A

HISTORY OF THE \it

CONQUEST OF MEXICO&

HISTORY OF THE

CONQUEST OF PERU

William H. Prescott

^ C o o p e r Square Press

GENERAL CONTENTS

HISTORY OF THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO

BOOK I

INTRODUCTION—VIEW OF THE AZTEC CIVILIZATION

BOOK IIDISCOVERY OF MEXICO

BOOK I I IMARCH TO MEXICO

BOOK IVRESIDENCE IN MEXICO

BOOK VEXPULSION FROM MEXICO

BOOK VISIEGE AND SURRENDER OF MEXICO

BOOK VIICONCLUSION—SUBSEQUENT CAREER OF CORTES

A P P E N D I X

CONTENTSFAGS

PREFACE 3

BOOK I

INTRODUCTION—VIEW OF THE AZTEC CIVILIZATION -

CHAPTER I

ANCIENT MEXICO CLIMATE AND PRODUCTS PRIMITIVE RACES—AZTEC EMPIRE

Extent of the Aztec Territory—The Hot Region—Volcanic Scenery—Cor-dillera of the Andes—Table-land in the Days of the Aztecs—Valley ofMexico—The Toltecs—Their Mysterious Disappearance—Races from theNorth-west—Their Hostilities—Foundation of Mexico—Domestic Feuds—League of the Kindred Tribes—Rapid Rise of Mexico—Prosperityof the Empire—Criticism on Veytia's History 9

vii

viii CONQUEST OF MEXICO

CHAPTER II

SUCCESSION TO THE CRO1VN—AZTEC NOBILITY—JUDICIAL SYSTEM—LAWS AND REVENUES—MILITARY INSTITUTIONS

FAOB

Election of the Sovereign—His Coronation—Aztec Nobles—Their BarbaricPomp—Tenure of Their Estates—Legislative Power—Judicial System—Independent judges—Their Mode of Procedure—Showy Tribunal—Hiero-glyphical Paintings—Marriage Rites—Slavery in Mexico—Royal Revenues—Burdensome Imposts—Public Couriers—Military Enthusiasm—AztecAmbassadors—Orders of Knighthood—Gorgeous Armor—NationalStandards—Military Code—Hospitals for the Wounded—Influence ofConquest on a Nation—Criticism on Torquemada's History—AbbeClavigero 20

CHAPTER III

MEXICAN MYTHOLOGY THE SACERDOTAL ORDER THE TEMPLES—HUMAN SACRIFICES

Systems of Mythology—Mythology of the Aztecs—Ideas of a God—San-guinary War-god—God of the Air—Mystic Legends—Division of Time—Future State—Funeral Ceremonies—Baptismal Rites—Monastic Orders—Fasts and Flagellation—Aztec Confessional—Education of the Youth—Revenue of the Priests—Mexican Temples—Religious Festivals—HumanSacrifices—The Captive's Doom—Ceremonies of Sacrifice—Torturing ofthe Victim—Sacrifice of Infants—Cannibal Banquets—Number of Victims—Houses of Skulls—Cannibalism of the Aztecs—Criticism on Sahagun'sHistory 37

CHAPTER IV

MEXICAN HIEROGLYPHICS MANUSCRIPTS—ARITHMETICCHRONOLOGY—ASTRONOMY

Dawning of Science—Picture-writing—Aztec Hieroglyphics—Manuscripts ofthe Mexicans—Emblematic Symbols—Phonetic Signs—Materials of theAztec Manuscripts—Form of their Volumes—Destruction of most of them—Remaining Manuscripts—Difficulty of decyphering them—Minstrelsyof the Aztecs—Theatrical Entertainments—System of Notation—TheirChronology—The Aztec Era—Calendar of the Priests—Science of Astrol-ogy—Astrology of the Aztecs—Their Astronomy—Wonderful Attainmentsin this Science—Remarkable Festival—Carnival of the Aztecs—LordKingsborough's Work—Criticism on Gama 54

CHAPTER V

AZTEC AGRICULTURE—MECHANICAL ARTS—MERCHANTS—DOMESTIC MANNERS

Mechanical Genius—Agriculture—Mexican Husbandry—Vegetable Products—Mineral Treasures—Skill of the Aztec Jewellers—Sculpture—Huge Calen-dar-stone—Aztec Dyes—Beautiful Feather-work—Fairs of Mexico—Na-tional Currency—Trades—Aztec Merchants—Militant Traders—Domestic

CONTENTS ixPACE

Life—Kindness to Children—Polygamy—Condition of the Sex—SocialEntertainments—Use of Tobacco—Culinary Art—Agreeable Drinks—Dancing—Intoxication—Criticism on Boturini's Work 77

CHAPTER VI

TEZCUCANS—THEIR GOLDEN AGE—ACCOMPLISHED PRINCES—DECLINE OF THEIR MONARCHY

The Acolhuans or Tezcucans—Prince Nezahualcoyotl—His Persecution—HisHair-breadth Escapes—His wandering Life—Fidelity of his Subjects—Triumphs over his Enemies—Remarkable League—General Amnesty—The Tezcucan Code—Departments of Government—Council of Music—Its Censorial Office—Literary Taste—Tezcucan Bards—Royal Ode—Re-sources of Nezahualcoyotl—His magnificent Palace—His Gardens andVillas—Address of the Priest—His Baths—Luxurious Residence—ExistingRemains of it—Royal Amours—Marriage of the King—Forest Laws—Strolling Adventures—Munificence of the Monarch—His Religion—Tem-ple to the Unknown Cod—Philosophic Retirement—His plaintive Verses—Last Hours of Nezahualcoyotl—His Character—Succeeded by Neza-hualpilli—The Lady of Tula—Executes his Son—Effeminacy of the King—His consequent Misfortunes—Death of Nezahualpilli—Tezcucan Civi-lization—Criticism on Ixtlilxochitl's Writings 93

BOOK II

DISCOVERY OF MEXICO

CHAPTER I

SPAIN UNDER CHARLES V—PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY—COLONIALPOLICY—CONQUEST OF CUBA EXPEDITIONS TO YUCATAN

Condition of Spain—Increase of Empire—Cardinal Ximenes—Arrival ofCharles the Fifth—Swarm of Flemings—Opposition of the Cortfe—Colo-nial' Administration—Spirit of Chivalry—Progress of Discovery—Ad-vancement of Colonization—System of Repartimienlos—Colonial Policy—Discovery of Cuba—Its Conquest by Velasquez—Cordova's Expedi-tion to Yucatan—His Reception by the Natives—Grijalva's Expedition—Civilization in Yucatan—Traffic with the Indians—His Return to Cuba—His cool Reception—Ambitious Schemes of the Governor—Preparationsfor an Expedition 118

CHAPTER II

ERNANDO CORTES HIS EARLY LIFE VISITS THE NEW WORLD HISRESIDENCE IN CUBA DIFFICULTIES WITH VELASQUEZ ARMADA IN-

TRUSTED TO CORTES

Hernando Cortfe—His Education—Choice of a Profession—Departure forAmerica—Arrival at Hispaniola—His Mode of Life—Enlists under Velas-quez—Habits of Gallantry—Disaffected towards Velasquez—Cortfe in

X CONQUEST OF MEXICOFAOB

Confinement—Flies into a Sanctuary—Again put in Irons—His perilousEscape—His Marriage—Reconciled with the Governor—Retires to hisPlantation—Armada intrusted to Cortfe—Preparations for the Voyage—Instructions to Cortes . ,128

CHAPTER III

JEALOUSY OF VELASQUEZ CORTES EMBARKS EQUIPMENT OF HIS FLEETHIS PERSON AND CHARACTER—RENDEZVOUS AT HAVANA STRENGTH

OF HIS ARMAMENT

Jealousy of Velasquez—Intrigues against Cortes—His clandestine Embarka-tion—Arrives at Macaca—Accession of Volunteers—Stores and Ammuni-tion—Orders from Velasquez to arrest Cortes—He raises the Standard atHavana—Person of Cortes—His Character—Strength of the Armament—Stirring Address to his Troops—Fleet weighs Anchor—Remarks onEstrella's Manuscript 139

CHAPTER IV

VOYAGE TO COZUMEL CONVERSION OF THE NATIVES JERONIMO DEAGUILAR—ARMY ARRIVES AT TABASCO GREAT BATTLE WITH THE IN-

DIANS CHRISTIANITY INTRODUCED

Disastrous Voyage to Cozumel—Humane Policy of Cortes—Cross found inthe Island—Religious Zeal of the Spaniards—Attempts at Conversion—Overthrow of the Idols—Jeronimo de Aguilar—His Adventures—Em-ployed as an Interpreter—Fleet arrives at Tabasco—Hostile Reception—Fierce Defiance of the Natives—Desperate Conflict—Effect of the Fire-arms—Cortes takes Tabasco—Ambush of the Indians—The Country inArms—Preparations for Battle—March on the Enemy—Joins Battle withthe Indians—Doubtful Struggle—Terror at the War-horse—Victory ofthe Spaniards—Number of Slain—Treaty with the Natives—Conversionof the Heathen—Catholic Communion—Spaniards embark for Mexico . 147

CHAPTER V

VOYAGE ALONG THE COAST DONA MARINA—SPANIARDS LAND INMEXICO INTERVIEW WITH THE AZTECS

Voyage along the Coast—Natives come on Board—Dona Marina—Her His-tory—Her Beauty and Character—First Tidings of Montezuma—Span-iards land in Mexico—First Interview with the Aztecs—Their magnificentPresents—Cupidity of the Spaniards—Cortes displays his Cavalry—AztecPaintings 161

CHAPTER VI

ACCOUNT OF MONTEZUMA—STATE OF HIS EMPIRE—STRANGE PROGNOS-TICS EMBASSY AND PRESENTS SPANISH ENCAMPMENT

Hontezuma then upon the Throne—Inaugural Address—The Wars of Mon-tezuma—His Civil Policy—Oppression of his Subjects—Foes of his Em-

CONTENTS aPAGE

pire—Superstition of Montezuma—Mysterious Prophecy—PortentousOmens—Dismay of the Emperor—Embassy and Presents to the Spaniards—Life in the Spanish Camp—Rich Present from Montezuma—Largegold Wheels—Message from Montezuma—Effects of the Treasure on theSpaniards—Return of the Aztec Envoys—Prohibition of Montezuma—Preaching of Father Olmedo—Desertion of the Natives . . . . 1 6 8

