOJW

;= xp2



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Zi kec ecmeomec aomj dmaomjo omec h|p xrxm` aoime

2 7

Xiec `ld :>$ Xiec zi `ld x`l| jo xeo oeo wm |p xe c`mi hjo w` ecme omec 6 :> `ld$ `ld j|m x`l| jo xeo oeo wm |p xe c`mi hjo w` ecme omec zm| ao` xeo

ol zi6 :> ::, 4 0+0 `ldBmec jomd `ld x`l| jo di` xrec aèo himeo

JO X@L\ @LD 2> =7 =2 ? 8Zi

`ld

Xr`le wiec ecmeo ie eo =7

Xoec o`l| j|m himeoeco`l~

x jb`lx le

?

W xol jmeo xrmeo

Beoxoec+

mecz|x

c`md

=2

Zi kec i` xo| jmeo

xrmeo

eo`l| ?

Xo| eom~ j|m HE jo|meo oec j|m }|m xreoi` d` zm~ l~ HEEE

Aoiec2>

Xiec `ld 78$ Xiec zi `ld xoli x`l| jo di` xrec aèo himeo6 78 `ld$ `ld j|m x`l| jo di` xrec aèo himeo zm| ao` xeo ol zi6 78 3, 4

8+8? `ldBmec jomd `ld x`l| jo jmj mj `ld oimx iec aomj

JO X@L\ @LD 2> =7 =2 ? 8 Zi`ld

m hmec oim jmjoimx iec

Aoiec mhmec oim

8

Xo| eom~ x oimxiec |mx aom|

Aoiec8



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Z ~o| xo|ij wmi jmji` xmj /m| wmi+m| rm)

~o| xo|ijeo`l| wmi i`

xmj ie eo?

K` eo|me j|m HE

xriec eoec emd cmemp

Ki

8

Xm` zme bmi md

Ji aom emecxomeo aoimexom~+ r|` rixr|ec beo

?

Xiec `ld 2?$ Xiec zi `ld xoli x`l| jo jmj mj `ld oimx iec aomj6 2? `ld$ `ld j|m x`l| jo jmj mj `ld oimx iec aomjzm| ao` xeo ol zi6 2?

3, 4 =+07 `ldXiec zi `ld jmj jo x`l| ~o` xm` joeo 6 :, ?+78

Xiec `ld :>+>:! Xiec zi `ld aomjo omec mx j6 :>+>:`ld! Aomjo omec mx omec xe h|ec kim` J/kim rmx pl| ald+ r|` ri mj b`lx jmi) 6

aomjo omec b xo|m ki ali hm`+ xm` joeo pl| ald+ ji e aoi i`+ emec kj }|mekp ald%

EOME _LX 6Alx }|m l~ omec xe eo`ld joi xomp mp km dix himeo eco`l~ ji xeo oeoxm` joeo rmx pl| ald+ aom emec }|me kp pl| ele r|` ri aoiec xomeo xime |ecwm mp | jmj aoime e le ome j|m himeo eco`l~ km rmx jmi% X|p eo`le l jixol meo c`m joeo mj oe wl r|` ri j|m himeo eco`l~ xo jme xo| xom~ xold jmj



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xoiec x`e bi z|ec wl jomx kec }|me kp `l| omeo j|m himeo eco`l~+ x`ld emecxo xrec `le c`m h|ec+ xr`le wiec ecmeo+

2%:%: Ec|ple eome j|m eoec ome jol xriec l~ omec xe eo`ld himeoeco`l~ xm` EOXD

Jol i al xime xoiec al jie eo`l| jie eo`l| bmx jm~

Dmj h| xo` c`me }|m eo`l| jo|me dj al xime W`lx Emd m j bme omeoeo6 ]|plx eo zi =73]$BXJ ecmp 22>>> wl jmj x`l| jo|me j|m bmijmi xm` joeo+ Xoiec x 2>2>>< ecmp 2>>:2>>7 wl 7 jo|me dj al xime+]|plx eo =>7]$BXJ ecmp 2:>72>>7 wl jmj x`l| jo|me j|m bmi jmixm` joeo+ X|p eo`le w`lj x|me xo| joli al xime xoli }|p eo ~om~ k|mx j|mjmj himeo eco`l~ wme jom jmi+ himeo eco`l~ wme jom x|me xo| xoli |ec jmjjo|me dj alxime ele i x`e jmp j|m jmj bmi jmi xm` joeo j|m himeo eco`l~ kmaoiec jmi% `l| emp m xmi aoiec x aoi aome joi EOXD xriec w`lj `l| joeozi k`l| x jmj bmi jmi xm` joeo l z h|ec xriec ~ome xjo l~ omec xe eo`ldhimeo eco`l~%

Xo xrec xm` joeo jie xo`l| eoec jiec xp eo dj xe eo`ld jo|ple

eco`l~ l ecme omec i` jo`l| w` alx }|m l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~

j|m ecme omec deo

O`le xm` xo xrec xm` joeo W`lx Emd jie xo`l| jmj jiec xp eo dj xeeo`ld jo|ple eco`l~ l meo c`m l~ omec xe eo`ld jmj himeo eco`l~ xolix`l| jo|me }|ij xl% Alx }|m l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m jmj jiec xpemp xoec dmec xeo aomjo }|me hi i zl km j z xix l jmj EOXD i` jo`l|

wm `l| joeo alx }|m l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m ecme omec deoeomd md bmi jiec bmec joi jmj himeo eco`l~% Hi i xriec xo` c`me x` Bixm` joeo jme ji jmj c`m` ~om~ oi xr xm` joeo wm oime joeo bi ao|ec ~om~ kpjoi z rm ` j|m jmj jiec xp eo dj xe eo`ld jo|ple eco`l~ xm` W`lx Emd%



