HISTORY OF SOYBEANS AND SOYFOODS IN SOUTH AMERICA … · 2019-11-05 · (El Salvador Ministerio de...

HISTORY OF SOY IN SOUTH AMERICA 1

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center

HISTORY OF SOYBEANS AND SOYFOODS

IN SOUTH AMERICA (1882-2009):

EXTENSIVELY ANNOTATED

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCEBOOK



HISTORY OF SOYBEANS AND SOYFOODS

IN SOUTH AMERICA (1882-2009):

EXTENSIVELY ANNOTATED

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCEBOOK

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,

French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela

Compiled

by

William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi

2009



Search Engine KeywordsHistory of Soy in South AmericaHistory of Soy in ArgentinaHistory of Soy in BoliviaHistory of Soy in BrazilHistory of Soy in ChileHistory of Soy in Dutch GuianaHistory of Soy in ColombiaHistory of Soy in EcuadorHistory of Soy in French GuianaHistory of Soy in GuyanaHistory of Soy in ParaguayHistory of Soy in PeruHistory of Soy in SurinameHistory of Soy in SurinamHistory of Soy in UruguayHistory of Soy in Venezuela

History of Soya in South AmericaHistory of Soya in ArgentinaHistory of Soya in BoliviaHistory of Soya in BrazilHistory of Soya in ChileHistory of Soya in Dutch GuianaHistory of Soya in ColombiaHistory of Soya in EcuadorHistory of Soya in French GuianaHistory of Soya in GuyanaHistory of Soya in ParaguayHistory of Soya in PeruHistory of Soya in SurinameHistory of Soya in SurinamHistory of Soya in UruguayHistory of Soya in Venezuela

History of Soy in Latin AmericaHistory of Soybeans in Latin AmericaHistory of Soya in Latin America

Copyright (c) 2009 by William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, ormechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information and retrieval systems - except for use in reviews,without written permission from the publisher.

Published by: Soyinfo CenterP.O. Box 234Lafayette, CA 94549-0234 USAPhone: 925-283-2991 Fax: 925-283-9091www.soyinfocenter.com [email protected]

ISBN 978-1-928914-23-5 (History of Soy in South America: Bibliography and Sourcebook)Printed 5 June 2009Price: $99.95

History of Soybeans in South AmericaHistory of Soybeans in ArgentinaHistory of Soybeans in BoliviaHistory of Soybeans in BrazilHistory of Soybeans in ChileHistory of Soybeans in Dutch GuianaHistory of Soybeans in ColombiaHistory of Soybeans in EcuadorHistory of Soybeans in French GuianaHistory of Soybeans in GuyanaHistory of Soybeans in ParaguayHistory of Soybeans in PeruHistory of Soybeans in SurinameHistory of Soybeans in SurinamHistory of Soybeans in UruguayHistory of Soybeans in Venezuela



Contents

Page

Dedication and Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................. 6

Introduction and Brief Chronology, by William Shurtleff ....................................................................................... 7

Abbreviations Used in This Book ................................................................................................................................ 9

How to Make the Best Use of This Book .................................................................................................................. 10

Maps of South America, Brazil, and Argentina ....................................................................................................... 12

History of Soy in South America: 2,394 References in Chronological Order ...................................................... 15

Subject/Geographical Index by Record Numbers ................................................................................................. 560

Last page of Index .................................................................................................................................................... 625



Part of the enjoyment of writing a book lies in meetingpeople from around the world who share a common interest,and in learning from them what is often the knowledge orskills acquired during a lifetime of devoted research orpractice. We wish to give deepest thanks...

Of the many libraries and librarians who have been of greathelp to our research over the years, several stand out:

University of California at Berkeley: John Creaser, LoisFarrell, Norma Kobzina, Ingrid Radkey.

Northern Regional Library Facility (NRLF), Richmond,California: Martha Lucero, Jutta Wiemhoff, Scott Miller,Virginia Moon, Kay Loughman.

Stanford University: Molly Molloy, who has been of specialhelp on Slavic-language documents.

National Agricultural Library: Susan Chapman, CarolDitzler, John Forbes, Winnifred Gelenter, Henry Gilbert,Kim Hicks, Patricia Krug, Veronica Lefebvre, Julie Mangin,Ellen Mann, Josephine McDowell, Wayne Olson, MikeThompson, Tanner Wray.

Library of Congress: Ronald Jackson, Ronald Roache.

Lane Medical Library at Stanford University.

Contra Costa County Central Library and Lafayette Library:Carole Barksdale, Kristen Wick, Barbara Furgason, SherryCartmill, Linda Barbero.

DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Harvard University’s Five Botanical Libraries (especiallyArnold Arboretum Library): Jill Gelmers Thomas.

French translation: Martine Liguori of Lafayette, California,for ongoing, generous, and outstanding help since the early1980s.

Japanese translation and maps: Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff.

We would also like to thank our co-workers and friends atSoyinfo Center who, since 1984, have played a major rolein collecting the documents, building the library, andproducing the SoyaScan database from which this book isprinted:

Irene Yen, Tony Jenkins, Sarah Chang, Laurie Wilmore,Alice Whealey, Simon Beaven, Elinor McCoy, PatriciaMcKelvey, Claire Wickens, Ron Perry, Walter Lin, DanaScott, Jeremy Longinotti, John Edelen, Alex Lerman, LydiaLam, Gretchen Muller, Joyce Mao, Luna Oxenberg, JoelleBouchard, Justine Lam, Joey Shurtleff, Justin Hildebrandt,Michelle Chun, Olga Kochan, Loren Clive, Marina Li,Rowyn McDonald, Casey Brodsky, Hannah Woodman,Elizabeth Hawkins.

Special thanks to Tom and Linda Wolfe of Berwyn Park,Maryland.

Finally our deepest thanks to Tony Cooper of Alamo,California, who has kept our computers up and runningsince Sept. 1983.

