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THE HISTORY OF THE HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION WESTERN CIVILIZATION
II
Lecture 1Lecture 1HIST 101HIST 101
Professor WrightProfessor WrightJanuary 26January 26thth, 2011, 2011
THE FERTILE CRESCENT THE FERTILE CRESCENT THE BIRTH OF CIVILIZATION THE BIRTH OF CIVILIZATION
IN THE NEAR EASTIN THE NEAR EAST
Civilizations of the Fertile Civilizations of the Fertile Crescent, 10,000 – 2000 B.C.E. Crescent, 10,000 – 2000 B.C.E. The Neolithic Era,The Neolithic Era,10,000 BCE–3000BCE10,000 BCE–3000BCE
Preceded by Preceded by Paleolithic Era: Paleolithic Era: hunting + gatheringhunting + gathering
Farming techniques Farming techniques evolveevolve
Irrigation + the Irrigation + the plowplow
Domestication of Domestication of plants + animalsplants + animals
Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution
9000-6000 BCE: 9000-6000 BCE: permanent settlements permanent settlements + domestication of + domestication of plants/animals. plants/animals.
Two major discoveries:Two major discoveries:1.1. Domestication of plants: Domestication of plants:
collecting wild grain for collecting wild grain for food, food, transplanting/growing in transplanting/growing in new areasnew areas
2.2. Domestication of Domestication of animals to serve human animals to serve human needsneeds
Possible Causes Of The Agrarian Possible Causes Of The Agrarian TransformationTransformation
1.1. Shift in climateShift in climate: : retreat of the retreat of the glaciers (12,000 glaciers (12,000 BCE). Changed BCE). Changed distribution + distribution + growth of crops growth of crops
2.2. Shift to sedentary Shift to sedentary farmingfarming: due to : due to population growth. population growth. Hunters move into Hunters move into new territoriesnew territories
Results of Agricultural Results of Agricultural RevolutionRevolution
Shift in relationship of man Shift in relationship of man to nature: active, not to nature: active, not passivepassive
IncreaseIncrease in food supply. in food supply. Results:Results:
1.1. Infant mortality decreases Infant mortality decreases 2.2. Populations expandPopulations expand3.3. Permanent settlements of Permanent settlements of
greater size + complexitygreater size + complexity4.4. Emergence + growth of Emergence + growth of
trade trade 5.5. More coordination + More coordination +
organization needed. organization needed.
*4000-3000 BCE: first cities *4000-3000 BCE: first cities appear*appear*
Disadvantages of Rise of Disadvantages of Rise of AgricultureAgriculture
Specialization: Specialization: possible disaster possible disaster during famineduring famine
Vulnerability to Vulnerability to disease, disease, population population crashescrashes
Vulnerability to Vulnerability to variations in variations in climateclimate
More labor More labor intensive workintensive work
Social Consequences and Social Consequences and TransformationsTransformations
Eg. 1: Jericho (West Bank of Jordan River)Eg. 1: Jericho (West Bank of Jordan River)
GrowthGrowth:: Expanded to nearly ten acres, 2000-3000 residentsExpanded to nearly ten acres, 2000-3000 residents Grew into a fortified town with ditches, stone walls, and Grew into a fortified town with ditches, stone walls, and
towerstowers
TradeTrade: : Long-distance commercial exchanges Long-distance commercial exchanges
Religious Developments:Religious Developments: Religious structure to regulate social Religious structure to regulate social behaviors, i.e. Human skulls: ancestor worshipbehaviors, i.e. Human skulls: ancestor worship
Jericho: Social HierarchiesJericho: Social Hierarchies
Building projects needed organization with Building projects needed organization with a directing, managing functiona directing, managing function
Egalitarianism of hunter-gatherer societies Egalitarianism of hunter-gatherer societies diminished, class divisions emerge diminished, class divisions emerge
Specializations in economy = inequalities Specializations in economy = inequalities of wealth + status of wealth + status
Food production easier = less farming, Food production easier = less farming, increase in other professions increase in other professions
i.e. craftsmen, laborers, merchants, i.e. craftsmen, laborers, merchants, officialsofficials
Eg. 2 Abu HureyraEg. 2 Abu Hureyra
Overview:Overview: Excavated 1972 + 1973 Excavated 1972 + 1973 Modern day N. SyriaModern day N. Syria Skeletons found, 10,000-7000 yrs old Skeletons found, 10,000-7000 yrs old Inhabitants cultivated domesticated seedsInhabitants cultivated domesticated seeds
SignificanceSignificance:: Evidence of transition from foraging to Evidence of transition from foraging to
farming farming Bones reveal details of daily life + social Bones reveal details of daily life + social
activities of communityactivities of community
Abu Hureyra: Agricultural Discoveries Abu Hureyra: Agricultural Discoveries
Evidence of agricultural cultivationEvidence of agricultural cultivation: : Genetic make-up in rye grains = evidence Genetic make-up in rye grains = evidence of selective planting. of selective planting.
