“SPORTS”

Jose Eduardo Espinosa Farina-A01421955

INTRODUCTION

• THE HISTORY OF SPORTS PROBABLY EXTENDS AS FAR BACK AS THE EXISTENCE OF PEOPLE AS PURPOSIVE SPORTIVE AND ACTIVE BEINGS. SPORT HAS BEEN A USEFUL WAY FOR PEOPLE TO INCREASE THEIR MASTERY OF NATURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT.

• SPORT SEEMS TO INVOLVE BASIC HUMAN SKILLS BEING DEVELOPED AND EXERCISED FOR THEIR OWN SAKE, IN PARALLEL WITH BEING EXERCISED FOR THEIR USEFULNESS. IT ALSO SHOWS HOW SOCIETY HAS CHANGED ITS BELIEFS AND THEREFORE THERE ARE CHANGES IN THE RULES. OF COURSE, AS WE GO FURTHER BACK IN HISTORY THE DWINDLING EVIDENCE MAKES THE THEORIES OF THE ORIGINS AND PURPOSES OF SPORT DIFFICULT TO SUPPORT. NONETHELESS, ITS IMPORTANCE IN HUMAN HISTORY IS UNDENIABLE.

“SPORTS IN THE PAST”

• CAVE PAINTINGS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE LASCAUX CAVES IN FRANCE THAT HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED TO DEPICT SPRINTING AND WRESTLING IN THE UPPER PALEOLITHIC AROUND 17,300 YEARS AGO.  CAVE PAINTINGS IN THE BAYANKHONGOR PROVINCE OF MONGOLIA DATING BACK TO NEOLITHIC AGE OF 7000 BC SHOW A WRESTLING MATCH SURROUNDED BY CROWDS.NEOLITHIC ROCK ART FOUND AT THE CAVE OF SWIMMERS IN WADI SURA, NEAR GILF KEBIR IN LIBYA HAS SHOWN EVIDENCE OF SWIMMING AND ARCHERY BEING PRACTICED AROUND 6000 BC.PREHISTORIC CAVE PAINTINGS HAVE ALSO BEEN FOUND IN JAPAN DEPICTING A SPORT SIMILAR TO SUMO WRESTLING.

• WEB LINKS:

• HTTP://WWW.EPJOURNAL.NET/WP-CONTENT/UPLOADS/EP1028.PDF

• HTTP://WWW.ORIGINSPORTMANAGEMENT.COM

• HTTP://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM.MX/BOOKS?ID=RKUAIV3LOR4C&PG=PA8&REDIR_ESC=Y#V=ONEPAGE&Q&F=FALSE

“SPORTS IN THE PRESENT”

HISTORY OF MODERN SPORTS CAN BE DATED BACK TO THE LATE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY. WITH THE IMPROVEMENT OF STANDARD OF LIVING DURING THIS CENTURY ENABLED MORE PARTICIPATION IN SPORT FOR MOST SOCIAL GROUPS. DURING THIS TIME, AMATEUR ADMINISTRATORS ONLY RELUCTANTLY ALLOWED COMMERCIAL FORCES TO ENTER THE WORLD OF SPORT. EVEN PROFESSIONAL SPORTS PEOPLE HAD A LONG BATTLE TO BE GIVEN FAIR REWARDS. THERE WAS A GREAT INFLUENCE OF BRITISH SPORTS ALL OVER THE WORLD IN LATE 20TH CENTURY.

IN THE ORIGIN OF MODERN SPORTS, CRICKET BECAME POPULAR DIFFERENT NATIONS OF THE THEN BRITISH EMPIRE INCLUDING AUSTRALIA, SOUTH AFRICA AND INDIA. HOWEVER, THE REVIVAL OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES BY BARON PIERRE DE COUBERTIN WAS GREATLY INFLUENCED BY THE AMATEUR ETHOS OF THE ENGLISH PUBLIC SCHOOLS. IN THE URBAN NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES BASEBALL BECAME FAMOUS WITH THE FIRST RULES BEING CODIFIED IN THE 1840S.

WEB LINKS:

HTTP://WWW.ICNSPORTSWEB.COM/HISTORY-MODERN-SPORTS-INSIGHT.HTML

HTTP://WWW.THEPEOPLEHISTORY.COM/SPORTS.HTML

HTTP://WWW.EPJOURNAL.NET/WP-CONTENT/UPLOADS/EP100128.PDF

FOOD

INTRODUCTION

• FOOD HIS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD THAT EXAMINES THE HISTORY OF FOOD, AND THE CULTURAL, ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND SOCIOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF FOOD. FOOD HISTORY IS CONSIDERED DISTINCT FROM THE MORE TRADITIONAL FIELD OF CULINARY HISTORY, WHICH FOCUSES ON THE ORIGIN AND RECREATION OF SPECIFIC RECIPES. FOOD HISTORIANS LOOK AT FOOD AS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF CULTURES, REFLECTING THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY.