This book, now doubt and alas, has its share of errors.These, of course, are solely the responsibility of WilliamShurtleff.

This book is dedicated to Dr. Roberto H. Moretti ofVanguarda Mecanica, developer of the “MechanicalCow,” EMBRAPA and the National Soybean ResearchCenter (Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja, CNPSo,Londrina), all of Brazil



INTRODUCTION

.

.

Brief Chronology of Soybeans in South America

1882 – Brazil and South America: Soybeans are firstcultivated at the Agricultural School of Bahia (D’Utra1882).

1887 – Brazil: The Agronomic Institute of Campinas(IAC) is founded, and from the beginning has soybeans inits plant collection. In 1889 the Institute, run by bothEuropean and Brazilian scientists (who had studied inEurope) starts to distribute soybean seeds to interestedfarmers. D’Utra was director of IAC from 1898-1906. In1899 the IAC has three beds of soybeans, enough todistribute 28 kg of yellow soybeans and 18 kg of blacksoybeans to farmers (Hasse & Bueno 1996, p. 198).

1893 – French Guiana: Soybeans are first cultivated(Sagot & Raoul 1893, p. 151-55).

1900 – Brazil: Soybean experiments are conducted atthe Agronomy School of Rio Grande do Sul, in Pelotas(Hasse & Bueno 1996, p. 198).

1905 – Guyana: Soybeans are first cultivated(Sampson 1936, p. 85, 201).

1905 – Suriname (Formerly Surinam and DutchGuiana): Soybeans are first cultivated (Kaltenbach &Legros 1936, p. 187T-89T).

1908 – Argentina: Soybeans are first cultivated, at theCordoba Experimental Station (Tonnelier 1912; Faura1933, p. 10).

1908 – Brazil: Japanese immigrants begin to arrive inSantos (a municipality in the state of Sao Paulo), carryingsoybean seeds in their luggage (Hasse & Bueno 1996, p.198).

1911 Dec. – Uruguay: Soybeans are first cultivated(Boerger 1928, p. 102).

1913 – Venezuela: Soybeans are first cultivated(Sampson 1936, p. 85, 201).

1921 – Paraguay: Soybeans are first cultivated,introduced by Pedro N. Ciancio (Ciancio 1951, p. 490).

1922 - Nishii Super Shoyu and Miso are the earliestknown commercial soy products in Peru or South America(Kawakami 1991).

1924 – Argentina: The Ministry of Agricultureconducts an intensive campaign to promote soybeans. ItsSeed Section purchases 15,000 kg of 15 varieties from theU.S. seed company of T. Wood and Sons in Richmond,Virginia, and distributes the seed, free of charge, to schoolsof Agriculture, experimental stations and 8,000 farmersinterested in conducting trials. Valuable and promisinginformation was obtained (Faura 1933, p. 10).

1928 – Peru: Soybeans are first cultivated (Kaltenbach& Legros 1936, p. 187T-89T).

1929 March – Colombia: Soybeans are first cultivated(Patiño 1969, p. 97-98).

1932 – Argentina: An oil mill and edible oil refinery inCordoba province conducts an intense promotionalcampaign for soybeans and facilitated the sale of soybeanseeds to farmers. According to reports from this company,6,000 ha of soybeans were planted (Faura 1933).

1934 – Chile: Soybeans are first cultivated (Kaltenbach& Legros 1936, p. 180T-84T).

1936 – Ecuador: Soybeans are first cultivated(Kaltenbach & Legros 1936, p. 184T-87T).

1937 – Brazil: The state of Rio Grande do Sul exports6,420 kg of soybeans, rising to 40,000 kg in 1939. (ElSalvador Ministerio de Agricultura, 1946, p. 16-17).

1940 – Argentina produces 15 tonnes of soybeans on300 hectares, increasing in 1941 to 204 tonnes on 5,000 ha(El Salvador Ministerio de Agricultura, 1946, p. 16-17).

1945-49 – Brazil: 446,000 bushels of soybeans aregrown on 23,000 acres, with a yield of 19.0 bushels per acre(Soybean Digest, April 1955, p. 20).

1951 – Argentina is now producing 8,000 metric tonsof soybeans; this amount continues until 1954 (FAOProduction Yearbook).

1953 – Brazil: 3,242,000 bushels of soybeans aregrown on 148,000 acres, with a yield of 21.9 bushels peracre (Soybean Digest, April 1955, p. 20).

1954 – Brazil: Soybean production tops 100,000 tonnes(USDA-FAS).

1960 Dec. – Bolivia: Soybeans are first cultivated(Estacion Experimental Agricola de Los Llanos, BoletinInformativo, March 1961).

1962 Sept. – Argentina starts to export soybeans –3,000 metric tons to West Germany. Argentina estimates the1962 soybean crop at 10,000 tonnes, compared with 1,000tonnes last year (Foreign Agriculture, Sept. 1962, p. 23).

1963 – Brazil: For an excellent, detailed chronology ofsoybeans and soy products in Brazil from 1882 to 1996, seeHasse & Bueno (1996, p. 198-99, 255-56).

1969 – Brazil: Soybean production hits 1 milliontonnes, a ten-fold increase since 1954 (USDA-FAS).

1971 – Brazil: The National Commission for SoyResearch is established in the Ministry of Agriculture. It isresponsible for launching new Brazilian (BR) soybeanvarieties (Hasse & Bueno 1996, p 256).

1972 April – Brazil: Ceval (Cerais do Vale Ltda.)



ABOUT THIS BOOK

This is the most comprehensive book ever published aboutsoybeans in South America. It has been compiled, onerecord at a time over a period of 33 years, in an attempt todocument the history of soy this region. It is also the singlemost current and useful source of information on thissubject.

This is one of more than 50 books compiled by WilliamShurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, and published by the SoyinfoCenter. It is based on historical principles, listing all knowndocuments and commercial products in chronological order.It features detailed information on:• 54 different document types, both published and

unpublished.• 2,104 published documents - extensively annotated

bibliography. Every major publication on the subject inEnglish and every known early publication inPortuguese and Spanish.