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Xo xrec joec aoime d` oeo xomeo jom ~omx xr`le ie eo ele jom

xol hm wmi xoiec xè x xo xrec joec aoime l l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo

eco`l~

Xo xrec joec aoime ji eoec xoiec xè rmx }|me xriec ~o|j w| joi w`ljl~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ /eo jo zi ^L+ xoiec xè wl h`le b`le dèomx j|m jmj oimx iec zme |mx aèo himeo j|m himeo eco`l~+)% X|p eo`le z~omx xr`le j|m xo xrec joec aoime W`lx Emd xo` c`me }|m jie jom ie eo+c`m jm joec aoime aoiec ~ome meo |ec o`l| }|m zme |mx aèo himeo j|m jmjhimeo eco`l~% Joeo w wmp dm jmj EOXD jom xol z h|ec jmj xoiec xè x xoxrec joec aoime l ~o|j w| joi w`lj l~ omec xe eo`ld jmj himeo eco`l~wmp wie xm` ecme omec deo%

]|p xreo ~ome xjo l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m jmj EOXD jieeo`l| bmx jm~

l emec jmi xeo joeo mj j|m alx }|m l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ xo}|p xreo ~ome xjo l~ omec j|m ecme omec ~om` ji < c`m` ime eo zm|6 xo|xom~ h k`l|+ joie kij jmj jo x`l|+ z h|ec jmj ap xo|mx aomj eom| l kp jmjjo x`l| j joie rm+ i kec z ~o| o~ j|m alx }|m l~ omec+ a`ld xrm xeojoeo mj j|m alx }|m l~ omec%

c`m` ime o| om~ h k`l| xo jmj EOXD wme jom xoj o`le xix c`mìme emp% Jmj EOXD o`le emp kl xo|ij }|m eo`l| wmi zi k`l| hi himeo eco`l~

j|ec jm~ dm jom }|me xmd mp | wm |ec dj le jmj xoiec xè x jmj j}|me joj emec eo j }|me xo|l+ xoiec al+ xoiec xè x jmj ecme omec aomj+xoiec xè x jmj ~oec x`le xoiec xè m` jo|ec+ `l| emp dix ~ome km hi jz ~om~ kp joi w`lj j|ec jm~ xoiec xè c`m ecme omec wm jmj j }|me jojemec }|me kp himeo eco`l~ wme jom j }|p eo ri rmec ele jmj j }|me empxoec x joi` j|ec jm~ xoiec xè joi ecme omec% Ble jmeo i xo jmj EOXD

j|ec jom ji r`lec dix ~oiec bme jo|ple xo| xom~+ k| xr+ jm~ eomx xoiec xèl z h|ec xriec l~ xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~% Dmx aomj+ xoiec xè x J@J kmec|ie xoiec xè jo| pl| dm jmj EOXD z h|ec eo`l| eomx o`le emp xo wme jiee `l| wm xo`l| jm~ eomx ele aoiec m~ ec j pl| jm| xrm j| xoiec xèj|m jmj EOXD%



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c`m` ime joie kij jmj jo `l|6 di` himeo eco`l~ xriec eoec ecmeoaomj eom| zl ji eoec r|` ri mj xo| aomj eom| hi i w`lj joie kij jmj jo x`l|l ~ome meo r|` ri j|m himeo eco`l~ rmx jme le a`le xoj wm aèo eco`ld j|mjmj jo|ple c`m% Jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo h|ec ~ome xjo l~ omec himeo eco`l~

j|m jmj EOXD W`lx Emd o`le jie xo`l| jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo }|me xri ec% Blejmeo i+ o`le emp w`lj l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m jmj EOXD km` jo|pl| hi jme bi xe h|ec xoj o`le+ dm jmj jme bi xe h|ec xo jo }|le wèco`l~ w| ~ome xjo xe h|ec xr|ple xoiec% Hi i w`lj ~ome xjo l~ omec xeeo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m jme bi xe h|ec zl aoiec xol mx j i joeo mjjmi%

c`m` ime z h|ec jmj ap o|m aomj eom| l x kp jmj jo `l| jjoie rm6 jmj EOXD W`lx Emd om| eo aoiec z h|ec jmj ap xo|mx l `l|joeo h k`l| xeo j x jmj bmi jmi xm` joeo wm bmi jmi wl xeo oeo aèohimeo j|m himeo eco`l~% Jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo zm| ao` j xeo xime x jmj bmijmi xm` joeo km` j zi zmeo ecmp w` jo x`l| xr|ec beo ecmeo dm aoiec ji}|m xreo `l| joeo c`m xr j|m jmj jo x`l| emp l ~ome meo zmx eomx r|` ri xojxl j|m himeo eco`l~% Joeo w wmp jmj eome eo j|m EOXD wl xeo oeo xm`joeo j|m himeo eco`l~ jie jom mp | wm hi i alx }|m ~ome xjo zl aoiecmx i joeo mj jmi%

c`m` ime i kec z ~o| o~ j|m al }|m xl~ omec6 xoli jmj eomeco`le j| xo }|m xreo ~ome xjo l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ ~om` mdbmi z ~o| o~ c`m 8 pl| xi zm| mp6