CHAPTER VII

TROUBLES IN THE CAMP—PLAN OF A COLONY—MANAGEMENT OF CORTES—MARCH TO CEMPOALLA—PROCEEDINGS WITH THE NATIVES—FOUNDA-

TION OF VERA CRUZ

Discontent of the Soldiery—Envoys from the Totonacs—Dissensions in theAztec Empire—Proceedings in the Camp—Cortes prepares to return toCuba—Army remonstrate—Cortes yields—Foundation of Villa Rica—Resignation and Reappointment of Cortes—Divisions hi the Camp—Gen-eral Reconciliation—March to Cempoalla—Picturesque Scenery—Remainsof Victims—Terrestrial Paradise—Love of Flowers by the Natives—Their splendid Edifices—Hospitable Entertainment at Cempoalla—Con-ference with the Cacique—Proposals of Alliance—Advance of the Span-iards—Arrival of Aztec Nobles^—Artful Policy of Cortfe—Allegiance ofthe Natives—City of Villa Rica built—Infatuation of the Indians . . 1 7 9

CHAPTER VIII

ANOTHER AZTEC EMBASSY—DESTRUCTION OF THE IDOLS—DESPATCHESSENT TO SPAIN—CONSPIRACY IN THE CAMP—THE FLEET SUNK

Embassy from Montezuma—Its Results-r-Severe Discipline in the Army—Gratitude of the Cempoallan Cacique—Attempt at Conversion—Sensa-tion among the Natives—The Idols burned—Consecration of the Sanc-tuary—News from Cuba—Presents for Charles the Fifth—First Letter ofCortfe—Despatches to Spain—Agents for the Mission—Departure of theShip—It touches at Cuba—Rage of Velasquez—Ship arrives in Spam—Conspiracy in the Camp—Destruction of the Fleet--Oration of Cortfe—Enthusiasm of the Army—Notice of Las Casas—His Life and Character—Criticism on his Works 191.

BOOK I I I

MARCH TO MEXICO

CHAPTER I

PROCEEDINGS AT CEMPOALLA—THE SPANIARDS CLIMB THE TABLE-LAND—PICTURESQUE SCENERY—TRANSACTIONS WITH THE NATIVES—EMBASSY

TO TLASCALA

Squadron off the Coast—Stratagem of Cortes—Arrangement at Villa Rica—Spaniards begin their March—Climb the Cordilleras—Wild MountainScenery—Immense Heaps of human Skulls—Transactions with the Na-

xii CONQUEST OF MEXICOVAGI

tives—Accounts of Montezuma's Power—Moderation of Father Olmedo—Indian Dwellings—Cortes determines his Route—Embassy to Tlascala—Remarkable Fortification—Arrival in Tlascala , 2 1 0

CHAPTER II

KEPUBLIC OF TLASCALA ITS INSTITUTIONS EARLY HISTORY DISCUS-SIONS IN THE SENATE—DESPERATE BATTLES

The Tlascalans—Their Migrations—Their Government—Public Games—Order of Knighthood—Internal Resources—Their Civilization—Struggleswith the Aztecs—Means of Defence—Sufferings of the Tlascalans—Theirhardy Character—Debates in the Senate—Spaniards advance—DesperateOnslaught—Retreat of the Indians—Bivouac of the Spaniards—TheAimy resumes its March—Immense Host of Barbarians—Bloody Conflictin the Pass—Enemy give Ground—Spaniards clear the Pass—Cessationof Hostilities—Results of the Conflict—Troops encamp for the Night . 221

CHAPTER III

DECISIVE VICTORY—INDIAN COUNCIL—NIGHT ATTACK—NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE ENEMY TLASCALAN HERO

Envoys to Tlascala—Foraging Party—Bold Defiance by the Tlascalans—Preparations for Battle—Appearance of the Tlascalahs—Showy Costumeof the Warriors—Their Weapons—Desperate Engagement—The Combatthickens—Divisions among the Enemy—Decisive Victory—Triumph ofScience over Numbers—Dread of the Cavalry—Indian Council—NightAttack—Spaniards victorious—Embassy to Tlascala—Peace with theEnemy—Patriotic Spirit of their Chief . 233

CHAPTER IV

DISCONTENTS IN THE ARMY—TLASCALAN SPIES—PEACE WITH THEREPUBLIC—EMBASSY FROM MONTEZUMA

Spaniards scour the Country—Success of the Foray—Discontents in the Camp—Representations of the Malcontents—Reply of Cortes—Difficulties ofthe Enterprise—Mutilation of the Spies—Interview with the TlascalanChief—Peace with the Republic—Embassy from Monezuma—Declinesto receive the Spaniards—They advance towards the City . . . 244

CHAPTER V

SPANIARDS ENTER TLASCALA DESCRIPTION OF THE CAPITAL AT-.TEMPTED CONVERSION AZTEC EMBASSY—INVITED TO CHOLULA

Spaniards enter Tlascala—Rejoicings on their Arrival—Description of Tlas-cala—Its Houses and Streets—Its Fairs and Police—Divisions of the City—Wild Scenery round Tlascala—Character of the Tlascalans—Vigilanceof Cort6s—Attempted Conversiorf—Resistance of the Natives—Zeal ofCortfe—Prudence of the Friar—Character of Olmedo—Mass celebratedin Tlascala—The Indian Maidens—Aztec Embassy—Power of Monte-zuma—Embassy from Ixtlilxochitl—Deputies from Cholula—Invitation toCholula—Prepare to leave Tlascala 252

CONTENTS xiii

CHAPTER VI

CITY OF CHOLULA—GREAT TEMPLE—MARCH TO CHOLULA—RECEPTIONOF THE SPANIARDS—CONSPIRACY DETECTED

PAGE

City of Cholula—Its History—Religious Traditions—Its ancient P y r a m i d -Temple of Quetzalcoatl—Holy City—Magnificent Scenery—Spaniardsleave Tlascala—Indian Volunteers—Army enters Cholula—Brilliant Re-ception—Envoys from Montezuma—Suspicions of Conspiracy—Fidelityof Marina—Alarming Situation of Cortes—Intrigues with the Priests—Interview with the Caciques—Night-watch of the Spaniards . . . 2 6 1

CHAPTER VII

TERRIBLE MASSACRE—TRANQUILLITY RESTORED—REFLECTIONS ON THEMASSACRE—FURTHER PROCEEDINGS—ENVOYS FROM MONTEZUMA

Preparations for a secret Assault—Natives collect in the Square—The Signalgiven—Terrible Massacre—Onset of the Tlascalans—Defence of thePyramid—Division of the Spoil—Restoration of Order—Reflections onthe Massacre—Right of Conquest—Missionary Spirit—Policy of Cortes—His perilous Situation—Cruelty to be charged on him—Terror of "theWhite Gods"—The Cross raised in Cholula—Victims liberated fromthe Cages—Christian Temple reared on the Pyramid—Embassy _ fromMontezuma—Departure of the Cempoallans ' . . 2 7 1

CHAPTER VIII

MARCH RESUMED—ASCENT OF THE GREAT VOLCANO—VALLEY OF MEXICO—IMPRESSION ON THE SPANIARDS CONDUCT OF MONTEZUMA THEY

DESCEND INTO THE VALLEY

Spaniards leave Cholula—Signs of Treachery—The Army reaches the Moun-tains—Wild Traditions—The great Volcano—Spaniards ascend its Sides—Perils of the Enterprise—Subsequent Ascent—Descent into the Crater—The Troops suffer from the Tempest—First View of the Valley—ItsMagnificence and Beauty—Impression on the Spaniards—Disaffection ofthe Natives to Montezuma—Embassy from the Emperor—His gloomyApprehensions—Silence of the Oracles—Spaniards advance—Death of theSpies—Arrival of the Tezcucan Lord—Floating Gardens—Crowds assem-bled on the Roads—Army reaches Iztapalapan—Its celebrated Gardens—Striking View of Mexico 281

CHAPTER IX

ENVIRONS OF MEXICO—INTERVIEW WITH MONTEZUMA—ENTRANCE INTOTHE CAPITAL HOSPITABLE RECEPTION VISIT TO THE EMPEROR

Preparations to enter the Capital—Army enters on the great Causeway—Beautiful Environs—Brilliant Procession of Chiefs—Splendid Retinue ofMontezuma—Dress of the Emperor—His Person—His Reception ofCortfa—Spaniards enter the Capital—Feelings of the Aztecs—HospitableReception—The Spanish Quarters—Precaution of the General—Visited

riv CONQUEST OF MEXICOPAGE

by the Emperor—His rich Presents—Superstitious Terrors—Royal Palace—Description of its Interior—Cortes visits Montezuma—Attempts toconvert the Monarch—Entire Failure—His religious Views—Montezuma'sEloquence—His courteous Bearing—Reflections of Cortes—Notice ofHerrera—Criticism on his History—Life of Toribio—Peter Martyr—HisWorks 295

BOOK IV

RESIDENCE IN MEXICO

CHAPTER I

TEZCUCAN LAKE—DESCRIPTION OF THE CAPITAL PALACES ANDMUSEUMS—ROYAL HOUSEHOLD MONTEZUMA'S WAY OF LIFE

Lake of Tezcuco—Its Diminution—Floating Islands—The ancient Dikes—Houses of ancient Mexico—Its Streets—Its Population—Its Aqueductsand Fountains—The imperial Palace—Adjoining Edifices—MagnificentAviary—Extensive Menagerie—Collection of Dwarfs—Beautiful Gardens—Royal Hill of Chapoltepec—Wives of Montezuma—His Meals—Lux-urious Dessert—Custom of Smoking—Ceremonies at Court—Economy ofthe Palace—Oriental Civilization—Reserve of Montezuma—Symptoms ofDecline of Power 313

CHAPTER II

MARKET OF MEXICO GREAT TEMPLE INTERIOR SANCTUARIESSPANISH QUARTERS

Mexican Costume—Great Market of Mexico—Quarter of the Goldsmiths—Booths of the Armorers—Provisions for the Capital—Throngs in theMarket—Aztec Money—The great Temple—Its Structure—Dimensions—Instruments of Worship—Grand View from the Temple—Shrines of theIdols—Imprudence of Cortes—Interior Sanctuaries—Mound of Skulls—Aztec Seminaries—Impression on the Spaniards—Hidden Treasures—Massperformed in Mexico . 327