• 119 original Soyinfo Center interviews and overviewsnever before published.

• 148 unpublished archival documents• 161 commercial soy products.

Thus, it is a powerful tool for understanding thedevelopment of this subject from its earliest beginnings tothe present.

Each bibliographic record in this book contains (in additionto the typical author, date, title, volume and pagesinformation) the author’s address, number of referencescited, original title of all non-English language publicationstogether with an English translation of the title, month andissue of publication, and the first author’s first name (ifgiven). For most books, we state if it is illustrated, whetheror not it has an index, and the height in centimeters.

For commercial soy products (CSP), each record includes(if possible) the product name, date of introduction,manufacturer’s name, address and phone number, and (inmany cases) ingredients, weight, packaging and price,storage requirements, nutritional composition, and adescription of the label. Sources of additional informationon each product (such as advertisements, articles, patents,etc.) are also given.

A complete subject/geographical index is also included.

(“Valley Cereals”), soon Brazil’s largest soybean crushingcompany, is founded (Hasse & Bueno 1996, p. 196).

1973 April 26 – Brazil: EMBRAPA (EmpresaBrasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria) founded. It is theBrazilian Agricultural Research Agency.

1973 June 27 – Brazil: As international soybean pricessoar and soybeans are in short supply in the U.S., as aninflation-fighting measure, the U.S. Secretary of Commerceimposes an export embargo on soybeans and soybeanproducts. Stunned U.S. soybean customers (such as Japan,Europe, etc,) seek a second reliable source of supply – inBrazil (Conlon 2009).

1975 – Brazil: Soybean production hits 10 million tons– a ten-fold increase since 1969 (USDA-FAS).

1976 – Brazil: The National Center for Soy Research(Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja; CNPSo), withinEMBRAPA, starts operating in Londrina, Parana state(Hasse & Bueno 1996).

1994 – Brazil: Soybean production hits 25 million tons2002 Aug. – Soybeans start to be viewed as a cause of

deforestation in the Amazon rainforest basin (Rohter 2002).2007/08 –South America: Major soybean producers

are: Brazil 61 million metric tons (mmt). Argentina 47 mmt.Paraguay 6.8 mmt (USDA-FAS).

2007/08 – Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul passes Parana tobecome Brazil’s leading soybean producing state (17.25mmt vs. 11.9 mmt). Rio Grande do Sul is 3rd (8.25 mmt).Goias is 4th (6.7 mmt) (Soya & Oilseed Bluebook 2009, p.352)



A&M = Agricultural and MechanicalAgric. = Agricultural or AgricultureAgric. Exp. Station = Agricultural Experiment StationARS = Agricultural Research ServiceASA = American Soybean AssociationAssoc. = Association, AssociateAsst. = AssistantAug. = AugustAve. = AvenueBlvd. = Boulevardbu = bushel(s)ca. = about (circa)cc = cubic centimeter(s)Chap. = Chaptercm = centimeter(s)Co. = companyCorp. = CorporationDec. = DecemberDep. or Dept. = DepartmentDepts. = DepartmentsDiv. = DivisionDr. = DriveE. = Easted. = edition or editore.g. = for exampleExp. = ExperimentFeb. = Februaryfl oz = fluid ounce(s)ft = foot or feetgm = gram(s)ha = hectare(s)i.e. = in other wordsInc. = Incorporatedincl. = includingIllust. = Illustrated or Illustration(s)Inst. = InstituteJ. = JournalJ. of the American Oil Chemists’ Soc. = Journal of theAmerican Oil Chemists’ SocietyJan. = Januarykg = kilogram(s)km = kilometer(s)Lab. = LaboratoryLabs. = Laboratorieslb = pound(s)Ltd. = Limitedmcg = microgram(s)mg = milligram(s)

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BOOK

ml = milliliter(s)mm = millimeter(s)N. = NorthNo. = number or NorthNov. = NovemberOct. = Octoberoz = ounce(s)p. = page(s)P.O. Box = Post Office BoxProf. = Professorpsi = pounds per square inchR&D = Research and DevelopmentRd. = RoadRev. = RevisedRPM = revolutions per minuteS. = SouthSANA = Soyfoods Association of North AmericaSept. = SeptemberSt. = Streettonnes = metric tonstrans. = translator(s)Univ. = UniversityUSB = United Soybean BoardUSDA = United States Department of AgricultureVol. = volumeV.P. = Vice Presidentvs. = versusW. = West°C = degrees Celsius (Centigrade)°F = degrees Fahrenheit> = greater than, more than< = less than



Here are a few tips to help you get the most out of theinformation contained in this book.

Chronological Order: The publications and products inthis book are listed with the earliest first and the most recentlast. Within each year, references are sorted alphabeticallyby author. If you are interested in only current information,you might want to start reading at the back, just before theindexes.

A Reference Book: Search It with Adobe Acrobat: Likean encyclopedia or any other reference book, this work ismeant to be searched - to find exactly the information youare looking for - more than to be read.

At the small “Find” box (top center) click the downarrow. Click “Open full Acrobat search.” In the box “Whatword or phrase would you like to search for?” type in yourword or phrase. Then click search. The results will appearbelow. Try clicking the first one - to see how it works.

How to Use the Index: A subject and country index islocated at the back of this book. It will help you to godirectly to the specific information that interests you.Browse through it briefly to familiarize yourself with itscontents and format.

Each record in the book has been assigned a sequentialnumber, starting with 1 for the first/earliest reference. It isthis number, not the page number, to which the indexesrefer. A publication will typically be listed in each index inmore than one place, and major documents may have 30-40subject index entries. Thus a publication about thenutritional value of tofu and soymilk in India would beindexed under at least four headings in the subject andcountry index: Nutrition, Tofu, Soymilk, and Asia, South:India.