Period of climate change affected wild plant Period of climate change affected wild plant supply. To ensure supply of food plants, supply. To ensure supply of food plants, cultivation developed.cultivation developed.
Evidence of vigorous food preparation in Evidence of vigorous food preparation in deformities of bone structure.deformities of bone structure.
Saddle querns uncovered: tools used to Saddle querns uncovered: tools used to grind the grainsgrind the grains
Birth of Civilization: SumerBirth of Civilization: Sumer
6000 B.C.E, farming 6000 B.C.E, farming + herding + herding standardizedstandardized
Uniform culture = Uniform culture = Sumerian civilizationSumerian civilization
OverviewOverview Tigris + Euphrates Tigris + Euphrates
RiversRivers 3000-2000 BCE: 3000-2000 BCE:
Sumerians inhabitSumerians inhabit Over 10,000 square Over 10,000 square
milesmiles
2500 BCE, 12 City-states2500 BCE, 12 City-states Each city-state: Each city-state:
economically economically interdependent, interdependent, geographically geographically independent + isolated independent + isolated
Alluvial plain: more fertile Alluvial plain: more fertile than norththan north
Little rainfall, need for Little rainfall, need for irrigation ditches. irrigation ditches. Community cooperation, Community cooperation, rich yield of crops, rich yield of crops, population growthpopulation growth
Political Organization and EconomyPolitical Organization and Economy
- 3000 - 2900 BCE: specialized craft industries emerge. 3000 - 2900 BCE: specialized craft industries emerge. Economic interdependence of townsEconomic interdependence of towns
Each city-state ruled by a king, who controlled:Each city-state ruled by a king, who controlled:1.1. Construction of buildings and templesConstruction of buildings and temples2.2. Maintenance of irrigation systemsMaintenance of irrigation systems3.3. Deliberation of justiceDeliberation of justice4.4. Formation and amendment of trade and defense Formation and amendment of trade and defense
policiespolicies5.5. Economic resourcesEconomic resources
- Election to hereditaryElection to hereditary- Elite: priests, aristocrats, civil administrators, wealthy Elite: priests, aristocrats, civil administrators, wealthy
merchants lived near temples in luxury; the rest in merchants lived near temples in luxury; the rest in small mud-brick housessmall mud-brick houses
Sumer: Religious BeliefsSumer: Religious Beliefs
Polytheistic + AnthropomorphicPolytheistic + Anthropomorphic Subservience + sacrifice to GodsSubservience + sacrifice to Gods Divination + art of the occultDivination + art of the occult Mythiopic religion – Mythiopic religion – Enuma ElishEnuma Elish
Central deities: Central deities: 1.1. An,An, god of the sky god of the sky 2.2. EnlilEnlil, god of wind. Controlled fertility of soil , god of wind. Controlled fertility of soil
+ storms+ storms3.3. EnkiEnki, god of the earth, rivers, wells, + , god of the earth, rivers, wells, +
canals. Waters of creativity - inventions + canals. Waters of creativity - inventions + craftscrafts
4.4. NinhursagaNinhursaga, goddess of soil, mountains, + , goddess of soil, mountains, + vegetation. Later mother goddess, vegetation. Later mother goddess, manifested power by giving birth to kings.manifested power by giving birth to kings.
Gods: created laws Gods: created laws of Sumerian societyof Sumerian society
Each city-state: Each city-state: particular god particular god
Ziggurat: Ziggurat: Monumental temple Monumental temple to worship + house to worship + house a city’s god a city’s god
Cultural Cultural AchievementsAchievements
1. Cuneiform ("wedge-1. Cuneiform ("wedge-shaped") system of writing. shaped") system of writing.
Pressed symbols into clay Pressed symbols into clay tablets with sharp objectstablets with sharp objects
Uruk, 3200 B.C.E: earliest Uruk, 3200 B.C.E: earliest known exampleknown example
Record keepingRecord keeping
Image: Sample Sumerian Image: Sample Sumerian characters circa 3200 BCE characters circa 3200 BCE
What did they record? What did they record? Quantities of produce + livestock, Quantities of produce + livestock,
taxes, accounts, contracts taxes, accounts, contracts Literature, i.e. Literature, i.e. Epic of GilgameshEpic of Gilgamesh
Why did they record? Why did they record?