CHAPTER III

ANXIETY OF CORTES SEIZURE OF MONTEZUMA—HIS TREATMENT BY THESPANIARDS EXECUTION OF HIS OFFICERS MONTEZUMA IN IRONS

REFLECTIONS

Anxiety of Cortes—Council of War—Opinions of the Officers—Bold Projectof Cortes—Plausible Pretext—Interview with Montezuma—Accusation ofthe Emperor—His Seizure by the Spaniards—He is carried to theirQuarters—Tumult among the Aztecs—Montezuma's Treatment—VigilantPatrol—Trial of the Aztec Chiefs—Montezuma in Irons—Chiefs burntat the Stake—Emperor allowed to return—Declines this Permission—Re-flections on these Proceedings—Views of the Conquerors . . . . 340

CONTENTS xv

CHAPTER IV

MONTEZUMA'S DEPORTMENT HIS LIFE I N THE SPANISH QUARTERSMEDITATED INSURRECTION LORD OF TEZCUCO SEIZED FURTHER MEAS-

URES OF CORTESPASS

Troubles at Vera Cruz—Vessels built on the Lake—Montezuma's Life in theSpanish Quarters—His Munificence—Sensitive to Insult—Emperor'sFavorites—Spaniards attempt his Conversion—Brigantines on the Lake—The Royal Chase—Lord of Tezcuco—Meditated Insurrection—Policy ofCortes—Tezcucan Lord in Chains—Further Measures of Cortes—Surveysthe Coast 352

CHAPTER V

MONTEZUMA SWEARS ALLEGIANCE TO SPAIN ROYAL TREASURES THEIRDIVISION—CHRISTIAN WOKSHIP I N THE TEOCALLI—DISCONTENTS OF

THE AZTECS

Montezuma convenes his Nobles—Swears Allegiance to Spain—His Distress—Its Effect on the Spaniards—Imperial Treasures—Splendid Ornaments—The Royal Fifth—Amount of the Treasure—Division of Spoil—Murmursof the Soldiery—Cortes calms the Storm—Progress in Conversion—Cortdsdemands the Teocalli—Christian Worship in the Sanctuary—NationalAttachment to Religion—Discontents of the Aztecs—Montezuma's Warn-ing—Reply of Cortes—Insecurity in the Castilian Quarters . . . 361

CHAPTER VI

FATE OF CORTES' EMISSARIES PROCEEDINGS I N THE CASTILIAN COURT—PREPARATIONS OF VELASQUEZ NARVAEZ LANDS I N MEXICO POLITIC

CONDUCT OF CORTES H E LEAVES THE CAPITAL

Cortes' Emissaries arrive in Spain—Their Fate—Proceedings at Court—TheBishop of Burgos—Emperor postpones his Decision—Velasquez meditatesRevenge—Sends Narvaez against Cortes—The Audience interferes—Nar-vaez sails for Mexico—Vaunts of Narvaez—He anchors off San Juan deUlua—Sandoval prepares for Defence—His Treatment of the Invaders—Cortes hears of Narvaez—He bribes his Emissaries—Sends an Envoy tohis Camp—The Friar's Intrigues—Embarrassment of Cortes—He preparesfor Departure—He leaves the Capital 373

CHAPTER VII

CORTES DESCENDS FROM THE TABLE-LAND NEGOTIATES WITH NARVAEZ—PREPARES TO ASSAULT HIM QUARTERS OF NARVAEZ ATTACK BY

NIGHT NARVAEZ DEFEATED

Cortfe crosses the Valley—Reinforced at Cholula—Falls* in with his Envoy—Unites with Sandoval—He reviews his Troops—Embassy from Nar-vaez—His Letter to the General—Cortes Tenure of Authority—Nego-tiates with Narvaez—Spaniards resume their March—Prepare for the

xvi CONQUEST OF MEXICOFACE

Assault—Cortes harangues the Soldiers—Their Enthusiasm in his Cause—He divides his Forces—Quarters of Narvaez at Cempoalla—Cortescrosses the Rio de Canoas—Surprises Narvaez by Night—Tumult in hisCamp—Narvaez wounded and taken—The Sanctuary in Flames—TheGarrisons surrender—Cortfe gives Audience to his Captives—Reflectionson the Enterprise 384

CHAPTER VIH

DISCONTENT OF THE TROOPS—INSURRECTION IN THE CAPITAL—RETURNOF CORTES—GENERAL SIGNS OF HOSTILITY—MASSACRE BY ALVARADO

RISING OF THE AZTECS

Discontent of the Troops of Narvaez—Policy oi Cortes—He displeases hisVeterans—He divides his Forces—News of an Insurrection in the Capital—Cortfa prepares to return—Arrives at Tlascala—Beautiful Landscape—Disposition of the Natives—News from the Spaniards in Mexico—Cortesmarches to the Capital—Signs of Alienation in the Aztecs—Spaniards re-enter the Capital—Cause of the Insurrection—Massacre by Alvarado—His Apology for the Deed—His probable Motives—Rising of the Aztecs••—Assault the Garrison—Cortes reprimands his Officer—His Coldness toMontezuma—Cort6s releases Montezuma's Brother—He heads the Aztecs?—The City in Arms—Notice of Oviedo—His Life and Writings—Camargo's History 398

BOOK V

EXPULSION FROM MEXICO

CHAPTER I

DESPERATE ASSAULT ON THE QUARTERS—FURY OF THE MEXICANS—SALLY OF THE SPANIARDS—MONTEZUMA ADDRESSES THE PEOPLE

DANGEROUSLY WOUNDED

Quarters of the Spaniards—Desperate Assault of the Aztecs—Cannonade ofthe Besieged—Indians fire the Outworks—Fury of the Mexicans—Appear-ance of their Forces—Sally of the Spaniards—Aztecs shower Missilesfrom the Azoteas—Their Dwellings in Flames—Spaniards sound theRetreat—Gallantry of Cortes-rResolute Bearing of the Aztecs—Cortesrequests Montezuma to interpose—He ascends the Turret—Addresses hisSubjects—Is dangerously wounded—His Grief and Humiliation . . 413

CHAPTER II

STORMING OF THE GREAT TEMPLE—SPIRIT OF THE AZTECS—DISTRESSESOF THE GARRISON—SHARP COMBATS IN THE CITY—DEATH OF

MONTEZUMA

The Aztecs hold the Great Temple—It is stormed by the Spaniards—SpiritedResistance—Bloody Combat on the Area—Heroism of Cortes—Spaniardsvictorious—Conflagration of the Temple—Cortfe invites a Parley—He

CONTENTS xviiPAGE

addresses the Aztecs—Spirit of the Aztecs—/The Spaniards dismayed—Distresses of the Garrison—Military Machine of Ccrtes—Impeded bythe Canals—Sharp Combats in the City—Bold Bearing of Corte's—Ap-parition of St. James—Attempt to convert Montezuma—Its Failure—Last Hours of Montezuma—His Character—His Posterity—Effect of hisDeath on the Spaniards—Interment of Montezuma 424

CHAPTER III

COUNCIL OF WAR—TSPANIARDS EVACUATE THE CITY—NOCHE TRISTE, ORTHE "MELANCHOLY NIGHT"—TERRIBLE SLAUGHTER—HALT FOR THE

NIGHT AMOUNT OF LOSSES

Council of War—Predictions of the Astrologer—Their Effect on Cortes—Hedecides to abandon the Capital—Arranges his Order of March—Spaniardsleave the City—Noche Triste, or the "Melancholy Night"—The Capitalis roused—Spaniards assailed on the Causeway—The Bridge wedged inthe Stones—Despair of the Spaniards—Fearful Carnage—Wreck ofBodies and Treasure—Spaniards arrive at the third Breach—The Cava-liers return to the Rescue—Condition of the Rear—Alvarado's Leap—Sad Spectacle of the Survivors—Feelings of Cortes—Spaniards defilethrough Tacuba—Storm the Temple—Halt for the Night—Reflections ofthe General—The Loss of the Spaniards 441

CHAPTER IV

EETREAT OF THE SPANIARDS DISTRESSES OF THE ARMY—PYRAMIDS OFTEOTIHUACAN GREAT BATTLE OF OTUMBA

Quiet of the Mexicans—The Spaniards resume their Retreat—Distresses ofthe Army—Their heroic Fortitude—Pyramids of Teotihuacaa—Accountof them—Their probable Destination—The Micoatl or Path of the Dead—The Races who reared them—Indian Host in the Valley of Otumba—Sensations of the Spaniards—Instructions of Cortes—He leads the Attack—Great Battle of Otumba—Gallantry of the Spaniards—Their Forces inDisorder—Desperate Effort of Corte's—The Aztec Chief is slain,—TheBarbarians put to Flight—Rich Spoil for the Victors—Reflections on theBattle 454

CHAPTER V

ARRIVAL IN TLASCALA—FRIENDLY RECEPTION—DISCONTENTS OF THBARMY—JEALOUSY OF THE TLASCALANS EMBASSY FROM MEXICO

Spaniards Arrive at Tlascala—Friendly Reception—Feelings of the Tlascalans—Spaniards recruit their Strength—Their further Misfortunes—Tidingsfrom Villa Rica—Indomitable Spirit of Cortes—Discontents of theArmy—Their Remonstrance—The General's resolute Reply—Jealousy of'the Tlascalans—Corte's strives to allay it—Events in Mexico—Prepara-tions for Defence—Aztec Embassy to Tlascala—Stormy Debate in the:Senate—Mexican Alliance rejected 466.

xviii CONQUEST OF MEXICO

CHAPTER VI

WAR WITH THE SURROUNDING TRIBES SUCCESSES OF THE SPANIARDSDEATH OF MAXIXCA ARRIVAL OF REINFORCEMENTS RETURN IN TRI-

UMPH TO TLASCALAPAOB

War with the surrounding Tribes—Battle with the Tepeacans—They arebranded as Slaves—Hostilities with the Aztecs renewed—Suspicions of theAllies—Cortes heads his Forces—Capture of Quauhquechollan—Mexicansrouted—Spaniards follow up the Blow—Cortes' Treatment of his Allies—State of his Resources—Building of the Brigantines—Death of Maxixca—The Small-pox in Mexico—The disaffected Soldiers leave the Army—Arrival of Reinforcements—Further Good-fortune of Cortes—His Letterto the Emperor—Memorial of the Army—The Policy of Cortes—Re-turns in Triump to Tlascala—Prepares for the final Campaign . . . 476