!Kp xo|plx l~ omec6 jmj c`m eo wm jmj ec|ple xmj j|m jmj di oeo l~omec

!Xe xime wle j|m h k`l| 6 jmj h k`l| h|ec ~ome xjo l~ omec ji jomxkec aoiec+ h k`l| ji ~o| o~ w` di oeo l~ omec omp aoiec

!ôec ~om~ l~ omec 6 jmj di oeo l~ omec ji j z h|ec mp | ompaoiec+ ji z aomj b`lx emi mec al emi aoiec c`m jmj di oeo xriec ~ome xjol~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~

!O`l| }|m z h|ec jmj di oeo l~ omec 6 h k`l| z h|ec xriec jmj dioeo l~ omec ji ~o| o~ wm mp | aoiec+ jmj di oeo l~ omec j z h| ec



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ji ~o| o~ w` jmj }|p eo ~om~ kp wl l~ omec xe eo`ld omp aoiec /jomecome bi ao|ec jmj }|p eo j|m |p bme Bmzlk wl l~ omec xe eo`ld himeoeco`l~+)+

Di` }|me ol wl z ~o| o~ c`m kp xo|plx l~ omec+ xeo xime wle j|m hk`l|+ o`l| }|m z h|ec jmj di oeo l~ omec wm ~oec ~om~ l~ omec jxol o`le xriec z i zm| mp6

Alx }|m l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m jmj EOXD W`lx Emd o`lejom ji j z a`ld xrm mp | wl xeo ~o| o~ c`m ~oec ~om~ l~ omec+ kpxo|plx l~ omec+ xeo xime wle j|m h k`l| wm o`l| }|m z h|ec jmj di oeo l~omec% `l| emp kmd joi alx }|m l~ omec j|m jmj ecme omec jom mx j i

joeo mj jmi%

c`m` ime a`ld rm eo joeo xmj j|m al }|m xl~ omec6 jmj EOXDW`lx Emd j|ec ji xoj o`le c`m` ime emp xriec }|p xreo l~ omec xe eo`ldhimeo eco`l~ xm` ecme omec deo eoec w`lj a`ld xrm j|m EOXD wme jie zzm` wm dmec xeo oeo xoj%

Xreo i j|m jme bi ~ome xjo l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ xm` jmj

EOXD jie eoec ome jol eomx eo

O`le emp w`lj ~ome xjo l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ jo| pl| km hi jmebi xe h|ec xrj x`l~ xoj o`le% X|p eo`le ~ome ke jme bi xe h|ec jom jxrmec b a`le xoj wl l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~% Ble jmeo i w`lj ~omexjo l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ km dix }|m xreo w` eo`l| c`m` ime aomjeom| wm i` oi` ~om` ji z alx o~ ~ome xjo j|m eo`l| jo|ple c`m d` md bmi

O`l| }|m z h|ec jmjdi oeo l~ omec

Kp xo|plxl~ omec

^oec ~om~l~ omec

Xeo xime wlej|m h k`l|



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i xè jmp wm joeo mj jmi j|m alx }|m l~ omec% Hi jo c`mi joi jme bi xeh|ec wm ~ome xjo xomd eo joi wmp+ wm ~ome xjo l~ omec xe eo`ld himeoeco`l~ ele alx }|m l~ omec himeo eco`l~ j|m jmj EOXD jom xol ji i xèjmp wm xeo joeo mj jmi%

ALX K\ME JOEC 2

Xriec eoec emd }|m oimx iec xe h|ec j|m jmj EOXD xm` XÔJD k|ie xmecxrec eomd m~ ec eo| jm| wie ecmp jmec xmec j|m ele aèo xl% X|p eo`leol xoiec }|me kp r|` ri xe h|ec j|m jmj EOXD wme jie eoec ome jol eo 6jo ~oiec ecm r|` ri xec aoime wmp dm jom ji jo`le kj }|me kp r|` rihmeo d|j jmj aoime wmp xoli eo oec ~omx xr`le j|m xec ecmeo ecol+ ol xoiec xoiec xè }|me kp r|` ri xe h|ec j|m ecme omec wme jie eo`l| bmx jm~%

Eoec ome jol emp ~ome ke km hi ol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~j|m jmj EOXD jie eo`l| bmx jm~ eo jie xo`l| jmj jo x`l| eo xeo wm eokec xriec ~ome meo r|` ri xm` joeo wm r|` ri aèo himeo j|m himeo eco`l~+}|p xreo l~ omec jie jom jomx jol% Joeo w wmp joec : al x`l~ zl l rmjmj c`m` ~om~ l emec jmi o`l| }|m oimx iec j|m ol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ldhimeo eco`l~ xm` jmj EOXD W`lx Emd



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JOEC :JMJ C@M@ ÔM EOMD OIME XO@LE OL XOIEC _LOMEC XE EO@LD HIMEO ECO@L J\M JMJ ECME

OMEC XOEC DM@ XM@ XOMEO ÔI OI JO D@EO

:%= Eoec j z ele xmec joi w`lj l |mx jmj c`m` ~om~ eomd oime xo`leol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m jmj ecme omec xoec dm`xm` XÔJD

:%=%= J z ~om~ kp

l md bmi xmec xrec xe h|ec me xime+ o`l| }|m wm ble wec+ ci~ ~omexmec xrec aèo xl+ ~o| o~ w` xoiec kl }|ij xl+ m~ ec pl| jm| j|m |p bmeBmzlk /Bmzlk @@) wl }|me xr r|` ri xriec oimx iec ecme omec+ cme mp+ EOEEm bme omeo dix zi wme bme k`le }|me le jiec xmj }|me xr r|` ri xe h|eceomd ecme ecm wm ome jol r|` ri eo zm|6