Note the extensive use of cross references to help you:e.g. “Bean curd. See Tofu.”

Countries and States/Provinces: Every record contains acountry keyword. Most USA and Canadian records alsocontain a state or province keyword, indexed at “U.S.States” or “Canadian Provinces and Territories”respectively. All countries are listed under their region orcontinent. Thus for Egypt, look under Africa: Egypt, andnot under Egypt. For Brazil, see the entry at Latin America,South America: Brazil. For India, see Asia, South: India.For Australia see Oceania: Australia.

HOW TO MAKE THE BEST USE OF THIS BOOK

Most Important Documents: Look in the Index under“Important Documents -.”

Organizations: Many of the larger, more innovative, orpioneering soy-related companies appear in the subjectindex – companies like ADM / Archer Daniels Midland Co.,AGP, Cargill, Dupont, Kikkoman, Monsanto, Tofutti, etc.Worldwide, we index many major soybean crushers, tofumakers, soymilk and soymilk equipment manufacturers,soyfoods companies with various products, Seventh-dayAdventist food companies, soy protein makers (includingpioneers), soy sauce manufacturers, soy ice cream, tempeh,soynut, soy flour companies, etc.

Other key organizations include Society forAcclimatization (from 1855 in France), American SoybeanAssociation, National Oilseed/Soybean ProcessorsAssociation, Research & Development Centers (Peoria,Cornell), Meals for Millions Foundation, and InternationalSoybean Programs (INTSOY, AVRDC, IITA, InternationalInst. of Agriculture, and United Nations). Pioneer soyprotein companies include Borden, Drackett, Glidden,Griffith Labs., Gunther, Laucks, Protein TechnologiesInternational, and Rich Products.

Soyfoods: Look under the most common name: Tofu, Miso,Soymilk, Soy Ice Cream, Soy Cheese, Soy Yogurt, SoyFlour, Green Vegetable Soybeans, or Whole Dry Soybeans.But note: Soy Proteins: Isolates, Soy Proteins: TexturedProducts, etc.

Industrial (Non-Food) Uses of Soybeans. Look under“Industrial Uses ...” for more 17 subject headings.

Pioneers - Individuals: Laszlo Berczeller, Henry Ford,Friedrich Haberlandt, A.A. Horvath, Englebert Kaempfer,Mildred Lager, William Morse, etc. Soy-RelatedMovements: Soyfoods Movement, Vegetarianism, Healthand Dietary Reform Movements (esp. 1830-1930s), HealthFoods Movement (1920s-1960s), Animal Welfare/ Rights.These are indexed under the person’s last name ormovement name.Nutrition: All subjects related to soybean nutrition (proteinquality, minerals, antinutritional factors, etc.) are indexedunder Nutrition, in one or more of 14 subcategories.

Soybean Production: All subjects related to growing,marketing, and trading soybeans are listed under SoybeanProduction. E.g. Soybean Production: Nitrogen Fixation, or



Soybean Production: Plant Protection, or SoybeanProduction: Variety Development.

Other Special Index Headings: Browsing through thesubject index will show you many more interesting subjectheadings, such as Industry and Market Statistics,Information (incl. computers, databases, libraries),Standards, Bibliographies (works containing more than 50references), and History (soy related).

Commercial Soy Products: All Soyinfo Centersourcebooks that focus on a specific soyfood (tofu, soymilk,tempeh, miso, etc.) or geographical area (Africa, Japan)contain extensive information about every knowncommercial soyfood product - a unique feature. We list theproduct name, manufacturer’s name, address, and phonenumber, year and month of introduction, ingredients,weight-packaging-price, how stored, nutritional analysis,and documentation on sources of additional information onthat product.

SoyaScan Notes: This is a term we have created exclusivelyfor use with this database. A SoyaScan Notes Interviewcontains all the important material in short interviewsconducted and transcribed by William Shurtleff. Thismaterial has not been published in any other source. Longerinterviews are designated as such, and listed as unpublishedmanuscripts. A transcript of each can be ordered fromSoyinfo Center Library. A SoyaScan Notes Summary is asummary by William Shurtleff of existing information onone subject.

“Note:” When this term is used in a record’s summary, itindicates that the information which follows it has beenadded by the producer of this database.

Asterisks at End of Individual References.1. An asterisk (*) at the end of a record means that SoyinfoCenter does not own that document. Lack of an asteriskmeans that Soyinfo Center owns all or part of the document.2. An asterisk after eng (eng*) means that Soyinfo Centerhas done a partial or complete translation into English ofthat document.3. An asterisk in a listing of the number of references [23*ref] means that most of these references are not aboutsoybeans or soyfoods.

Documents Owned by Soyinfo Center. Lack of an * at theend of a reference indicates that the Soyinfo Center Libraryowns all or part of that document. We own roughly threefourths of the documents listed. Photocopies of hard-to-finddocuments or those without copyright protection can beordered for a fee. Please contact us for details.

Document Types: The SoyaScan database contains 51different types of documents, both published (books, journalarticles, patents, annual reports, theses, catalogs, newsreleases, videos, etc.) and unpublished (interviews,unpublished manuscripts, letters, summaries, etc.).

Customized Database Searches: This book was printedfrom SoyaScan, a large computerized database produced bythe Soyinfo Center. Customized/personalized reports are“The Perfect Book,” containing exactly the information youneed on any subject you can define, and they are now just aphone call away. For example: Current statistics on tofu andsoymilk production and sales in England, France, andGermany. Or soybean varietal development and geneticresearch in Third World countries before 1970. Or details onall tofu cheesecakes and dressings ever made. You name it,we’ve got it. For fast results, call us now!

BIBLIO: The software program used to produce this bookand the SoyaScan database, and to computerize the SoyinfoCenter Library is named BIBLIO. Based on AdvancedRevelation, it was developed by Soyinfo Center, TonyCooper and John Ladd.