CHAPTER VII

GUATEMOZIN, EMPEROR OF THE AZTECS PREPARATIONS FOR THE MARCH—MILITARY CODE SPANIARDS CROSS THE SIERRA ENTER TEZCUCO

PRINCE IXTLILXOCHITL

The Aztec Monarch dies—The Electors appoint another—Prayer of the High-priest—Guatemozin elected Emperor—Prepares for War—Amount of theSpanish Force—Cortes reviews his Troops—His animated Address—Number of the Indian Allies—Their brilliant Array—Military Code ofCorte's—Its Purpose—Its salutary Provisions—The Troops begin theirMarch—Designs of Corte's—He selects his Route—Crosses the Sierra-Magnificent View of the Valley—Energy of Cortes—Affairs in Tezcuco—Spaniards arrive there—Overtures of the Tezcucans—Spanish Quar-ters in Tezcuco—The Inhabitants leave the Town—Prince Ixtlilxochitl—His youthful Excesses—Disputes the Succession—Becomes the fast Friendof the Spaniards—Life and Writings of Gomara—Of Bernal Diaz . . 48S

BOOK VI

SD3GE AND SURRENDER OF MEXICO

CHAPTER I

ARRANGEMENTS AT TEZCUCO SACK OF IZTAPALAPAN ADVANTAGES OFTHE SPANIARDS WISE POLICY OF CORTES TRANSPORTATION OF THE

BRIGANTINES

Head-quarters at Tezcuco—Cortes distrusts the Natives—Negotiates with theAztecs—City of Iztapalapan—Spaniards march upon it—Sack the Town—Natives break down the Dikes—Spaniards struggle in the Flood—Re-gain their Quarters in Tezcuco—Indian Cities tender Allegiance—Someask for Protection—Cortes detaches Sandoval to their Aid—DifficultSituation of Cortes—His sagacious Policy—Makes Overtures to Guate-mozin—Spirit of the Indian Emperor—The Brigantines are completed—

CONTENTS xkPAGE

Sandoval detached to transport them—Signs of the Massacre at Zoltepec—Reaches Tlascala—Transportation of the Brigantines—Joy at theirArrival—Reflections 506

CHAPTER II

CORTES RECONNOITRES THE CAPITAL OCCUPIES TACUBA SKIRMISHESWITH THE ENEMY EXPEDITION OF SANDOVAL ARRIVAL OF REINFORCE-

MENTS

Cortes reconnoitres the Capital—Action at Xaltocan—Spaniards ford theLake—Towns deserted as they advance—Beautiful Environs of Mexico—Cortes occupies Tacuba—The Allies fire the Town—Ambuscade of theAztecs—Parley with the Enemy—Single Combats—Position of the Parties—Spaniards return to Tezcuco—Embassy from Chalco—Sandoval is de-tached to defend it—Takes Huaxtepec—Storms Jacapichtla—Puts theGarrison to ' the Sword—Countermarch on Chalco—Cortes' Coolnesswith Sandoval—His Reconciliation—Arrival of Reinforcements—TheDominican Friar 518

CHAPTER III

SECOND RECONNOITRING EXPEDITION ENGAGEMENTS ON THE SIERRACAPTURE OF CUERNAVACA BATTLES AT XOCHIMILCO NARROW ESCAPE

OF CORTES HE ENTERS TACUBA

Second reconnoitring Expedition—Preparations for the March—Spaniardsenter the Sierra—Engagements in the Passes—Rocks rolled down by theAztecs—Enemy routed—Spaniards bivouac in the Mulberry Grove=—Storm the Cliffs—March through the Mountains—Arrive at Cuernavaca—Scenery in its Environs—Bold Passage of the Ravine—Capture of the City—Cortes recrosses the Sierra—Exquisite View of the Valley—Marchesagainst Xochimilco—Narrow Escape of Cortes—Chivalric Spirit of theAge—Cortes surveys the Country—Vigilance in his Quarters—Battles atXochimilco—Spaniards Masters of the Town—Conflagration of Xochi-milco—Army arrives at Cojohuacan—Ambuscade of the Indians—Span-iards enter Tacuba—View from its Teocalli—Strong Emotion of Corte's—Return to Tezcuco 529

CHAPTER IV

CONSPIRACY IN THE ARMY—BRIGANTINES LAUNCHED—MUSTER OFFORCES—EXECUTION OF XICOTENCATL MARCH OF THE ARMY BEGIN-

NING OF THE SIEGE

Affairs in Spain—Conspiracy in the Camp—Its Design—Disclosed to Corte's—The Ringleader executed—Policy of Cortes—The General's Body-guard—Brigantines launched—Impression on the Spectators—Muster ofForces—Instructions to the Allies—Corte's distributes his Troops—Hisspirited Harangue—Regulations read to the Army—Desertion of Xico-tencatl—His Execution—His Character—March of the Army—Quarrelof Olid and Alvarado—Spaniards destroy the Aqueduct—Commence-ment of the Siege 544

xx C O N Q U E S T OF M E X I C O

CHAPTER V

INDIAN FLOTILLA DEFEATED—OCCUPATION OF THE CAUSEWAYS—DES-PERATE ASSAULTS FIRING OF THE PALACES SPIRIT OF THE BESIEGED

BARRACKS FOR THE TROOPSPAGE

Sandoval marches on Iztapalapan—Cortes takes Command of the Fleet—Indian Flotilla defeated—Cortes occupies Xoloc—Sandoval advances toCojohuacan—Skirmishes on the Causeway—Blockade completed—Simul-taneous Assaults on Mexico—Ramparts raised by the Aztecs—brigan-tines enfilade the Causeway—Spaniards enter the City—Allies demolishthe Buildings—Fierce Battles in the City—Spaniards reach the Square—Storm the Pyramid—Hurl the Priests headlong—The Aztecs rally—Spaniards give Way—Cavalry to the Rescue—Retreat to their Quarters—Ixtlilxochitl in the Camp—A second Assault—Spaniards penetrate theCity—Fire the Palace of Axayacatl—Royal Aviary in Flames—Rage ofthe Mexicans—Their Desperation—Sufferings of the Spaniards—Opera-tions of Guatemozin—His Vigilance—Ambuscade among the Reeds—Resources of the Indian Emperor—Accession of Allies to the Spaniards—Barracks for the Troops—Hard Fare of the Besiegers—Spirit of theAztecs 556

CHAPTER VI

GENERAL ASSAULT ON THE CITY DEFEAT OF THE SPANIARDS THEIRDISASTROUS CONDITION SACRIFICE OF THE CAPTIVES DEFECTION OF

THE ALLIES—CONSTANCY OF THE TROOPS

Views of the Spaniards—Council of War—General Assault on the City—Cortfe rebukes Alvarado—The Enemy give Way—Their cunning Strata-gem—Horn of Guatemozin sounds—Aztecs turn upon their Foe—Terri-ble Rout of the Spaniards—Imminent Danger of Cortes—Self-devotionof his Followers—Sharp Struggles on the Causeway—His Division re-treats"—Sandoval and Alvarado—Their Troops driven from the City—Sandoval visits the General—His Interview with him—Great Drum beatin the Temple—Sacrifice of the Captives—Sensations of the Spaniards—Rejoicings of the Aztecs—Prophecy of the Priests—Defection of theAllies—Gloomy Condition of the Spaniards—Their Constancy—Heroismof their Women 57*

CHAPTER VII

SUCCESSES OF THE SPANIARDS FRUITLESS OFFERS TO GUATEMOZINBUILDINGS RAZED TO THE GROUND TERRIBLE FAMINE—THE TROOPS

GAIN THE MARKET-PLACE!—BATTERING ENGINE

*Mies return to the Camp—Accession of Confederates—Plan of the Cam-paign—The Breaches filled—Famine in the City—Fruitless Offers toGuatemozin—Council of the Aztecs—Result of their Deliberations—Buildings razed to the Ground—Single Combats—Guatemozin's Palacein Flames—Sufferings of the Besieged—Neglect of their Dead—Theirunconcmerable Spirit—Conflagration of the Teocalli—Success of Alva-rado—Spaniards in the Market-place—Cortes surveys the City—ItsDesolation—Battering Engine—Its Failure 585,

CONTENTS

CHAPTER VIII

DREADFUL SUFFERINGS OF THE BESIEGED—SPIRIT OF GUATEMOZIN—MURDEROUS ASSAULTS CAPTURE OF GAUTEMOZIN EVACUATION OF THE

CITY TERMINATION OF THE SIEGE REFLECTIONSPAG»

Dreadful Famine in the City—Cannibalism—The Corpses fill the Streets-Pestilence sweeps off Multitudes—Alarming Prodigies—Spirit of Guate-mozin—Cortfe requests an Interview with him—Guatemozin consents—He avoids a Parley—Murderous Assault—Appalling Scene of Carnage—Preparations for the final Attack—Cortes urges an Interview—The Signalgiven—Aztecs attempt to escape—Capture of Guatemozin—Cessation ofHostilities—Person of Guatemozin—Brought before Cortes—His Wife,Montezuma's Daughter—Furious Thunder-storm—Mexicans abandontheir City—Number of those who perished—Amount of the Spoil—Cortes dismisses his Allies—Rejoicings of the Spaniards—Solemn Thanks-giving—Reflections—Aztec Institutions—Their moral Influence—Crueltyascribed to the Spaniards—The Conquest as a military Achievement—Notice of the Historian Solis—His Life and Writings—Sahagun'sTwelfth Book 508

BOOK VII

CONCLUSION SUBSEQUENT CAREER OF CORTES

CHAPTER I

TORTURE OF GUATEMOZIN SUBMISSION OF THE COUNTRY REBUILDINGOF THE CAPITAL MISSION TO CASTILE COMPLAINTS AGAINST CORTES

HE IS CONFIRMED I N HIS AUTHORITY

Small Amount of Treasure—Disappointment of the Soldiers—Torture ofGuatemozin—His Fortitude unshaken—Submission of the Country—TheSouthern Ocean reached—Rebuilding of the Capital—Aztec Prophecyaccomplished—Mission to Castile—Envoys captured by the French—Charges against Cortes—Tapia sent to New Spain—Insurrection of theNatives—Quelled by Sandoval—Fonseca's Hostility to Cortes—His Causereferred to a select Tribunal—Accusations against Cortes—Defence byhis Friends—Acts of Cortes ratified—He is confirmed in the supremeAuthority—He triumphs over Fonseca—Mortification of Velasquez—HisDeath and Character 621

CHAPTER II

MODERN MEXICO SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTRY CONDITION OF THF.NATIVES—CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL VOY-

AGES AND EXPEDITIONS

Mexico rebuilt—Edifices in the City—Its Fortress—Its Population—Settle-ment of the Country—Encouragements to Marriage—The Wife ofCorte's arrives in Mexico—Her Death—System of Repartimientos—Re-

xxii CONQUEST OF MEXICOPAGE

ward of the Tlascalans—Treatment of the Natives—Franciscan Mission-aries—Their Reception by Cortes—Progress of Conversion—Settlementsof the Conquerors—Cultivation of the Soil—Fleet burnt at Zacatula—Voyages to discover a Strait—Expedition of Alvarado—Result of theEnterprises of Cortes 632