$Jo xo zi >22>>>82>>< pl| jm| jmj ecme omecxoec dm` x|me xo| |ec jmj }|p eo wl joi wmp+ bmi kmeo+ joi xo|l xm` joeo+jo`lx aom|+ bmi xomeo xime wm bmi md x`le wmp+ bmi md xmec xrec xe h|ec

~o| o~ w` aom emec o|p iec wie+ md bmi jo| xriec le jiec xmj }|me xrr|` ri+ a`ld xrm+ a`ld zimx ei` bi%

$]|plx eo 3?:2>>>< j|m Xoiec ij EOEEzm i` bi z|ec }|p jol joi wmp j|m ecme omec xoec dm` i` w` aomjo omec%Jmj ei` h|ec j zm i` xoli oec xrmi eo`l| }|ple ~ome }|plx+ oimj xmi jz ~om~ kp joi XJXH jo| iec xoj o`le xoli mj xo| aèo himeo% W`lj j jm|km` xo` ome xrm e km hi EOXD x ld lx+ }|plx eo xrle j z aom emec xm`joeo j|m deo wm alx }|m meo c`m aom emec xrm e j|m aomjo omec

$]|plx eo zi 8>82>>< j|m Xoiec ij EOEEbme omeo ]|p eo wl jmj xp kl bmi md me xime xriec oimx iec j|m EOXD%

$]|plx eo zi 80:2>>82>>< j|m Xoiec ij EOEEbme omeo ]|p eo wl ~ome kim` e+ xrjo km~ wm z h|ec h ~oiec l kp r|`ri xe h|ec xriec oimx iec ecme omec j|m EOXD% Xoli }|plx eo 80: xo



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EOXD xoj o`le ~ome kim` e jme j xoli alx }|m l~ omec aomjo omec x olxoiec l~ omec xe h|ec ei` bi hm xrle z meo c`m xiec o~ wl xeo oeo xm`joeo+ ~o` xm` joeo+ alx }|m oimx iec zme |mx aèo himeo j|m aomjo omec%mp j|ec km ~oec xoj mec j jmj ecme omec xrle xol c`` m~ h|ec% Ji xol

ei` mp km dix bj x`le bme m| xriec x`l~ jme me xime wie+ aoiec jo eomdd|j jo ~ome kim` e+ dm jie eomd meo c`m r|` ri aoime wmp+ }|me kp jomxkec xe h|ec%W` ol xoiec l~ omec xe h|ec ei` bi l ~ome kim` e zl c`|~joi jmj EOXD mj eo joeo mj xp kl e m| xm` di` xo` `ld+ a`ld zimxxime bi hmeo d|j xe h|ec j|ec eo meo c`m aomjo omec wmp wie dix jmjoxoiec eomx%

Eoe jo|ec jmj wme bme ~om~ }|p wl emec jmi o`l| }|m oimx iec j|m jmj

EOXD W`lx Emd mec x`l~ x|j j oime xo`le h` z jo mi j|m Joeo ~o|+Bi xm` joeo+ Ecme omec Eom ej j|ec eo jmj Bi ecmeo ji k`le }|me% Jmjwme bme ~om~ }|p km j z ~om~ kp rmx }|me xriec eomd emec jmi oe oe ememec kj jmeo xrmeo j|m ol xoiec EOXD W`lx Emd xriec }|m xreo oi` eom~aèo xl }|ij xl%

:%=%2 Xreo i }|me kp wm jiec ecol j|m ol xoiec EOXD W`lx Emdmec hme j emec jmi

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Jiec ecol xoiec xè iec wm` xri rmx }|me xriec l emec jmi jomx kec xeh|ec wm jomx kec hjo w| ecme omec% Xriec xo` c`me }|m EOEE m m wmiwme omeo ol xoiec xomeo xime `le x k`le ecme omec hi i m kmd xmec xij i

kp eco`l~ w| j|m jmj EOXD+ md bmi me xime+ joeo mj wm xeo bmi dmxjmi joi jmj aomjo omec% Jmj EOXD W`lx Emd xo` c`me }|m j|ec m rmx emeciec xriec m| x+ i` d` jiec ecol ecme omec eomd emec jmi oe em o`l|}|m oimx iec j|m ecme omec deo% Jomec ome eo Zmjidbmea z h|ec jiececol ecme omec o`le m` Jirl Bmeaèc+ Xljojidbmea xo xr`le aom` ~ome dldCkib|z d|m j|m Xo|p Zp+ jmj EOXD eom ej j|ec j Ecme omec xol c``



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o`le m` xriec }|me kp r|` ri xe h|ec xm` ecme omec deo%

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Xoli meo c`m j|m jmj jo|ple c`m xo jmj EOXD W`lx Emd jo d` c`mìme m| j|m jiec xmj }|me xr r|` ri xriec oimx iec ecme omec% O`le emp jmjEOXD W`lx Emd mec jo`ld | xol wl }|p di wm aom emec j|ec jm~ zme~omd xrle xo xrec hjo w| ecme omec% X|p eo`le xriec xo` c`me zm~ x` x`

jmj ecme omec =>>, wie ej ecim` zl |mx o`le xm` W`lx Emd ecmp jmeceo`l|% Jmj ecme omec ej ecim` w` | xol wl wie+ jiec ecol+ joeo zmjo zme~omd+ aèo eco`ld }|me kp r|` ri xe h|ec ao` i zl xmi m~ kj jmeo xrmeo rmxke i` w` jmj EOXD W`lx Emd% Xriec oimx iec ecme omec xo r|` ri xe h|eckm kim` r|` ri jo| pl| wm }|me xriec eomx w ei ji k`le }|me wm xmj iec le jmjkim` r|` ri aomj j|m ecme omec eo r|` ri xomeo aoime+ r|` ri km` z|mx+ r|` ri xpc`m% Joeo w wmp l emec jmi emec kj jmeo xrmeo zi w` jmj ecme om ec ejecim` i` oi` jmj EOXD W`lx Emd ~om` ji dix ol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ld

himeo eco`l~ oimx iec ji o`l| }|m l emec jmi oe em xeo jo|ple eco`l~wm xij i kp jmj pl| jm| wl xe h|ec j|m jmj xomeo ~ome aèo xl+ }|me kphmeo d|j joi wmp wm d riec hmeo d|j jmj aomjo omec x`ld emec%