Growing increase in trade (helped Growing increase in trade (helped reduce disputes + keep peace)reduce disputes + keep peace)
Other Cultural AchievementsOther Cultural Achievements
1. Inventions: the plow + the sailboat1. Inventions: the plow + the sailboat2. Innovations in Mathematics2. Innovations in Mathematics3. Divided circle into 360 degrees + 3. Divided circle into 360 degrees +
developed counting system based on sixtydeveloped counting system based on sixty4. Potter’s wheel, wagon, + chariot: for 4. Potter’s wheel, wagon, + chariot: for
transportation + warfaretransportation + warfare5. Architecture, i.e. Ziggurats + city walls5. Architecture, i.e. Ziggurats + city walls6. Mastery of engineering (irrigation 6. Mastery of engineering (irrigation
systems)systems)7. Astrology + movements of planets, stars, 7. Astrology + movements of planets, stars,
moonmoon
Political DevelopmentsPolitical Developments
3360 B.C. to 2400 B.C – Sumerian Civilization3360 B.C. to 2400 B.C – Sumerian Civilization Emergence of kings, primarily military Emergence of kings, primarily military
leaders, but used idea of Kingship. Power leaders, but used idea of Kingship. Power away from temple priests. away from temple priests.
Emergence of warring Sumerian city-states, Emergence of warring Sumerian city-states, fought for increased territory + powerfought for increased territory + power
2400 B.C. to 2200 B.C – Akkadian Kingdom2400 B.C. to 2200 B.C – Akkadian Kingdom Sumer conquered 2340 BCE by Sargon I, Sumer conquered 2340 BCE by Sargon I,
king of city of Akkad. king of city of Akkad. Unified empire, end hostilities among city-Unified empire, end hostilities among city-
states. How?states. How?
1. 1st conscripted army to mobilize laborers for 1. 1st conscripted army to mobilize laborers for irrigation + flood-control worksirrigation + flood-control works
2. Akkadian Kings: symbols of unity + semi-2. Akkadian Kings: symbols of unity + semi-divine figuresdivine figures
Challenge: Raising Revenue for public buildings, Challenge: Raising Revenue for public buildings, irrigation projects, temples, armyirrigation projects, temples, army
Solutions: Solutions: Kings leased out farmlandsKings leased out farmlands Conquered people to pay regular tribute Conquered people to pay regular tribute Heavy taxes on imported raw materialsHeavy taxes on imported raw materials
2200 – 2000 B.C.E2200 – 2000 B.C.E
Civil unrest: fall of Akkadian Kingdom Civil unrest: fall of Akkadian Kingdom Cities of Sumer: reunited by Ur-NammuCities of Sumer: reunited by Ur-Nammu Synthesis of Sumerian + Akkadian culturesSynthesis of Sumerian + Akkadian cultures Most important innovation: Ur-Nammu + Most important innovation: Ur-Nammu +
collection of lawscollection of laws
*Note: This is a central tradition in Western *Note: This is a central tradition in Western Civilizations that follow*Civilizations that follow*
Amorite InvasionsAmorite Invasions
2000 B.C. attacks of Amorites + 2000 B.C. attacks of Amorites + Elamites destroyed UrElamites destroyed Ur
Political fragmentation: unity + Political fragmentation: unity + economy destabilizedeconomy destabilized
Two new kingdoms, Babylonia + Two new kingdoms, Babylonia + Assyria Assyria
1762 B.C.E –Mesopotamia under rule 1762 B.C.E –Mesopotamia under rule of King Hammurabi of Babylonof King Hammurabi of Babylon
Lecture 1: What do you need Lecture 1: What do you need to know?to know?
1. Agricultural Revolution: Meaning, Causes, and 1. Agricultural Revolution: Meaning, Causes, and ResultsResults
2. Social Consequences of Agriculture. 2. Social Consequences of Agriculture. Examples:Examples:
JerichoJericho Abu HureyraAbu Hureyra3. Birth of Civilization: Sumer3. Birth of Civilization: Sumer Political Structure and EconomyPolitical Structure and Economy Religious BeliefsReligious Beliefs4. Cultural Achievements4. Cultural Achievements5. Civil Unrest – Akkadian and Ammorite 5. Civil Unrest – Akkadian and Ammorite
InvasionsInvasions