CHAPTER III

DEFECTION OF OLID—DREADFUL MARCH TO HONDURAS—EXECUTION OFGUATEMOZIN DONA MARINA ARRIVAL AT HONDURAS

Defection of Olid—Cortfe prepares to visit Honduras—The General's Retinue—Obstacles on the March—Passes near Palenque—Lost in the Mazes ofthe Forests—Builds a stupendous Bridge—Horses sink in the Marshes—Reports of a Conspiracy—Guatemozin arrested—His Execution—HisCharacter—Feelings of the Army—Cause of the Execution—Corte's'Remorse—Prosecution of the March—Lake of Peten—Dona Marina—Her Meeting with her Mother—She marries a Castilian Knight—HerSon Don Martin—Missionaries in the Isles of Peten—Passage of "theMountain of Flints"—Army arrives at Honduras—Famine in the Colony—Cortes reaches Truxillo—Prepares to reduce Nicaragua—His romanticDaring—Tidings from Mexico 643

CHAPTER IV

DISTURBANCES IN MEXICO—-RETURN OF CORTES DISTRUST OF THECOURT—CORTES RETURNS TO SPAIN DEATH OF SANDOVAL BRILLIANT

RECEPTION OF CORTES HONORS CONFERRED ON H I M

Misrule in Mexico—Cortes attempts to return—Driven back by the Tempest—His Despondency—Embarks once more for Mexico—Lands near SanJuan de Ulua—Progress to the Capital—Cortes reenters Mexico in State—Distrust of the Crown—Ponce de Leon sent as Commissioner—He dieson his Arrival—Appoints Estrada his Successor—Affronts to Cortes—He leaves the City—The Commission of the Royal Audience—Cortes—determines to return to Spain—News of his Father's Death—Preparationsfor Departure—He lands at Palos—His Meeting with Pizarro—Death ofSandoval—His Person and Character—Brilliant Reception of Cortes—Sensation caused by his Presence—Admitted to an Audience by the Em-peror—Charles V. visits him when ill—He is made Marquess of theValley—Grants of Lands and Vassals—Refused the Government ofMexico—Reinstated in his military Command—Cortes' second Mar-riage—Splendid Presents to his Bride—His Residence at Court . . . 653

CHAPTER VCORTES REVISITS MEXICO RETIRES TO HIS ESTATES HIS VOYAGES OFDISCOVERY FINAL RETURN TO CASTILE COLD RECEPTION DEATH OF

CORTES HIS CHARACTER

Corte's embarks for Mexico—Stops at Hispaniola—Proceedings of the Audi-ence—Cortes lands at Villa Rica—Reception in Mexico—Retires to hisEstates—His Improvement of then—His Voyages of Discovery—He em-barks for California—Disastrous Expedition—Arrival of a Viceroy—

CONTENTS xxiiiPAGE

Policy of the Crown—Maritime Enterprises of Corte's—His Disgust withMendoza—His final Return to Castile—He joins the Expedition to Algiers—His cold Reception by Charles V.—Cortes last Letter to the Emperor—Taken ill at Seville—His Will—Scruples of Conscience as to Slavery—Views entertained on this Topic—He moves to Castilleja—Death ofCortes—His funeral Obsequies—Fate of his Remains—Posterity of Cortes—His Character—His Knight-errantry—His military Genius—Power overhis Soldiers—Character as a Conqueror—His enlightened Views—Hisprivate Life—His Bigotry—His Manners and Habits 668

APPENDIX, PART I

ORIGIN OF THE MEXICAN CIVILIZATION ANALOGIES WITH THE OLDWORLD

PRELIMINARY NOTICE 68*

Speculations on the New World—Manner of its Population—Plato's At-lantis—Modern Theory—Communication with the Old World—Origin ofAmerican Civilization—Plan of the Essay—Analogies suggested by theMexicans to the Old World—Their Traditions of the Deluge—Resemblethe Hebrew Accounts—Temple of Cholula—Analogy to the Tower ofBabel—The Mexican Eve—The God Quetzalcoatl—Natural Errors of theMissionaries—The Cross in Anahuac—Eucharist and Baptism—Chron-iclers strive for Coincidences—Argument drawn from these—Resemblanceof social Usages—Analogies from Science—Chronological System—Hiero-glyphics and Symbols—Adjustment of Time—Affinities of Language—Difficulties of Comparison—Traditions of Migration—Tests of their Truth—Physical Analogies—Architectural Remains—Destructive Spirit of theSpaniards—Ruins in Chiapa and Yucatan—Works of Art—Tools forBuilding—Little Resemblance to Egyptian Art—Sculpture—Hieroglyphics—Probable Age cf these Monuments—Their probable Architects—Dif-ficulties in forming a Conclusion—Ignorance of Iron and of Milk—Un-satisfactory Explanations—General Conclusions 689

APPENDIX, PART II

ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS

Aztec Mother's Advice to her Daughter 715Translations of Nezahualcoyotl's Poem 717Punishment of the guilty Tezcucan Queen j»t

GENERAL CONTENTS

HISTORY OF THE CONQUEST OF PERU

BOOK IINTRODUCTION VIEW OF THE CIVILIZATION

OF THE INCAS

BOOK IIDISCOVERY OF PERU

BOOK IIICONQUEST OF PERU

BOOK IVCIVIL WARS OF THE CONQUERORS

BOOK VSETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTRY

PAGE

PREFACE 725

BOOK I

INTRODUCTION VIEW OF THE CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS

CHAPTER IPHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE COUNTRY SOURCES OF PERUVIAN CIVILIZA-

TION EMPIRE OF THE INCAS ROYAL FAMILY NOBILITY

Extent of the Peruvian Empire—Its Topographical Aspect—Unfavorable toHusbandry—Natural Impediments overcome—Source of Civilization—Children of the Sun—Other Traditions—Their Uncertainty—Conquestsof the Incas—City of Cuzco—Fortress of Cuzco—It3 remarkable Struc-ture—Queen of the Inca—Heir-apparent—Order of Chivalry—Cere-monies of Admission—Inca a Despot—His Dress—Intercourse with thePeople—Progresses through the Country—Royal Palaces—Their gor-geous Decorations—Gardens of Yucay—All closed at the Inca's Death-Obsequies of the Incas—Their Bodies preserved—Produced at Festivals—Inca Nobles—Their exclusive Privileges—Curacas—Inca Nobility thehighest . . . . . . . 733

CHAPTER II

ORDERS OF THE STATE—PROVISIONS FOR JUSTICE DIVISION OF LANDSREVENUES AND REGISTERS GREAT ROADS AND POSTS—MILITARY TACTICS

AND POLICY

Name of Peru—Divisions of the Empire—Tribunals of Justice—Character ofthe Laws—Simple Administration of Justice—Threefold Distribution of

CONTENTS

Lands—Division renewed yearly—Agrarian Law—The Land cultivatedby the People—Appropriation and Care of the Llamas—Woollen Manu-factures—Labor in Peru—Registers and Surveys by Government—Rota-tion of Labor—Magazines of Products and Manufactures—Taxationborne wholly by the People—No Room for Progress—No Pauperism—Monuments of Peruvian Industry—Great Roads—Suspension Bridges—Caravansaries, or Tambos—System of Posts—Relays of Couriers—Mili-tary Policy of the Incas—Conquests in the Name of Religion—PeruvianArmy—Arms and Armour—Military Quarters and Magazines—LenientPolicy in War—Religion of the Conquered Nations—Disposition of theConquered Territory—Quichua Language—Mitimaes—Unity of Purposein Peruvian Institutions^-Domestic Quiet their Aim—Religious Charac-ter of Peruvian Wars—Singular Harmony in their Empire . . . . 75*

CHAPTER III

PERUVIAN RELIGION DEITIES GORGEOUS TEMPLES FESTIVALSVIRGINS OF THE SUN MARRIAGE

Religion of the American Races—Peruvian Notions of a Future Life—Em-balming and Burial—Idea of God—Worship of the Sun—Inferior Deities—Temple of the Sun at Cuzco—Its Richness and Splendor—Temples ofinferior Deities—Utensils and Ornaments of Gold—Proofs of ancientMagnificence—High Priest—Sacerdotal Order—Duties of Priests—Fes-tival of Raymi—Human Sacrifices rare—Sacred Flame—Religious Cere-mony—Virgins of the Sun—Convents—Brides of the Inca—Marriageuniversal—Provisions for Marriage 77,,

CHAPTER IV

EDUCATION QUIPUS—ASTRONOMY AGRICULTURE AQUEDUCTS—GUANO—IMPORTANT ESCULENTS

Education in Peru—Seminaries and Amautas—Quipus and Quipucamayus—Method of transmitting History—Various Symbols of Thought—Quipusthe poorest—Traditional Minstrelsy—Quichua Dialect—Theatrical Ex-hibitions—Division of Time—Regulated by the Equinoxes—Little Prog-ress in Astronomy—The Inca's Care of Agriculture—System of Irrigation—Aqueducts—Terraces on the Sierra—Guano—Substitute for the Plough—Fairs—Variety of Products—Indian Corn—Cuca—Potatoes . . . 791

CHAPTER V

PERUVIAN SHEEP GREAT HUNTS MANUFACTURES MECHANICALSKILL—ARCHITECTURE—CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS

Advantages for Manufactures—The Llama—Alpacas—Huanacos and Vicunas—Great annual Hunts—Woollen Manufactures—Division of MechanicalLabor—Extraordinary Dexterity in the Arts—No Use of Iron—Goldand Silver—Architecture a Test of Civilization—Peruvian Architecture—Houses—Their Simplicity of Construction—Adaptation to Climate—Com-parison between the Inca and Aztec Races—In Policy and Religion—In Science—Peruvian and Eastern Empires—The Incas perfect Despots—Careful of the People—No Free Agency in Peru—No Idleness orPoverty—Influence of Government on Character—Life and Works ofSarmiento—And of Polo de Ondegardo 805

xxvi CONQUEST OF PERU

BOOK II

DISCOVERY OF PERU

CHAPTER I

ANCIENT AND MODERN SCIENCE—ART OF NAVIGATION—MARITIME DIS-COVERY—SPIRIT OF THE SPANIARDS—POSSESSIONS IN THE NEW WORLD

RUMORS CONCERNING PERUPAGE

Introductory Remarks—Progress in Navigation—Early Voyages of Discovery—Discovery of America—Romantic Expectations—Northern and South-ern Adventurers—Extent of Discovery—Balboa reaches the Pacific—Colonial Policy—Pedro Arias de Avila—Foundation of Panama—FirstSouthern Expedition—Rumors respecting Peru 825