:%2 Jmj c`m` ~om~ eomd emec jmi o`l| }|m ol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ldhimeo eco`l~ j|m ecme omec xoec dm`

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:%2%=%= Jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo

Eo m ~ome xjo joec 2+ jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo h|ec l ~ome xjo l~omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m jmj EOXD W`lx Emd jie xo`l| dix zi jox`l| }|me xriec% Joeo w wmp ele k|me wme ji l |mx eo zm| /xrmec ble)6



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Jo x`l| Xp xriec /,)

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Xij i xmec xrec k` eo|me :,

Xij i xmec c`m xr xo xrec xiec xm` zme 8,

Xiec =>>,

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Jo zi k| jo|ple }|p

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Jo zi xrm olx jmj aoime e

Jo zi k|jo|ple }|p

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E ecme ome ! E hm` ome le ome xrm

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Jo zi emp ke oe = ji ecom km himeo eco`l~ ji | ec|ie x`le dmx x oimxiec aèo himeo l oime xrm jmj aoime wmp le ome% Jo zi emp jmec jmi xoaom emec xrm e j|m himeo eco`l~ jmec xix%

Jo zi xm` xr wie

Jo zi emp xol o`le kec wie zme ji l m| x ~omx xr`le joi himeo eco`l~wm xrm jmj aoime e ecme ome% Xp zi emp jmec ke joi xomp himeo eco`l~ ji |aom emec m~ ec jmj wme l wl xm` joeo wm m| x wl km| hm` l ~omx xr`lehimeo eco`l~%

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l meo c`m w xol jmeo xrmeo j|m himeo eco`l~ jo|ec xm ji xol hm wmi jmjjo x`l| eo zm|6

Xo ~ome j|m himeo eco`l~ 6 xo ~ome j|m himeo eco`l~ joi xomp w xoljmeo xrmeo j|m himeo eco`l~ zi w` jmj i` xo|% Jmj himeo eco`l~ ji }|p di ke zl ji eo`l| `l| a`le xo|me k` l om xom~ jo` ~o zme |mx wm eo c`m zme~omd xom~ oe zi w` jmj i` xo| l jo`ld keo xo xrec% Xo ~ome j|m himeoeco`l~ jie jo| meo oec j|m jmj pl| xi aomj eo6 dmec k` ~ome ~oi`+ o`l|}|m jiec xmj dmralxèc

Xeo m hmec xriec jmj oimx iec zme |mx aèo himeo j|m himeo eco`l~ 6jmj himeo eco`l~ oimx iec ji o`l| }|m xoec m hmec oim zme ~omd+ m hmec

oim himeo xo| xoli eo`l| kim` zme ~omd aomj eom|+ m hmec oim aomjo omec wmeom j|ec jm~% Z m hmec oim c`|~ himeo eco`l~ aoiec b ~o| xo|ij wm jo|iec j ec|ie j|ec jm~ ec|ple wmx k`l| wm ec|ie x`l| xo| zme ~omd% Z mhmec oim c`|~ bmi wl himeo eco`l~ xrj eoec b`le i` bmx xoec j|m di`xrec aèo himeo6 xomp i` wl jiec ecol zme |mx+ xmj iec j|m jo| ap aèoxl

Jo zi xm` xr wie 4Kec x`le xo|me x oimx iec aèo himeo

Kec x`le jo` joi m| x wmi xm` zme hm` ome



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Z eomp ble j|m himeo eco`l~ xriec xomp i`+ ec h|ec jiec ecol d` wmi

zme |mx 6 jiec ecol zme |mx iec dix wm` xri }|me xriec xriec emec jmi emecz|mx wm jomx kec zme ~omd% Hi i himeo eco`l~ emi eomp ble xriec m| xi` d` jiec ecol zme |mx zl emec jmi j w xol jmeo xrmeo j|m deo%

K` xol xoec dm` j|m himeo eco`l~6 jmj pl| xi eo x`lec xmd j|m himeoeco`l~+ hmeo x`lec eome o`l| zme ~omd+ bmec ~omx dèo zmec jol j|m himeoeco`l~ xriec jm` x`le jomx kec zme ~omd+ k` xol wl m `ld zme |mx aèohimeo zl xmi joi himeo eco`l~ aom emec zèo k` jmi oe jmj i` xo| ji j|ec`l| a`le zme |mx% Hi i himeo eco`l~ emi ji j k` xol xoec dm` zl jieo`l| `l| a`le xo|me k` l xmec xrec himeo xo| wm k` eo|me%

