History of the Middle East. Mandate (in the League of Nations) = following WWI, countries were given...
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Transcript of History of the Middle East. Mandate (in the League of Nations) = following WWI, countries were given...
• Mandate (in the League of Nations) = following WWI, countries were given the right to control the government and affairs of a former Turkish territory or German colony. – To the victors go the spoils
IraqIraq
• 1920- given to Great Britain as a “mandate” (result of WWI, just like Palestine)
• 1932 gained independence from Britain– Kingdom of Iraq (Monarchy)
• 1979 Saddam Hussein becomes president– declares war on Iran (Iraq-Iran War)– Kurdish Genocide: killing of 50,000-
100,000 Kurds by Saddam’s govt. via chemical attack
– Persian Gulf War: Saddam invades Kuwait; U.S. led coalition forces Iraq out of Kuwait
• 2003 2nd Gulf War: U.S. invades Iraq; topples Saddam’s govt.; democracy est.
LebanLebanonon
• Post-WWI mandate of France• 1943 granted independence by
France• 1975-1990 Lebanese Civil War:
– Maronite Christians supported by
Israel and the West vs. Arab nationalists, Muslims, and Palestinians supported by Soviets
– Outcome:120,000 deaths & 1 million wounded
• 2006 Conflict with Israel– Hezbollah bases located in Lebanon (Islamic militant group)
• 2010 Arab Spring protests – minor/no changes
SyriSyriaa
• Post-WWI mandate of France• 1946 granted independence
by France• 1970 Hafiz al-Asad overthrows
govt. in a bloodless coup• 2000 Bashar al-Asad (son)
becomes president• March 2011-Present Syrian
Civil War: rebels revolt against govt.
Reasons for revolutionReasons for revolution
• President Bashar al-Assad: followed in the same footsteps as his dad
• Large divide between rich and poor
• Population growth• Corruption• Violence against the citizens• New media made this possible
(Twitter, facebook, texts, pictures, videos)
• NEWS PAPERS
AfghanistAfghanistanan
• Mid-1800’s • Durand Line creates boundary between Afghanistan
and Pakistan dividing Pashtuns. – politically dividing two ethnic groups who live on both sides
of the border (India all over again)– one of the most dangerous borders in the world
• smuggling of weapons• Kidnappings and murders are frequent• How does this lawless land hurt/help America’s was on terrorism?
• 1978 communist govt. created• Mujahideen fighters (Muslim Afghan
opposition youth groups trained in Pakistan)
• 1979-1989 Soviet Union invasion of Afghanistan (Soviets defeated)
• 1989-1996 Afghan Civil War = Taliban seizes control of Afghanistan• Taliban (Islamic militant political group created
from religious schools for Afghan refugees in Pakistan)