CHAPTER I I

FRANCISCO PIZARRO HIS EARLY HISTORY FIRST EXPEDITION TO THESOUTH DISTRESSES OF THE VOYAGERS SHARP ENCOUNTERS RETURN

TO PANAMA ALMAGRO'S EXPEDITION

Francis Pizarro's Early Life—He goes to Hispaniola—Various Adventures—He accompanies Pedrarias to Panama—Southern Expeditions—Almagroand Luque—Their Union with Pizarro—First Expedition for Discovery—Pizarro takes Command of it—Enters the River Biru—Distresses onShore—Pursues his Voyage along the Coast—Heavy Tempests—Putsback and lands—Great Sufferings of the Spaniards—Montenegro sentback for Supplies—Indian Village—Great Distresses during his Absence—He returns with Assistance—Uncertainty of the Spaniards—They pro-ceed farther South—Traces of Cannibalism—Pizarro reconnoitres theCountry—Fierce Conflict with the Natives—Danger of Pizarro—He sendsback his Vessel—Adventures of Almagro—He joins Pizarro—Returns toPanama 834

CHAPTER I I I

THE FAMOUS CONTRACT SECOND EXPEDITION RUIZ EXPLORES THECOAST PIZARRO'S SUFFERINGS IN THE FORESTS ARRIVAL OF NEW RE-CRUITS FRESH DISCOVERIES AND DISASTERS PIZARRO ON THE ISLE OF

GALLO

Almagro coolly received by Pedrarias—Influence of Fernando de Luque—Narrow Views of the Governor—His subsequent History—Pizarro, Al-magro, and Luque—Famous Contract for discovering Peru—ReligiousTone assumed in it—Motives of the Conquerors—Luque's Share in theEnterprise—Preparations for the Voyage—Insufficiency of Supplies—Sailing of the Armament—Almagro returns to Panama—The Pilot Ruizexplores the Coast—Indian Balsas—Signs of higher Civilization—Returnswith Indian Captives—Pizarro's Journey into the Interior—Frightful

CONTENTS xxvttPAGE

Difficulties of the March—Almagro returns with Recruits—They con-tinue their Voyage—Thickly settled Country—Gold and Precious Stones—Warlike Aspect of the Natives—Deliberations of the Spaniards—Dis-pute between Pizarro and Almagro—The latter returns to Panama—Pizarro remains at the Isle of Gallo—His Followers discontented—Sendhome a secret Letter 848

CHAPTER IV

INDIGNATION OF THE GOVERNOR—STERN RESOLUTION OF PIZARROPROSECUTION OF THE VOYAGE BRILLIANT ASPECT OF TUMBEZ DISCOV-ERIES ALONG THE COAST RETURN TO PANAMA PIZARRO EMBARKS FOB

SPAIN

Pizarro ordered to return—He refuses—His bold Resolution—Eleven adhereto him—Pizarro's heroic Constancy—Left on the Isle of Gorgona—Efforts of Luque and Almagro—Succours sent to Pizarro—He continueshis Voyage—Enters the. Gulf of Guayaquil—Lands at Tumbez—KindReception by its Inhabitants—Visit of an Inca Noble—Adventure ofMolina—Pedro de Candia sent on Shore—Kindly treated by the Natives—Reports of the Riches of the Place—Joy of the Spaniards—Pizarroagain steers for the South—Tossed about by Tempests—Touches at vari-ous Points of the Coast—Splendid Accounts of the Peruvian Empire—Arrives at the Port of Santa—Homeward Voyage—Lands at Santa Cruz—Entertained by an Indian Princess—Continues his Voyage to Panama—Joy and Triumph of his Associates—Coldness of the Governor—Pizarro goes as Envoy to Spain—Notice of Gardlasso de la Vega—HisLife and Writings—Character of his Works 803

BOOK III

CONQUEST OF PERU

CHAPTER I

PIZARRO'S RECEPTION AT COURT HIS CAPITULATION WITH THE CROWN—HE VISITS HIS BIRTHPLACE RETURNS TO THE NEW WORLD DIFFI-CULTDIS WITH ALMAGRO HIS THIRD EXPEDITION RICH INDIAN BOOTY

BATTLES IN THE ISLE OF PUNA

Pizarro in Spain—Gracious Reception at Court—Relates his Adventuresto the Emperor—His Capitulation with the Crown—Dignities conferredon him—Provisions in Behalf of the Natives—Grasping Spirit of Pizarro—He visits his Birthplace—The Pizarro Family—His Brother Hernando—Obstacles to the Expedition—Sails ana crosses to Nombre de Dios—Almagro greatly discontented—A Rupture with Difficulty prevented—Expedition fitted out at Panama—Pizarro's final Voyage to Peru—Driven into Bay of St. Matthew—Lands his Forces^-Plunders an IndianVillage—Division of Spoil—He marches along the Coast—Sufferingsand Discontent of the Spaniards—They reach Puerto Viejo—Joined byReinforcements—Cross to Isle of Puna—Conspiracy of its Inhabitants-r-They attack the Spanish Camp—Arrival of De Soto with Recruits . . 883

jucviii C O N Q U E S T OF P E R U

CHAPTER II

PERU AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST—REIGN OF HUAYNA CAPAC—THE

INCA BROTHERS CONTEST FOR THE EMPIRE—TRIUMPH AND CRUELTIES

OF ATAHUALLPAPAGE

The Inca Huayna Capac—His Apprehensions respecting the White Men—Prognostics of Trouble in Peru—Atahuallpa the Inca's Son—Shares theEmpire with his Brother Huascar—Causes of Jealousy between them—Commencement of Hostilties—Huascar's Forces defeated—Ravage ofCafiaris—Atahuallpa marches on Cuzco—His Victory at Quipaypan—Capture of Huascar—Accounts of Atahuallpa's Cruelties—Reasons fordoubting their Accuracy—Atahuallpa's Triumph—His Want of Foresight 898

CHAPTER III

THE SPANIARDS LAND AT TUMBEZ—PIZARRO RECONNOITRES THE COUNTRY

—FOUNDATION OF SAN MIGUEL—MARCH INTO THE INTERIOR EMBASSY

FROM THE INCA ADVENTURES OF THE MARCH REACH THE FOOT OF

THE ANDES

Spaniards pass over to Tumbez—The Place deserted and dismantled—ItsCura.:a captured—Pizarro reconnoitres the Country—His conciliatingPolicy—He founds San Miguel—Learns the State of the Kingdom—De-termines to strike into the Interior—His probable Intentions—Boldnessof the Enterprise—Marches through the Level Country—Hospitality ofthe Natives—Discontent in the Army—Pizzaro's Expedient to quiet it—Reception at Zaran—Envoy from the Inca—Courteously received byPizarro—His Message to the Inca—De Soto's Expedition—His Accountsof the Indian Empire—March towards Caxamalca—Contradictory In-formation—Emissary to Atahuallpa—Effective Eloquence of Pizarro . 908

CHAPTER IV

SEVERE PASSAGE OF THE ANDES EMBASSIES FROM ATAHUALLPA THE

SPANIARDS REACH CAXAMALCA EMBASSY TO THE INCA INTERVIEW

WITH THE INCA—DESPONDENCY OF THE SPANIARDS

March over the Andes—Fearful Passes of the Sierra—Toilsome and dangerousAscent—Mountain Fortresses—Th« Army gain the Summit—Indian Em-bassy—Lofty Tone of Pizarro—Return of the Spanish Envoy—DifferentAccounts of Atahuallpa—Bold Descent of the Cordilleras—BeautifulValley of Caxamalca—Imposing View of the Peruvian Camp—Entranceinto Caxamalca—Description of the City—De Soto sent to Atahuallpa—His Interview with the Monarch—Haughty Demeanor of the Latter—His Reply to Pizarro—Soto's Exhibition of Horsemanship—GloomyForebodings of the Spaniards—Courage of Pizarro—Daring Plan forseizing the Inca—Reasons for its Adoption 922

CONTENTS

CHAPTER V

DESPERATE PLAN OF PIZARRO—ATAHUALLPA VISITS THE SPANIARDS—HORRIBLE MASSACRE—THE INCA A PRISONER CONDUCT OF THE CON-

QUERORS—SPLENDID PROMISES OF THE INCA DEATH OF HUASCARPAGE

Disposition of the Spanish Troops—Religious Ceremonies—Approach of theInca—Designs not to enter the Town—Disappointment of the Spaniards—Atahuallpa changes his Purpose—Leaves his Warriors behind—Entersthe great Square—Urged to embrace Christianity—He rejects it withDisdain—General Attack of the Spaniards—Bloody Massacre of thePeruvians—Seizure of Atahuallpa—Dispersion of his Army—Demeanorof the Captive Monarch—His probable Designs—Courteously treated byPizarro—Indian Prisoners—Rich Spoils of the Incn—Magnificent Offerof Atahuallpa—Accepted by Pizarro—Inca's Mode of Life in Captivity—Refuses to embrace Christianity—Assassination of his Brother Huascar . 93s

CHAPTER VI

GOLD ARRIVES FOR THE RANSOM—VISIT TO PACHACAMAC—DEMOLITIONOF THE IDOL THE INCA'S FAVORITE GENERAL THE INCA'S LIFE IN

CONFINEMENT ENVOY'S CONDUCT IN CUZCO ARRIVAL OF ALMAGRO

Slow Arrival of the Ransom—Rumors of an Indian Rising—Emissaries sentto Cuzco—City and Temple of Pachacamac—Hernando Pizarro's Marchthither—Great Road of the Incas—Herds of Llamas—Rich Cultivationof the Valleys—Hernando's Arrival at the City—Forcible Entry into theTemple—Horror of the Natives—Destruction of the Indian Idol—SmallAmount of Booty—Hernando marches against Challcuchima—Persuadeshim to visit Caxamalca—Interview of Atahuallpa with his General—The Inca's absolute Authority—His Personal Habits and Appearance—Return of the Emissaries from Cuzco—Magnificent Reports of the City—They strip the Gold from the Temples—Their Insolence andRapacity—Return with Loads of Treasure—Almagro arrives in Peru—Brings a large Reinforcement—Joins Pizarro's Camp—Superstitious Bod-ings of Atahuallpa 952