Aom emec jo| ec j|m himeo eco`l~ xrj eoec b`le iec j|m di`

xrec aèo xl w di6 jmj pl| xi aèo xl w di eo z b`le iec j|m km` z|mx wmxp c`m oi` im`+ z|p xoim` aèo xl+ kmd ~omx k|ie ji xmj iec bmx ec wm meooec m| le oimx iec aèo himeo j|m himeo eco`l~% Hi i himeo eco`l~emi ji j jm| xi joj jomx jol wm ec|ie eome kj ji jomx kec jmi xo zl jiaom emec jo| ec xix oe xrj eoec b`le iec j|m di` xrec aèo xlw di%

:%2%=%2%: Eoid jo x`l| meo c`m dj i r|` ri ecmeo

l meo c`m dj i r|` ri ecmeo jo|ec xm ji xol hm wmi jmj jo x`l| eo

zm|6]|p di xo xrec j|m ecmeo6 jmj ecmeo ji }|p di himeo zi jo`ld xp

xriec ke wm ji z|mx xmec xrec jmi omec emd xrle xo xrec zl km eoec ecmeoaèo himeo om~ hme wm dmec km` eo`l| k` eo|me joi himeo eco`l~+ hi i r|` riecmeo zl xom~% X|p eo`le }|p di xo xrec j|m ecmeo jme j alx o~ ~omexjo w` jiec ecol zme |mx j|m ecmeo wm xr`le wiec ecmeo l eom ~ome xjo jijm` eoe xime h`le oe wl r|` ri j|m dix ecmeo%

Jmj i` oi` wl jiec ecol zme |mx j|m ecmeo6 z xomp i` wl jiec ecol zme|mx ji xol o|p h`lx dix ecmeo aèo himeo mec ~omx xr`le jj xoeo wm zme zèorm dix ecmeo aèo himeo d`% Hi i ecmeo aèo himeo emi i` oi` jiec ecolzme |mx jmec jmi xo zl x r|` ri oe km jmj ecmeo jo i` oi` jiec ecol zme|mx xr|ec beo oimj xom~%



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Xr`le wiec ecmeo 6 xr`le wiec ecmeo jo| meo oec b` jmj pl| xi eo6jo| ap xmec xrec wm ~omx xr`le j|m ecmeo+ | oec xomp i` eo| jm| j|mec` x`l| h|ec+ dj i jmeo xrmeo j|m eoec zme ~omd xomp xol x jmj ecmeoaomj+ xeo oeo aèo xl $ joeo xr xriec ej+ W`lj ~ome xjo xr`le wiec ecmeo

km dix ecol xo|mx oe km dix aoim oij w i` oi` aèo eco`ld wm z eomp blej|m eom ~ome xjo xriec meo c`m xr`le wiec ecmeo% Ecim` rm+ EOXD j|ec elexo| xom~ xold jmj p a`le+ eome eo wm xoiec xè x jmj eom }|me kp+ jmj jiec xpxriec j|ec ecmeo wm jmj aomjo omec j|m himeo eco`l~ l ji dix eome eojoeo mj oe wl xr`le wiec ecmeo%

Xmj iec j|m di` xrec |ec }|meo le z ~omx xr`le j|m ecmeo6 jmj }|peo ~om~ kp jomx kec zme ~omd j|m ecmeo+ dj i xmj iec j|m jmj ecmeo

aomj le oimx iec j|m ecmeo /jomec ome eo ecmeo j|ec jm~ emec kec k|ieji xmj iec le jmj ecmeo aèo himeo aomj)+ km eoec pl| xi ji xmj iec lexr`le wiec ecmeo%

Aom emec ~omx xr`le j|m ecmeo xrj eoec b`le iec aèo xl w di6 w`ljxoj xo` jmj joeo zmjo xm` joeo$ x`le xl }|ij c`m+ xeo oeo b`le iec kmd ~omx+km` z|mx km eoec pl| xi k|ie ji eoec xmj iec bmx ec le z ~omx xr`le j|mdix ecmeo% Hi i ecmeo emi ji jmj ele xmec aèo himeo jmec wec wmec xo zlji aom emec jo| ec xrj jmj b`le iec j|m jmj pl| xi aèo xlw di%

:%2%=%2%8 Eoid jo x`l| meo c`m wl jomx kec }|me xr `l| omeo

l meo c`m jomx kec }|me xr `l| omeo himeo eco`l~ jo|ec xm ji xol hmwmi jo x`l| eo xeo eo zm|6 xreo i jo|ple die j|m ec` }|me kp+ aèoeco`ld }|me kp `l| omeo+ eoec xomeo x| m mx j j|m ec` }|me kp+ di`xrec a`ld zimx ei` bi+ jo`le kj wm al oimjo aèo himeo j|m himeo eco`l~%

Xreo i jo|ple die j|m ec` }|me kp 6 l }|me xr himeo eco`l~ j xixxo i` ec| }|me kp jmi jm~ xriec himeo eco`l~ ~om` km eoec ec` ji xreo i

jo|ple die eomx eo% Oi ~om` xoiec o`l| wl zme |mx wm x`l~ xo+ b`lx a`ldzimx xm` joeo+ b`lx bi xr k` eo|me dix jmjo o~ kp joi eo| jm| jmeo xrmeo wmxmec xrec j|m himeo eco`l~+

Aèo eco`ld xoj xl j|m eom }|me xr 6 ble jmeo xreo i jo|ple die xoaèo eco`ld xoj xl j|m eom }|me xr j|ec iec wm` xri rmx }|me xriec le o`l|



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}|m aèo himeo j|m himeo eco`l~% Jmj oimx iec eo }|me xr jo|i` j|ec ec+}|me xr dmralxèc+ md ~ome xoec dm` w` jmj i` xmj+ rmx jme le aèoeco`ld j|m eom }|me xr%