History of Soybeans and Soyfoods: This book has acorresponding chapter in our forthcoming scholarly worktitled History of Soybeans and Soyfoods (4 volumes).Manuscript chapters from that book are now available onour website, www.soyinfocenter.com.

About the Soyinfo Center. An overview of ourpublications, computerized databases, services, and historyis given on our website.

Soyinfo CenterP.O. Box 234,Lafayette, CA 94549 USAPhone: 925-283-2991 Fax: 925-283-9091www.soyinfocenter.com



1. Guerin-Méneville, -. 1859. Extraits des procés-verbauxdes séances générales de la société. Séance du 4 Novembre1859 [Excerpts of verbal proceedings from generalmeetings of the society. Meeting of 4 Nov. 1859]. Bulletinde la Societe d’Acclimatation 6:531-36. Nov. See p. 533.[Fre]• Summary: “Dr. Sacc sends, from Weserling, a boxcontaining a certain amount of soybean seeds (graines dePois oléagineux de la Chine) (Soja hispida), which he hasreceived from Toulon, where they have been harvested byDr. Turrel. Dr. Sacc draws the attention of the Society to thevalue of introducing this precious plant into our colony ofFrench Guiana (Guyane), where he thinks that itscultivation would succeed perfectly and would presentinestimable advantages as an oilseed plant.”

Note: This is the earliest document seen (May 2009)concerning soybeans in connection with (but not yet in)French Guiana or South America. Address: Le Secrétaire duConseil (Secretary of the Council of the Society), France.

2. Duméril, Auguste. 1860. Rapport sur les travaux de laSociété Impériale d’Acclimatation pendant l’année 1859[Report on the work of the Imperial Society forAcclimatization during the year 1859]. Bulletin de laSociete d’Acclimatation 7:xxxv-lxiii. Jan. See p. xliii. [Fre]• Summary: Mr. Sacc thinks that the soybean (le Poisoléagineux de Chine) (Soja hispida), which succeeded verywell at Toulon, in the hands of Dr. Turrel, would giveexcellent results in our colony of French Guiana (Guyane,on the northeast coast of South America, having Surinameon its west) (Idem. Vol. 6, p. 533). See also, on the subjectof these soybeans (pois) (Idem. Vol. 6, p. 106). Address:Secretary of the meetings, France.

3. Blavet, A. 1880. Le Soja hispida [The soybean(Continued–Document Part II)]. Bulletin des Travaux de laSociete d’Horticulture de l’Arrondissement d’Etampes(Seine-et-Oise) p. 46-50. [Fre]• Summary: Continued: Thus, our society’s goal had beenattained; we had distributed the seeds of our crops to 18departments in France. England, Belgium, Senegal,Switzerland, and Venezuela had likewise received somesamples. It was now up to commerce to propagate thisproduct. We could not have done better than to go to one ofour society’s secretaries, Mr. Vilmorin, to whom we owebeing able to study comparatively in our experimentalgarden, for two harvests now, 10 soybean varieties. Todayone can certainly obtain this bean, under the name of ediblesoybean of Etampes (soja comestible d’Etampes), a variety

with a bright yellow seed coat (testa) and a white hilum(oeil = eye)–the object of our constant preoccupation since1874.

Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (June 2009)concerning soybeans in connection with Venezuela. Thesoybeans probably arrived in Venezuela and they may havebeen cultivated–but we do not know for sure.

Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (March 2009)that contains the word “testa.”

After having thanked once again, and in first place, theSociety for Acclimatization, we are equally happy toaddress our thanks to Mr. Carrière who, in the HorticulturalReview (Revue horticole) of 16 April 1880 [p. 153-57],published an extremely complete article with illustrations inthe text, depicting the plant in a very faithful fashion.

May Mr. E. Vavin receive as well the expression of ourwarm gratitude; we can thank him for one of the mostinstructive and detailed notices on this subject, inserted inthe Journal de la Societe Centrale d’Horticulture de France(Journal of the Central Society of Horticulture of France)(3rd series, Vol. II, 1880) receives also the expression of ourhumble recognition.

An excellent way of cooking dried soybeansDissolve 50 gm of sugar in 1 liter of rain or river water.

Add ½ liter of beans; allow to soak 24 hours. This [mixture]will yield 1½ liters after cooking.

The next day, drain the beans, plunge them (like otherdry legumes) into cold water, bring to a boil, and continueto boil them for three hours. Use a large volume of water inthe pot [as when cooking pasta] (Faire cuire à grande eau.)Salt appropriately halfway through. At the same time or abit later, you can even add some fat such as a pat of butter.Season them with a fat of your choice or other meatlessseasonings, but avoid excessive use of fat (au gras ou aumaigre).

This issue finished, we shall receive Bulletin No. 9 ofthe Society of Acclimatization (September), which containsthe most complete bibliography of soybeans published.Compiled by Mr. Paillieux, it references works from 1855onwards (traite la question depuis 1855).

Note 3. This is the earliest document seen (March 2004)concerning soybeans in Senegal. This document containsthe earliest date seen for soybeans in Senegal (1880 orshortly before). The source of these soybeans was Mr.Blavet from Étampes, France. It would be very interestingto know: (1) Who received these soybeans in Senegal?Where? (2) Were these soybeans ever cultivated or tested inSenegal at this early date? If yes, what were the results?

HISTORY OF SOY IN SOUTH AMERICA



Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2004)that mentions a soybean variety (Soja d’Etampes) with awhite hilum. Address: President of the Society forHorticulture of Étampes and environments, France.

4. D’Utra, Gustavo. 1882. Soja [Soya]. Jornal do Agricultor(Brazil) 4(7):185-88. Sept. 16. [Por]• Summary: The name of this plant comes from theJapanese. The soybean was cultivated at the Bahia Schoolof Agriculture in 1882. He notes that Soja and Daidsu areJapanese names, that the Japanese use soybeans to make apaste called miso, which can be used as a substitute forbutter, and a sauce called sooia or soja, which can be usedto season meat. Kitjap is a sauce made in Indonesia. Sr. Diasda Silva Junior (the editor of this journal) has distributedsoybean seeds free of charge.