CHAPTER VII

IMMENSE AMOUNT OF TREASURE—ITS DIVISION AMONG THE TROOPSRUMORS OF A RISING TRIAL OF THE INCA HIS EXECUTION

REFLECTIONS

Division of the Inca's Ransom—Hernando takes the Royal Fifth to Spain—His Jealousy of Almagro—Enormous Amount of the Treasure—Dif-ficulties in its Distribution—Shares of the Pizarros—Those of the Sol-diers—Exclusion of Almagro and his Followers—Preparations for theMarch to Cuzco—The Inca demands his Liberty—Equivocal Conductof Pizarro—The Interpreter Felipillo—The Inca charged with excitingInsurrection—His Protestations of Innocence—His Apprehensions—Fearsand Murmurs of the Spaniards—They demand the Inca's Death—He isbrought to Trial—Charges against him—Condemned to be burnt alive—Some protest against the Sentence—The Inca entirely unmanned—His

CONQUEST OF PERUPAGE

earnest Entreaties for Mercy—Led to Execution—Abjures his Religion—Perishes by the Garrote—His Character and Appearance—Funeral Ob-sequies—Return of De Soto—His Indignation and Astonishment—Reflec-tions on the Inca's Treatment—Responsibility of Pizarro—Motives ofPersonal Pique—Views of Chroniclers respecing the Execution . . . 964

CHAPTER VIII

DISORDERS IN PERU MARCH TO CUZCO ENCOUNTER WITH THE NATIVESCHALLCUCHIMA BURNT ARRIVAL IN CUZCO—DESCRIPTION OF THE

CITY TREASURE FOUND THERE

Authority of the Inca in Peru—Effects of Atahuallpa's Death—New Inca ap-pointed by Pizarro—March to Cuzco—Formidable Mountain Passes—Tedious and painful Route—Conflict with the Indians—Pizarro halts atXauxa—De Soto sent forward—Furiously assaulted in the Sierra—FierceBattle with the Indians—Apprehensions of the Spaniards—Arrival ofSuccours—The Peruvians retreat—Challcuchima accused of Conspiracy—Death of the Inca Toparca—Rich Vale of Xaquixaguana—Trial andCondemnation of Challcuchima—Burned alive before the Army—Span-iards arrive at Cuzco—Entrance into the Capital—Its large Population—Gorgeous Edifices—Its massive Fortress—Temple of the Sun—Plunderof the Public Buildings—Amount of Treasure secured—Its Divisionamong the Troops—Its Effect upon the Spaniards 982

CHAPTER IX

NEW INCA CROWNED MUNICIPAL REGULATIONS TERRIBLE MARCH OFALVARADO—INTERVIEW WITH PIZARRO FOUNDATION OF LIMAHERNANDO PIZARRO REACHES SPAIN SENSATION AT COURT FEUDS OF

ALMAGRO AND THE PIZARROS

Inca Manco crowned—Spanish Government in Cuzco—Christian Churchesfounded—-Labors of the Missionaries—Sharp Encounters with the Na-tives—Landing of Pedro de Alvarado—His March to Quito—TerriblePassage of the Puertos Nevados—Sufferings from Cold and Starvation—Eruption of Cotopaxi—Alvarado reaches the Table-land—Benalcazar'sExpedition—Almagro's Pursuit—Agreement between Alvarado and Al-magro—Pizarro at Xauxa—His meeting with Alvarado—Site for a newCapital—Foundation of Lima—Almagro goes to Cuzco—Hernando Pi-zarro sent to Spain—Admitted to an Audience by the Emperor—RoyalGrants to the Conquerors—Sensation produced by his Accounts—Returnswith a large Armament—His Sufferings at Nombre de Dios—Elation ofAlmagro—Difficulty between him and Pizarro—Reconciliation effected—Singular Compact—Almagro's Expedition to Chili—Pizarro embellisheshis Capital—His tranquil Occupations 997

CONTENTS xxxi

CHAPTER X

ESCAPE OF THE INCA—RETURN OF HERNANDO PIZARRO—RISING OF THEPERUVIANS—SIEGE AND BURNING OF CUZCO—DISTRESSES OF THE SPAN-IARDS—STORMING OF THE FORTRESS—PIZARRO'S DISMAY—THE INCA

RAISES THE SIEGEPAGI

Condition of the conquered Country—Inca Manco—Conspiracy of the Peru-vians—Escape and Recapture of the Inca—-Kindly treated by HernandoPizarro—The Inca's final Escape—Hotly pursued by Juan Pizarro—De-feated on the Yucay—Juan Pizarro entangled in the Mountains—Sum-moned back to Cuzco—The Indians besiege it—Anxiety of the Spaniards—Firing of the City—Terrible Conflagration—Perilous Condition of theSpaniards—Desperate Combats—Distress of the Besieged—Their resoluteDetermination—Furious Sally—Discipline of the Natives—TerribleSlaughter of them—The Spaniards storm the* Citadel—Death of JuanPizarro—Heroism of an Inca Noble—The Fortress taken—Scarcity ofProvisions—Reinforcements cut off—Consternation of the Spaniards—Pizarro seeks Supplies from the North—The Inca withdraws his Forces—Chivalrous Encounters—Attempt to seize the Inca—Attack on hisQuarters at Tambo—The Spaniards compelled to retreat—BiographicalNotice of Pedro Pizarro—Notice of Montesinos . . . . . 1015

BOOK IV

CIVIL WARS OF THE CONQUERORS

CHAPTER I

ALMAGRO'S MARCH TO CHILI—SUFFERINGS OF THE TROOPS HE RETURNSAND SEIZES CUZCO—ACTION OF ABANCAY GASPAR DE ESPINOSA AL-

MAGRO LEAVES CUZCO NEGOTIATIONS WITH PIZARRO

Almargo sets out for Chili—Wild Scenery of the Andes—Numbers perish ofCold and Famine—Horrible Sufferings cf his Army—Cruelty towards hisIndian Allies—Overtaken by Rodrigo de Orgonez—Receives bad Tidingsfrom the South—Returns by the Desert of Atacama—Many perishamong the Sands—Arrives near Cuzco—Battle with the Inca's Troops—Claims Jurisdiction over Cuzco—Takes Possession of the Place—Cap-tures Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro—Orgonez advises their Death—Marches against Alonso de Alvarado—Battle of Abancay—Almagro de-feats and takes him Prisoner—Returns to Cuzco—Pizarro greatly alarmed—Sends Espinosa to negotiate—Death of his Emissary—Critical Situa-tion of the Brothers Pizarro—Almagro leaves Cuzco for the Coast—Stormy Conference with Francis Pizarro—Bitter Feelings of Almagro—Politic Concessions of Pizarro—Treaty concluded between them—Her-nando set at Liberty 1036

*xxii CONQUEST OF PERU

CHAPTER II

FIRST CIVIL .WAS—ALMAGRO RETREATS TO CUZCO—BATTLE OF LASSALINAS CRUELTY OF THE CONQUERORS TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF

ALMAGRO HIS CHARACTERPAGE

Pizarro prepares for War—Perfidiously breaks the Treaty—Almagro dis-abled by Illness—He retreats to Cuzco—Orgonez takes Command ofthe Forces—Hernando Pizarro marches against him—Composition of theArmy—His Order of Battle—Attacks Orgonez—Bloody Battle of LasSalinas—Heroism and Death of Orgonez—Rout of the Army—Almagrotaken Prisoner—Assassination of Pedro de Lerma—Hernando occupiesCuzco—Illness and Distress of Almagro—He is brought to Trial—Sen-tenced to Death—Earnestly sues for Life—Appoints his Son his Successor—Is strangled in Prison—His. Character—His free and. liberal Temper—Unfortunate Connection with Pizarro . . . . ". . . . 1049

CHAPTER III

PIZARRO REVISITS CUZCO HERNANDO RETURNS TO CASTILE HIS LONGIMPRISONMENT COMMISSIONER SENT TO PERU—HOSTILITIES WITH THE

INCA—PIZARRO'S ACTIVE ADMINISTRATION GONZALO PIZARRO

Pizarro marches towards Cuzco—Learns Almagro's Death—His own Agencyin it—His arrogant Conduct—Gross Partiality to his Family—Hernandoreturns with much Gold to Spain—His Warning to his Brother—Coldlyreceived at Court—Is thrown into Prison—Detained there for manyYears—His Character—Disorderly State of Peru—Commissioner sentout by the Crown—Vaca de Castro arrives in Peru—War with the Inca,Manco—Cruelty of Pizarro to one of ins Wives—Pizarro establishesSettlements in Peru—His Journey to Lima—His efficient Administration—Gonzalo Pizarro sent to Quito—Character of that Chief . . . . 1061

CHAPTER IV

GONZALO PIZARRO'S EXPEDITION PASSAGE ACROSS THE MOUNTAINSDISCOVERS THE NAPO—INCREDIBLE SUFFERINGS ORELLANA SAILS DOWNTHE AMAZON DESPAIR OF THE SPANIARDS THE SURVIVORS RETURN TO

QUITO

Expedition to the Land of Cinnamon—Gnnzalo leads it—Tempestuous Weatheron the March—Forests of enormous Growth—Miseries and Sufferings ofthe Spaniards—They arrive on the Borders of the Napo—StupendousCataract—Perilous Passage of the River—They construct a Brigantine—Orelbna takes Command of it—They reach the Banks of the Amazon—Orellana's wonderful Voyage—His subsequent Fate—Dismal Situationof the Spaniards—Courageous Spirit of Gonzalo—Their Return throughthe Wilderness—Frightful Mortality—Survivors reenter Quito . . . 1072

CONTENTS xxxiii

CHAPTER V

THE ALMAGRO FACTION—THEIR DESPERATE CONDITION—CONSPIRACYAGAINST FRANCISCO PIZARRO ASSASSINATION OF PIZARRO ACTS OF THE

CONSPIRATORS PIZARRO'S CHARACTERTAGS

Pizarro's Policy towards the Men of Chili—Their destitute Condition—Pizarro's contemptuous Treatment of them—Their Disaffection—Con-spiracy againsj Pizarro—Betrayed to him—His strange Insensibility—Assaulted in hb Palace—Is deserted by his Friends—His Coolness andIntrepidity—His desperate Defence—His Death—Proceedings of the Con-spirators—Fate of Pizarro's Remains—His Family—His Personal Ap-pearance—Hi; Liberality—His Want of Education—His Courage andConstancy—His inflexible Spirit—Compared with Cortes—His Treatmentof the Indians—Want of Religion—His Avarice and Ambition—Extenu-ating Circumstances 1082