Xomeo x| mx j j|m i` ec| }|me kp xriec himeo eco`l~6 xomeo xjo j|mi` ec| }|me kp xriec w`lj c`|~ himeo eco`l~ wx }|m eoec oime jmeo aoiaome xriec }|m ao wm o`le xm` km bmec joec joec dèo joi jomx kec }|mexr j|m himeo eco`l~% Xoli aèo eco`ld xo eoec himeo eco`l~ xomeo mx kmeoec himeo eco`l~ ji jmj xomeo xjo zm| mp xriec }|m xreo oimx iec6

Ji xomeo xjo xix xriec }|m xreo wmp de lx wl dmx zi x`le wmp wm jomxkec jmj xm` zme kmd md bmi e wmp hi ec` joi wmp pl| jm|%

j jiec iec himeo eco`l~ meo c`m jmi+ eomx km x jmj eom j|ec jm~wm ecme omec%

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Rmx eomp ble xriec w`lj mj eo jmj j oi` wm r|` ri x`ld me xriec aèohimeo%

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eco`l~ kmd jiec w`lj cid x`le bme omec wmi xm` aoime emp wmi j|i` di` ecmp%X`le bme omec j|m himeo eco`l~ zl j jo|ple wmi xm` aoime j|m OZBJ xmècme omec j jo eo xrj+ j|i` ecmp xm` aoime j|m himeo eco`l~ zl j xiec co` ji% Wm ao` jme xomeo xime x`le joi eom j|ec jm~+ himeo eco`l~ jo jme

jo|ple kleo joi OZBJ+ ecme omec zl xomp himeo eco`l~ kmd w`lj emp% Hjo w|oi xr himeo eco`l~ }|me kp x`le dmx j|m OZBJ dix dmx xmi xo|me x`le joihimeo eco`l~ xriec }|me kp jmj aoime xo| jo` i` w` jmj eom j|ec jm~ wmaomjo omec+ dmx aomj jie c`|~ ecme omec xoli hi` j xeo oeo aèo himeo+|p xe j|m himeo eco`l~ i` w` jmj eom j|ec jm~ wm jmj aomjo omec j|m deo%Hi i hjo w| oi xr himeo eco`l~ }|me kp x`le dmx j|m OZBJ m c`|~ ecmeomec emp ji xold ec|ie xoiec xè mec xè jmp xriec l~ omec xe eo`ld jmjhimeo eco`l~ mec wmp wie xm` ecme omec deo%

:%2%2 Oime xo`le ol xoiec xomec `ld l~ omec

:%2%2%= Wl ec|ple xmj jomd `ld

Di` jo x`l| xm` joeo oimj ~o` xm` joeo zl ji < aoimec c`m xr jo|m e xecec w` < dj `ld 2>+ 8>+ 7>+ ?>+ =>>% i` w` di` jo x`l| xo `ld bme m|j|m himeo eco`l~ km dix xriec < dj `ld xrle%

X|p xoli dj i }|me xriec j|m jmj jo x`l| wm eoid jmj jo x`l| dm zl ji

xriec ziaomj eom| i` w` di` jo x`l| wm eoid jo x`l|% Hi i `ld h|ec lxiec o~ l~ kim` km xjo zij|m `ld zi bme m| eome w` xriec zi%

:%2%2%2 Wl zi kec jmj xo omec wm di xm mj `ld j|m xec xo omec

Jme j eoec }|p eo j|m \p bme Bmzlk wl zi kec jmj xo omec xriecl~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m jmj EOXD wm ]|plx eo zi =272>>7 j|m Xoiec ij EOEE wl w`lj joi ~ol~ Xr|ec xmdXoiec xè xe h|ec J@J xoj o`le eco`l~ w| ~ome xjo+ l~ omec xe eo`ldhimeo eco`l~+ jmj EOXD W`lx Emd ele z h|ec ol xoiec l~ omec xe eo`ldhimeo eco`l~ bmi cid 0 xo omec w` jmj mj `ld wm dj i r|` ri j|m xecxo omec eo zm|6

Xo omec mj `ld jo|ec j|m eoid aomjo omec Dj i r|` riOmec MMM Himeo eco`l~ omec emp km eoec himeo

eco`l~ oimx iec rmx xix+ mx o`l| }|m jmi wmXom~ eomx



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ji xr`le wiec xix l~%Omec MM Himeo eco`l~ omec emp km eoec himeo

eco`l~ oimx iec aèo himeo ji o`l| }|m+xm` joeo kmeo dmeo+ ji eo`l| x`ld emec

~omx xr`le% Aom emec xrm e km rmx dmeo%

Rmx xom~

Omec M Himeo eco`l~ omec emp oimx iec ji o`l|}|m+ ji x`ld emec ~omx xr`le% Oimx iec j|mhimeo eco`l~ jo| xmj iec b` jmj `l|a`le aèo xl xriec di` xrec aèo himeoeo`l| oe km jmj himeo eco`l~ omec MM+ x|peo`le aom emec xrm e j|m himeo eco`l~ wmekm rmx xix%

Xom~

Omec BBB Himeo eco`l~ omec emp oimx iec ji o`l|}|m+ ji x`ld emec ~omx xr`le% X|p eo`le aomemec xrm e ji xol b z|p c`md el| jo| xmjiec j|m jmj `l| a`le aèo xl+ xm` joeoxriec di` xrec aèo himeo%