Note: This is the earliest document seen (May 2009)concerning soybeans in Brazil or South America, or thecultivation of soybeans in Brazil or South America or LatinAmerica. This document contains the earliest date seen forsoybeans in Brazil or South America or Latin America, orthe cultivation of soybeans in Brazil or South America orLatin America (1882). The source of these soybeans isunknown. Address: Engenheiro-Agronomo, Rio de Janeiro,Brazil.

5. Paillieux, Auguste. 1882. Le café soya [Soy coffee].Bulletin de la Societe d’Acclimatation 29:636-37. Nov. [1ref. Fre]• Summary: Mr. Paillieux, vice-president of the Society, ispresiding at the meeting on 6 June 1882. He offers themembers present the seeds of various edible plants, aboutwhich he gives the following information: “If any of youread the report that I published last year, you will perhapsremember the surprise of Professor Haberlandt when helearned, in response to his shipment of seeds of soya, thatthe plant had been cultivated for a very long time in certainparts of southern provinces of the Austro-Hungarian empireand used as a coffee substitute.

“The same is possibly true in some parts of our territory.More than 10 years ago, the abbot Father Crétin, arriving, itis thought, from Brazil, brought brown soybean seeds toAllerey, a village (commune) in the department of Saône-et-Loire, where he was then the parish priest; he presentedthem as a substitute for coffee. Since that time soya hasbeen cultivated without interruption either at Allerey or inthe neighboring villages. Mr. Faivre, from whom I receivedthis information, has had the kindness to send me someseeds which seemed to me to be identical to the brown soyaof Hungary sold by the House of Vilmorin.

“It is very doubtful that the abbot Father Crétin broughtfrom Brazil the seeds which have been cultivated for a longtime on a small scale in some villages of Saône-et-Loire andat Côte-d’Or. In order to clarify this point, I wrote him at

Dettey, in the division (arrondissement) of Autun, of whichhe is the parish priest today, but he has not responded.

“Very recently, Mr. Roman, chief engineer at Périgueux,wrote me: ‘I introduced soya culture at Orange [a city insoutheastern France, in the department of Vaucluse] lastyear following your brochure which interested me verymuch, and we use this seed daily with great success ascoffee with milk (café au lait); we prefer it to ordinarycoffee.

“‘If you use or have others use soya as coffee,recommend that it be roasted very little. The seed will havealready turned black while the outside seed coat is stillblond.’ This observation applies evidently to the yellowsoybean.

“I am presenting you today with some bottles whichcontain the product made by roasting and grinding thebrown soybean of Hungary. The aroma is very agreeable butweaker than that of coffee. It is customary in villages to addto chicory a little mocha [real coffee] in order to give it thearoma that it lacks. I believe that one can dispense withadding coffee beans to the roasted soya in this way whenmaking soya coffee. It has enough of its own aroma.

“I encourage my colleagues to praise and propagate soyacoffee (le café Soya). It is surely very good with milk andthose cultivating the plant can make from it each year,without appreciable expense, a sufficient provision for theconsumption of their family. This year, I had some soybeansgiven to the inhabitants of my village for them to try.”

Note: If the soybeans that the abbot Father Crétinbrought to France did, in fact, come from Brazil, thisdocument would contain the earliest date seen for soybeansin Brazil (1872 or before). Address: France.

6. Vigoureux, Carlos E. 1889. La Soya hispida [Thesoybean]. Anales de la Sociedad Rural Argentina23(22):614-23. Nov. 30. [Spa]• Summary: A summary, in Spanish, of early developmentsin Europe with growing soybeans, especially by F.Haberlandt and the Society for Acclimatization in France.

Note: This is the earliest document seen (May 2009)concerning soya in connection with (but not yet in)Argentina. Address: Consul Argentino y Director de laOficina de Informacion en Ninza, Argentina.

7. Dafert, F.W. 1893. Experiencia 6 [Experiment 6].Relatorio Annual do Instituto Agrinomico do Estado de SaoPaulo (Brazil) em Campinas 1892. p. 19-20. [Por]• Summary: The author states that 470 gm of Soja hispida[soybeans] were planted, to be evaluated as a forage crop inSao Paulo state, Brazil, in 1892. Address: PhD.

8. Sagot, Paul Antoine; Raoul, Edouard François Armand.1893. Manuel pratique des cultures tropicales et desplantations des pays chauds [Practical manual for tropical



crops]. Paris: Augustin Challamel. xxxii + 734 p. See p.151-55. [Fre]• Summary: In the chapter titled Légumes et CulturePotagère, there is a section on soybeans and soyfoodswritten by Edouard Raoul titled “Soja hispida Moench, PoisSoja, Pois oléagineux de Chine. Daïzou des Japonais.” Itdiscusses the widespread culture of soybeans in southernAsia, China, and Japan. “The seed is very rich in oil and incasein soluble in water. Its consistency, especially beforematuration, is very tender and fine. Unfortunately it doesnot have much taste of its own. The pod is very small andcontains only 2-3 seeds. It is not easily opened. I prefersoybean seeds having a color that is clear fawn-colored ortawny (fauve) or greenish, to those which are black.”

“The plant must be sown from very fresh seeds. Thegermination (in Europe) is often very unequal, and many ofthe seeds don’t develop... Some seeds sent by me to FrenchGuiana (la Guyane) have been cultivated by Mr. Bar auMaroni, and have borne fruit, but I don’t have precisedetails on their vegetation or ease of utilization.”

