HL-E6 Further Studies of Behavior Describe the social organization of honey bee colonies and one...
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![Page 1: HL-E6 Further Studies of Behavior Describe the social organization of honey bee colonies and one other non-human example. Outline how natural selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ce45503460f949b1835/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
HL-E6 Further Studies of Behavior • Describe the social organization of honey bee colonies and one other non-human example. • Outline how natural selection may act at the level of the colony in the case of social
organisms. • Discuss the evolution of altruistic behaviour using two non-human examples. • Outline two examples of how foraging behaviour optimizes food intake, including bluegill fish
foraging for Daphnia. • Explain how mate selection can lead to exaggerated traits. • State that animals show rhythmical variations in activity. • Outline two examples illustrating the adaptive value of rhythmical behaviour patterns.
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Social organization in animals
• Some animals live in a community which are differentiated for different tasks. In other words there are division of labor and hierarchy.
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Honey bee community
• There are 20 000 - 80 000 bees in a colony• There are three different bees
- a reproductive female (the queen), -many thousands of sterile females (workers),-a few hundred fertile males (drones)
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Queen bee(2n)
meiosis
Eggs (n)
Haploid development- PARTHENOGENESİS
Drone bee(n) - male
Sperms (n)
mitosis
FERTILIZATION
Zygote (2n)
Queen-female
Worker-female
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Workers• Workers survive for about six weeks, and they
undertake a sequence of duties in the colony.
1- First they are nurse bees tending to the growing larvae and building fresh comb cells.
2- Later they become outside workers, surveying for feeding sites, communicating about new food sites to other workers,
3- Guarding the hive entrance, and foraging for water and food.
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Drones
• Drones survive for about five weeks. They do not work in the hive, but when a new queen leaves the hive they accompany her, compete to mate with her, and then they die.
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Baboons
• They live together. • Individuals are stronglyemotional and highly motivated. • Grooming develops and reinforces social bonds. • Individuals protect themselves by mutual alarm
systems. • Once an individual becomes isolated from the
group, the chances of death are high.
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Natural selection
• If baboon individuals are not in the troop they are lost with their genes.
• Individuals who can live with others they survive and their genes are naturally selected.
• Workers bees work for the benefit of other bees only (altruistic tendency).
• Survival of the whole colony and the reproducing members are depend on the workers.
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Altruistic behavior
• Altruistic behavior reduces the survival chance of the individual but increases survival chances of the others.
Example: worker bees, kin-directed altruism: self-sacrificing behavior reciprocal altruism: all individuals in the group
aid and support each other (You scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours).
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Vampire Bats• They live in social groups, colonies of unrelated individuals.• Nocturnal feeders on fresh blood from animals (horses,
cattle..)• The chance of failing to feed successfully is high.• If a bat fails to feed two consecutive nights usually die.• If a bat returns to colony hungry, the unrelated bats feed it.• A bat that has been fed in this way will give food at another
time. • This is called reciprocal altruism.
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Foraging behavior and food intake
• The waggle dance of a worker honey bee is the way it communicates the location of new food sources.
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Bluegill sunfish foraging for Daphnia
• When there are more Daphnia bluegill sunfish eat big size daphnia, even though they have to find them.
• When there are less Daphnia they eat small size and big size Daphnia.
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Mate selection and behavior traits
• The long-term outcome has been the evolution of exaggerated traits that draw attention to a potential mate and markedly increase the possibility of reproductive success.
• Horn of deer• Feathers of peacock• Pheromones• Color changes
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Rhythmical variations in activity in animals
• Circadian rhythms (daily)Diurnal, nocturnal, crepuscular (at dusk or
dawn)• Annual rhythms (migration, hibernation,
reproduction)
What is the adaptive value of this behavior pattern?