• THE FIRST JOURNAL IN THE FIELD, PETITS PROPOS CULINAIRES WAS LAUNCHED IN 1979 AND THE FIRST CONFERENCE ON THE SUBJECT WAS THE 1981 OXFORD FOOD SYMPOSIUM.

“FOOD IN THE PAST”

FOOD IN THE PAST WAS MUCH HEALTHIER THAN TODAY

ACCORDING TO RESEARCH ABOUT HUMAN HEALTH, PEOPLE NEED TO CONSUME DIVERSITY FOOD TO GET VARIOUS NUTRITION, AND THE HUMAN HEALTH WOULD BE HURT BY THE FOOD INCLUDED TOXIC CHEMICAL INGREDIENT. THEREFORE, IS THE FOOD IN THE PAST HEALTHIER THAN NOWADAYS? I WOULD SAY NO.

FIRST OF ALL, THE QUALITY OF LIFE WAS NOT GOOD BECAUSE OF THE ECONOMIC SITUATION IN THE PAST. PEOPLE ONLY WANTED TO EAT FULL, AND DID NOT HAVE ENERGY TO CARE THEIR HEALTH. HOWEVER, WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT, PEOPLE START TO CARE THE FOOD WHETHER IS GOOD FOR THEM OR NOT. THEREFORE, THEY WOULD CONSUME THE ASSORTMENT OF FOOD IN ORDER TO GET NECESSARY NUTRITION.

HTTP://SCIENCEMEETSFOOD.ORG/FOOD-SCIENCE-PAST-PRESENT-AND-FUTURE/

• SECONDLY, IN THE PAST, FARMER USED A LOT OF THE TOXIC CHEMICAL MATERIAL IN ORDER TO KILL INSECTS. THE CHEMICAL MATERIALS WOULD REMAIN IN THE FOOD, AND PEOPLE WOULD EAT THE FOOD. NEVERTHELESS, NOWADAYS, PEOPLE CARE THEIR HEALTH MORE, SO THEY WOULD CHANGE TO EAT ORGANIC FOOD. IN ADDITION, THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCHERS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED NEW CROP, WHICH CAN DECREASE ATTRACTION FOR INSECTS, SO FARMER WILL LESS USE THE TOXIC MATERIAL IN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES NOW. IN THIS CASE, THE CURRENT FOOD IS BETTER THAN IN THE PAST.

“FOOD IN THE PRESENT”• THE GROWTH OF THE HUMAN POPULATION AND ADVANCEMENT IN CIVILIZATION LED TO

THE FIRST PROCESSED FOODS DUE TO A NEED FOR A LONGER SHELF LIFE. PEOPLE NEEDED TO BE ABLE TO STORE FOOD FOR WHEN IT WAS LESS ABUNDANT. IT ALSO HELPED TO MAKE FOOD SAFER. EARLY FORMS OF PROCESSED FOOD, SUCH AS BREAD AND WINE, WERE FAVORABLE BECAUSE THEY LASTED A LONGER.

• AS FOOD PRODUCTION EXPANDED, FOOD SAFETY WAS KEY TO PREVENTING WIDESPREAD ILLNESS AMONG POPULATIONS. WE ARE LUCKY TO HAVE A RELATIVELY SAFE FOOD SUPPLY TODAY, BUT HISTORICALLY ONLY ROYALTY HAD ACCESS TO HIGH QUALITY FOOD. FOR EXAMPLE, HERE IN MEXICO, MONTEZUMA’S SLAVES (EMPEROR OF PRE-HISPANIC MEXICO) RAN DISTANCES OF ABOUT 20,000 MILES A DAY IN ORDER TO BRING HIM FRESH FISH. I’M SURE THEY WOULD HAVE LIKED TO HAVE A HACCP PLAN INSTEAD!

• NICOLAS APPERT’S FOOD PRESERVATION METHOD WAS UNDOUBTEDLY THE INVENTION THAT MARKED A TURNING POINT IN THE SCIENCE OF FOOD, ALLOWING FOR ITS FURTHER GROWTH AND INDUSTRIALIZATION. APPERT IS KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF CANNING, SINCE HE DEVELOPED THE FIRST CANNING METHODS THAT SUCCESSFULLY PRESERVED FOODS SUCH AS SOUPS, VEGETABLES, JUICES, AND DAIRY PRODUCTS.