Brief descriptions are then given of miso, shoyu, tofou(tofu), kouri-tofou [dried-frozen tofu], “which is nothing buttofu dried using heat” [sic], and uba (yuba, “a product veryrich in nitrogenous materials {proteins} and fats”), followedby a list of the names of the best-known Japanese soybeanvarieties, and a discussion of the difference between Glycinehispida Moench (Kuro mame [black soybeans], no mame,kuzu, yama-daizou [wild soybeans]), and Glycine sojaSiebold et Zuccar. (kiu mame and tsourou-mame). Typicalanalyses of the stems and leaves, seeds, and entire plants aregiven based on research conducted by M. Joulie. Acomparison of the nutritional value of soya and wheat isgiven based on the research of Wechler in Austria andMessrs. Fremy, Muentz, and Pellet in France. Dr. Menudieruses soy flour in diabetic diets.

Also discusses: Winged beans (p. 149-50; Psophocarpustetragonolobus Dec., Dolichos tetragonolobus L., Poiscarré). Peanuts (p. 150-51; Arachide, Arachis hypogæa).Bambarra groundnuts (p. 151; Voandzou, Voandzeiasubterranea Dup. Th.).

Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (May 2009)concerning soybeans in French Guiana, or the cultivation ofsoybeans in French Guiana. This document contains theearliest date seen for soybeans in French Guiana, or thecultivation of soybeans in French Guiana (1893). Thesource of these soybeans was Prof. E. Raoul, who wasapparently in France.

Note 2. This is the earliest French-language documentseen (Feb. 2004) that mentions dried-frozen tofu, which itcalls “kouri-tofou.” Note 3. Sagot lived 1821-1888.

Note 4: This is the earliest document seen (Nov. 2003)concerning general information on soybean production inthe tropics.

Note 5. Notice that “kuzu” is given as a name for thewild soybean in Japan. Address: 1. Docteur en Médecine,Ancien Chirurgien de la Marine, Ancien Professeurd’Histoire Naturelle a l’École Normale Speciale de Cluny;2. Pharmacien en Chef du Corps de Santé des Colonies.Professeur du Cours de Productions et Cultures Tropicales al’École Coloniale.

9. Minssen, Guilherme. 1901. A soja [The soybean]. RevistaAgricola (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 5(1):2-4. [Por]*

10. Evans Seed Co., Inc. 1904. 1904 retail price list:Northern grown legume, forage plant, grain and grass seeds(Mail-order catalog). West Branch, Michigan. 24 p. 23 cm.• Summary: A black-and-white photo on the cover shows aman, a woman, and a child (little girl) standing in a “Fieldof soys and pearl millet at West Branch, Michigan.” Belowthat is written in large letters: “Our northern grown seedsare unequalled for hardiness, earliness, vigor, highgerminating power and purity.” Printed by Herald-TimesPrint., West Branch, Mich. At the top of the cover in smallletters: “44º12' North Latitude.”

Contents: Note to the American Farmer and Stockman.Our terms. Legume seed department. Soy beans. Cow peas.Field peas. Garden peas. Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).Spanish field pea (Lathyrus sativus). The vetches (Viciavillosa and V. sativa). Velvet beans (Mucuna utilis). Lupines(Blue and Large White). Faba or Broad Beans (Vicia faba).Lentils (Lens esculenta). Pea nuts (Arachis hypogæa). Theclovers. Northern Grown Grain and Forage PlantDepartment: Field corn, Russian emmer (Triticum spelta).Spring wheat. Oats. Barley (Hordeum vulgare). Japanesebarnyard millet (P. [Panicum] Crus Galli). East India pearlmillet (Pennisetum spicatum). Teosinte (Reana luxurians).New legumes for 1905 (the Japanese Muroran bean is aforage crop that is earlier than the earliest soy or cow pea).Grass seeds: Timothy (Phleum pratense) and Orchard grass(Dactylis glomerata). Meadow fescue (Fescuta pratensis).Awnless brome (Bromus inermis). Red top (Argostisvulgaris). Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis). Root seeds.Seed potatoes. Bacteriated soil (“sand containing thebacteria adapted to peas, soys, cow peas, vetches, lentils,broad beans, lupins, etc. Sold in new 16-oz. cotton bags at$1.50 per 100 pounds. Not less than 100 pounds will besold). A paradise for pork (Also called “hog heaven,” it is a“combination crop.” “Some plant corn, soys and mangels orsugar beets in alternate rows”). Chemical analysis vs. cowanalysis [of feeds] (“All authorities, chemists and cowsincluded, agree that the soy bean is the most digestible of allconcentrated foods. And palatability–convince yourself.Plant an acre of soys and when they are ripening turn inyour stock, your cows, horses, hogs, sheep, turkeys, ducksand chickens. They will tell you all about the palatability ofthe soy bean).” Standard of weights in Michigan: Beans,



soy: 8-16 quarts of seed required per acre. Weight perbushel: 60 lb.

The note (p. 2) “To the American Farmer and Stockman”begins: “Greeting: It has always been our aim to besomething more than seed sellers–or merchants.” It states indetail the company’s strong commitment to quality seeds.“Our terms are invariably net cash with order.” The firstsection (p. 3+), titled “Legume seed department” begins:“From ancient times down to the present certain plants havebeen used for the purpose of renovating and maintaining thefertility of soils... It was not until 1888 that a Germanscientist discovered by which process these plants enrich thesoil. Briefly, legumes are plants having the power, by aid ofcertain bacteria, of converting atmospheric nitrogen intonitrates available for plant food, and of storing it up in rootnodules, or tubercles. We do not yet know whether thisprocess is a mechanical or chemical one.”

However, we do know that nitrogen, one of the vitalelements of plant food, is the most elusive, the mostexpensive to buy and the most difficult to retain of all theelements that go into the production of any crop. We knowthat a crop of soys, peas, clover, or vetches enriches the soilby adding to the available nitrogen. It is absolutely true thatthe nitrogen removed from an acre of land by a crop of oats,corn, wheat or timothy often exceeds in value the entire costof producing a crop of legumes. There can be no greaterfolly in farming than the continued production of cerealswithout a rotation in which legumes form a part, and theshorter the rotation the better for the land and the bankaccount... The Leguminosæ includes beans, peas, vetches,clover, lentils, cow peas, soys, faba, lupins, etc.”