Xec i` xom~

Omec BB Himeo eco`l~ omec emp km eoec himeo

eco`l~ oimx iec o`l| }|m+ ziec ji dix ziome jol eomx eo wl xm` joeo wm }|me kp%Himeo eco`l~ ji xol xie xm` xix xriec jo| apaèo himeo beo xoec+ eoec ji xol cm~aoi aome ao` jmj `l| a`le aèo xl xr eleaoi aome wm ali hm`%

Xr|ec beo

Omec B Himeo eco`l~ omec emp km eoec himeoeco`l~ oimx iec xix xriec o`le xm` eoec km`x`ld me eo`l| ec|p j xriec jmj oimx iec

zme |mx aèo himeo j|m himeo eco`l~% Bmxap dix xmj iec eoi emi j|m jmj `l| a`leaèo xl+ xm` joeo xriec di` xrec aèohimeo j|ec ji xol xmj iec rmx ke le xeooeo oimx iec j|m himeo eco`l~%

Xrle xr|ec beo

Omec JJJ Himeo eco`l~ omec emp ji o`l| }|m oimx Jmi+ ecme omec jom



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iec xom~+ xo`l| aom emec x jo| wl xm`joeo+ emec kj }|me kp pl|% Ji eo`l| ec|pj himeo eco`l~ aoiec xrm j e%

ji ec|p j dmx wieecmp eoec wl km| hm`zl aoi aome el| xeooeo oimx iec a`eo

himeo j|m aomjo omecaoiec j jm` xo`le%

Omec JJ Himeo eco`l~ omec emp ji o`l| }|m oimxiec ald+ xeo oeo xm` joeo ald+ aom emecxrm e aoiec md bmi%

Rmx jmi+ aom emec xrme ecme omec ald+el| aoiec ji eoecb`le ~om~ a~ xo`+ecme omec ji ec|p dmxwie xriec ecme ome%

Omec J Himeo eco`l~ omec emp ji o`l| }|m oimx

iec rmx ald% Cme eo jomj jome himeoeco`l~ zl w` ~omd o~ iec xe h|ec%

mj b`lx jmi+ ecme

omec om| eo zl aoiecxo| oi` j wie wmp

:%2%: Oime xo`le }|p xreo l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~

]|p xreo l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ j|m EOXD zl j xoj o`lexoli => bj eo zm|6

Bj =6 xo| xom~ xoiec x`e Bj 2 6 mj eo keo wj oimx iec j|m himeo eco`l~+ j jm| xi joj wm

m w ~om~ kp j|m himeo eco`l~

Bj : 6 jomd `ld }|p di j|m himeo eco`l~ Bj 8 6 ~ome xjo mj xo| ecmeo wm jomd `ld w xol jmeo xrmeo j|m

himeo eco`l~% Xriec bj emp xo jmj xp zi xm` joeo j|ec |j xeo xime+~ome xjo wm `l| joeo joi ~o| o~ w` mj xo| ecmeo wm }|p di j|mhimeo eco`l~%

Bj < 6 jomd `ld jmj jo x`l| xm` joeo Bj 7 6 ~ome xjo wm jomd `ld jomx kec }|me xr `l| omeo j|m

himeo eco`l~

Bj 3 6 ~ome xjo wm jomd `ld dj i r|` ri ecmeo dm himeo eco`l~mec oimx iec



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Bj ? 6 jomd `ld jo x`l| k| jo|ple x`le xl wm |p xe xriec c`mi hjow` ecme omec

Bj 0 6 xiec o~ `ld wm l~ omec xe eo`ld himeo eco`l~ Bj => 6 a`ld xrm km` alx }|m l~ omec wm rm }|plx eo l~ omec zm|

j|ec

Bj = 6xo| xom~ xoiec xè

Ecme omec xo| xom~ wm xiec o~ xoiec xè wl aomjo omec x eo`l| ec|ieaomj eom|6 xoiec xè hi aomjo omec j|ec jm~+ ~oiec wme xrj x`l~ aomjo omec+J@J+ bmi jmi eco`le j| xo xrec j|m jmj xi joj jo|ple eco`l~+

Bj 2 6mj eo keo wj oimx iec j|m himeo eco`l~+ j jm| xi joj wm

m w ~om~ kp j|m himeo eco`l~

Jme j wmi c`mp ~ol~ mec ap aèo himeo l mj eo ecmeo ecol oimxiec zme |mx aèo himeo wm m w ~om~ kp j|m himeo eco`l~% Xrec o~himeo eco`l~ oimx iec m ecmeo ecol xo ~ome kim` xoli ecmeo zme |mx aèohimeo emi ld km` xp xriec himeo xo| ke eomx joi himeo eco`l~% J jm| xijoj j|m himeo eco`l~ ji xol j mj eo xoiec }|m eco`le j| bmec `l| klj|m himeo eco`l~ wm jmj ec|ie xoiec xè aomj%

Bj : 6 jomd `ld }|p di j|m himeo eco`l~Jmj jme j l mj eo }|p di himeo eco`l~ km6 wie jo| z o|+ c`m xr xiecxm` zme+ zi kmi iec wm himeo xo| xo|me% ]|p di j|m himeo eco`l~ j jomd`ld xoli ec|ple xmj 6 himeo eco`l~ ji }|p di jmec ke xo `ld jmec ke wmecj km`%

Bj 8 6 ~ome xjo mj xo| ecmeo wm jomd `ld w xol jmeo xrmeo j|m

himeo eco`l~% Jmj xp zi xm` joeo j|ec j xeo xime wm `l| joeo xriec

Hoàn thiện hệ thống xếp hạng tín dụng doanh nghiệp của các ngân hàng thương...

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