CHAPTER VI

MOVEMENTS 01? THE CONSPIRATORS—ADVANCE OF VACA DE CASTRO—PRO-CEEDINGS OF ALMAGRO PROGRESS OF THE GOVERNOR THE FORCES AP-PROACH EACH OTHER—BLOODY PLAINS OF CHUPAS CONDUCT OF VACA

DE CASTRO

Arrival of Vaca de Castro—Difficulties of his Situation—He assumes the Gov-ernment—Almagro strengthens himself at Lima—Massacre of BishopValverde—His fanatical Character—Irresolution of Almagro—Death ofJuan de Rada—Almagro occupies Cuzco—Puts to Death Garcia deAlvarado—His energetic Operations—He vainly attempts to negotiate—His Address to his Troops—Amount of his Forces—Marches against Vacade Castro—Progress of the Governor—His politic Management—ReachesLima—Musters his Army at Xauxa—Declines the Aid of Gonzalo Pizarro—Negotiates with Almagro—His Terms rejected—Occupies the Plains ofChupas—Advance of Almagro—The Governor forms in Order of Battle-•-Addresses the Soldiers—Dispositions of Almagro—Francisco de Car-bajal—He leads the Royal Army—Bloody Conflict—Bravery of Carbajal—Night overtakes the Combatants—Almagro's Army give way—Hisheroic Efforts—He is made Prisoner—Number of the Slain—Executionof Almagro—His Character—Gonzalo Pizarro at Cuzco—Laws for theGovernment of the Colonies—Wise Conduct of Vaca de Castro . . 1098

CHAPTER VII

ABUSES BY THE CONQUERORS—CODE FOR THE COLONIES—GREAT EXCITE-MENT IN PERU—BLASCO NUNEZ THE VICEROY HIS SEVERE P O L I C Y -

OPPOSED BY GONZALO PIZARRO

Forlorn Condition of the Natives—Brutal Conduct of the Conquerors—Theirriotous Waste—Remonstrances of Government—Humane Efforts of LasCasas—Royal Ordinances—Viceroy and Audience for Peru—Great Com-motion in the Colonies—Anxiety of Vaca de Castro—Colonists apply toGonzalo Pizarro—Blasco Nunez Vela, the Viceroy—He arrives in theNew World—His hirii-handed Measures—The Country thrown intoConsternation—Gonzalo Pizarro repairs to Cuzco—Assumes the Title ofProcurator—His ambitious Views

jcxxiv C O N Q U E S T OF P E R U

CHAPTER VIII

THE VICEROY ARRIVES AT LIMA—GONZALO PIZARRO MARCHES FROMCUZCO DEATH OF THE INCA MANCO RASH CONDUCT OF THE VICEROY

SEIZED AND DEPOSED BY THE AUDIENCE GONZALO PROCLAIMED GOV-ERNOR OF PERU

PAGE

Blasco Nunez, the Viceroy, enters Lima—His impolitic Behavior—Discon-tent of the Colonists—Gonzalo Pizarro assembles an Army—Marchesfrom Cuzco—Death of the Inca Manco—Hesitation of Gonzalo Pizarro—Reassured by popular Favor—Suspicious Temper of the Viceroy—Heconfines Vaca de Castro—He prepares for War—Audience arrive atLima—Disapprove the Viceroy's Proceedings—Murder of Suarez de Car-bajal—Rash Design of the Viceroy—Thwarted by the Audience—MadePrisoner in his Palace—Sent back to Spain—Gonzalo Pizarro claims theGovernment—Cruelties of Carbajal—Audience grant Pizarro's Demands—His triumphant Entry into Lima—Proclaimed Governor—Rejoicingsof the People 1131

CHAPTER IX

MEASURES OF GONZALO PIZARRO ESCAPE OF VACA DE CASTRO REAP-PEARANCE OF THE VICEROY HIS DISASTROUS RETREAT DEFEAT AND

DEATH OF THE VICEROY GONZALO PIZARRO LORD OF PERU

Gonzalo Pizarro establishes his Authority—Vaca de Castro escapes to Spain—Is there thrown into Confinement—The Viceroy Blasco Nunez set onShore—Musters a Force at San Miguel—Gonzalo marches against him—Surprises him by Night—Pursues him across the Mountains—TerribleSufferings of the Armies—Disaffection among the Viceroy's Followers—He puts several Cavaliers to Death—Enters Quito—Driven onward toPopayan—Reinforced by Benalcazar—Stratagem of Pizarro—BlascoNunez approaches Quito—Attempts to surprise Gonzalo Pizarro—Deter-mines to give him Battle—Addresses his Troops—Inferiority of hisForces—Battle of Anaquito—The Viceroy defeated—Slain on the Field—Great Slaughter of his Troops—Character of Blasco Nunez—Difficultyof his Position—Moderation of Gonzalo Pizarro—His Triumphant Prog-ress to Lima—Undisputed Master of Peru—Carbajal's Pursuit of Centeno—He works the Mines of Potosi—State assumed by Pizarro—Urged toshake off his Allegiance—His Hesitation—Critical Notices of Herreraand Gomara—Life and Writings of Oviedo—And of Cieza de Leon . .1142

BOOK V

SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTRY

CHAPTER I

-jREAT SENSATION IN SPAIN—PEDRO DE LA GASCA—HIS EARLY LIFE—HISMISSION TO PERU HIS POLITIC CONDUCT HIS OFFERS TO PIZARRO

GAINS THE FLEET

Consternation produced in Spain—Embarrassments of the Government—Con-ciliatory Measure adopted—Pedro de la Gasca—Account of his early Life

C O N T E N T S

—Selected for the Peruvian Mission—Receives the Injunctions of Gov-ernment—Demands unlimited Powers—Granted by the Emperor—Re-fuses a Bishopric—Sails from San Lucar—State of Things in Peru—Gasca arrives at Nombre de Dios—His plain and unpretending De-meanor—He gains over Mexia—Cautious Reception of him by Hinojosa—He distributes Letters through the Country—Communicates with Gon-zalo Pizarro—His Letters to him and Cepeda—He is detained at Panama—Refuses to employ violent Measures—Secret Anxiety of Pizarro—Hesends Aldana to Spain—Interview of Aldana with Gasca—He embracesthe Royal Cause—Hinojosa surrenders the Fleet to Gasca—Gasca's tem-perate Policy succeeds 1163

CHAPTER II

GASCA ASSEMBLES HIS FORCES—DEFECTION OF GONZALO PIZARRO'S FOL-LOWERS HE MUSTERS HIS LEVIES AGITATION I N LIMA H E ABANDONSTHE CITY GASCA SAILS FROM PANAM/—BLOODY BATTLE OF HUARINA

Gasca seeks Supplies of Men and Money—Aldana sent with a Squadron toLima—Influence of Gasca's Proclamations—Change of Sentiment in theCountry—Letter of Gasca to Pizarro—Different Views of Carbajal andCepeda—Centeno seizes Cuzco for the Crown—Gonzalo's active Measures—Splendid Equipment of his Army—He becomes suspicious and violent—Solemn Farce of Cepeda—Aldana arrives off Lima—Gonzalo's Follow-ers desert to him—Perplexity of that Chief—He marches out of Lima—Tempestuous Voyage of Gasca—He lands at Tumbez—Encamps at Xauxa—Gonzalo resolves to retire to Chili—Centeno intercepts him—Pizarroadvances to Lake Titicaca—The two Armies approach Huarina—In-feriority of the rebel Army—Carbajal's Arquebusiers—Battle of Huarina—Centeno's Cavalry bear down all before them—Critical Situation ofPizarro—Carbajal's Musketeers retrieve the Day—Decisive Victory ofthe Rebels—Great Loss on both Sides—Escape of Centeno—GonzaloPizarro enters Cuzco in Triumph 1178

CHAPTER III

DISMAY IN GASCA'S CAMP HIS WINTER QUARTERS RESUMES HIS MARCH—CROSSES THE APURIMAC—PIZARRO'S CONDUCT IN CUZCO HE ENCAMPS

NEAR THE CITY—ROUT OF XAQUIXAGUANA

Consternation in the Royal Camp—Energetic Measures of the President—He marches to Andaguaylas—Joined by Valdivia from Chili—ExcellentCondition of Gasca's Troops—He sets out for Cuzco—Difficult Passageof the Andes—He throws a Bridge over the Apurimac—Great Hazard inin crossing the River—Dangerous Ascent of the Sierra—He encamps onthe Heights—Gonzalo Pizarro's careless Indifference—Wise Counsel ofCarbajal—Rejected by his Commander—Acosta detached to guard thePasses—Tardy Movements of that Officer—Valley of Xaquixaguana—Seleced as a Battle-ground by Pizarro—Gonzalo takes up a Position there—Approach of the Royal Army—Skirmish on the Heights—The Presi-dent fears a Night Attack—The Armies drawn up in Battle-array—Chivalrous Bearing of Gonzalo—Desertion of Cepeda—His Example fol-lowed by others—A Panic seizes the rebel Troops—They break up anddisperse—Pizarro surrenders himself Prisoner—Sternly received by Gasca—Capture of Carbajal—Great Booty of the Victors 1196

xxxvi CONQUEST OF PERU

CHAPTER IV

EXECUTION OF CARBAJAL—GONZALO PIZARRO BEHEADED—SPOILS OF VIC-TORY—WISE REFORMS BY GASCA—HE RETURNS TO SPAIN—HIS DEATH

AND CHARACTERPAGE

Sentence passed on the Prisoners—Indifference of Carbajal—His Execution—His early Life—Atrocities committed by him in Peru—His caustic Re-partees—His Military Science—Execution of Gonzalo Pizarro—His Con-duct on the Scaffold—Confiscation of his Estates—His early History—His brilliant Exterior—His Want of Education—Fate of Cepeda—And ofGonzalo's Officers—Gasca occupies Cuzco—Gasca's Difficulty in appor-tioning Rewards—His Letter to the Army—Value of Repartimientos—Murmurs of the Soldiery—The President goes to Lima—His Care fortha Natives—He abolishes Slavery in the Colonies—Introduces whole-some Reforms—Tranquillity restored to the Country—He refuses numer-ous Presents—Embarks for Panama—His narrow Escape there—Sailsfrom Nombre de Dios—Arrives with his Treasure at Seville—Graciouslyreceived by the Emperor—Made Bishop of Siguenza—His Death—Hispersonal Appearance—Admirable Balance of his Qualities—His CommonSense—His Rectitude and Moral Courage—Concluding Reflections—Crit-ical Notice of Zarate—Life and Writings of Fernandez . . . .1214

INDEX TO THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO 1239

INDEX TO THE CONQUEST OF PERU . . ; . - . ' . 1271