The subsection titled “Soy beans (Glycine hispida)” (p.4-7) gives the most information about this crop to be foundin any American seed catalog up to this time. “German,Soja. Japanese, daidzu [daizu]. Next to wheat this isprobably the oldest of cultivated plants. It is mentioned inChinese writings prior to 500 B.C., and remains to this dayone of the staple crops of China and Japan. It was originallyintroduced into America about 1925-30, but failed to attractattention to its merits. It was not until the researches andexperiments of Profs. Brooks [Massachusetts] andGeorgeson [Kansas], within the past fifteen years, that thetrue value of soys became known. Since 1896 they havegrown more rapidly in popularity than any crop everintroduced into America. Soys contain a higher percentageof protein in more digestible form, than any other farmproduct, and at a fraction of the cost of the so-called‘concentrated feeds.’” A table shows a nutritional analysisof five varieties of soys made by the Michigan ExperimentStation [published in Bulletin No. 199, April 1902]. Ito Sanand Medium Early Yellow contain the most crude protein(41.04% and 41.52%). A photo shows two uprootedsoybean plants, each covered with pods.

Page 5 continues: “Soya are as easy of culture ascommon beans, cow peas, or corn. They succeed on any soilthat will produce corn. They will withstand drouth and wetweather that would ruin most of our staple crops, and willpass uninjured through frost that kills corn to the ground.This has been demonstrated hundreds of times here inMichigan. Scores of seedsmen catalogue soys with southernseed, generally the Mammoth Yellow. Such seed can bebought for $1.00 to $1.25 a bushel, but is absolutelyworthless north of the Ohio river. We are the pioneers of thesoy seed business at the north; have grown and sold themfor the past 8 years [since about 1896]. We have not abushel of soys grown outside of Michigan.” “Evans’ soysare known the world over. We sold them last year inEngland, Germany, Guiana [incl. British Guiana?], WestIndies, Hawaii, Mexico and Canada.

Page 6 continues: “Plant soys in drills 28 to 30 inchesapart, using 8 to 16 quarts seed per acre, according tovariety and use. For ensilage, they may be planted withcorn, but we believe it is more satisfactory to grow the twocrops separately and mix them as they go through thecutter.” The subsection titled “Varieties” gives details oneach of the following: Ito San (named by Mr. Evans inhonor of Marquis Ito, the Japanese statesman), Early Blackor No. 6 (originated by Mr. Evans), Ogema, or Evans No. 9,Medium Early Green, Olive Medium (created andintroduced by Evans), Medium Early Black.

Concerning: “Ogema, or Evans No. 9. Originated byEdw. E. Evans and offered for the first time last season. It isa cross of Dwarf Brown and No. 6 and is unquestionablythe earliest of all soys. It can be planted later and farthernorth than any other variety. Beans dark chocolate color.Season 65 to 75 days. Stock limited.” Ogema is thecompany’s most expensive variety, selling for $7.50 perbushel, vs. $3.50 per bushel for most other varieties.

A table titled “Prices of soy beans” (p. 7) gives theprices of 12 varieties. The first seven are sold in quantitiesof one packet, quart, 4 quarts, peck, ½ bushel, and bushel.Most sell for $3.50/bu, but the price ranges from $3.00/bufor Ito San and Medium Early Yellow to $7.50/bu forOgema. These seven are: Ito San, Ogema (earliest), MediumEarly Green (general favorite), Olive Medium, MediumEarly Black, Early Black (Evans No. 6), Medium EarlyYellow. The last five varieties sold (all new) are: DwarfBrown, Gosha, Rokugetsu [Rokugatsu?], Bakaziro[Bakajiro], and Hankow. Each is available only in thepacket size at $0.15 per packet. On the last page of thecatalog is a full-page order sheet.

Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2002)which mentions that turkeys eat or are fed soybeans.

Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2004)that mentions the following soybean varieties: DwarfBrown, Hankow, Ogemaw, and Mammoth Yellow (one ofthree documents).



Note 3. This is the earliest English-language documentseen (May 2003) that uses the word “bacteriated” to refer tosoil containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

This catalog is owned by Special Collections, USDANational Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland.Address: West Branch, Ogemaw Co., Michigan.

11. Granel, J. 1910. La soja híspida [The soybean].Argentina: Dirección de Agricultura. [Spa]*

12. Bulletin of the Imperial Institute (London).1911. Recentprogress in agriculture: Oils and oil-seeds–Soy beans andoil. 9(2):158-59. [6 ref]• Summary: Gives six citations for studies dealing with thecultivation of soy beans in British Guiana (1911, 2citations), Union of South Africa (1911), and the USA. “Onaccount of the high price of linseed oil at the present time,attempts are being made to find cheaper substitutes.”

13. Rosenfeld, Arturo H. 1911. Noticias de la estación[Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station]. RevistaIndustrial y Agricola de Tucuman 2(3):133-38. Aug. 15. Seep. 137, 139. [Spa]• Summary: The section titled “Cowpeas, Soy Beans,Sorghum, Rice, etc.” notes: “We are publishing with thisarticle two illustrations of ‘soy beans’ kindly presented tothe station by Professor Tonnelier, Chief of the ExperimentStation of the School of Agriculture of Cordoba, Argentina.The professor has sent us some soybean seeds with whichwe will experiment, comparing them with other seeds thatwe have obtained.”

Photos show: (1) A man holding a wooden measuringstick standing in a field of soybeans, which stand about 90cm tall and last year yielded 36,800 kg of forage (p. 135).(2) A field of soy beans at the Experiment Station of theSchool of Agriculture of Cordoba. A building stands in thebackground (p. 139).

Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (May 2009)concerning soybeans in Argentina.

Note 2. An article written by the same author in thisjournal in December 1911 shows that the soybeans had beensent but had not yet arrived at that time that this article waswritten in August. They had arrived by December. Address:Subdirector y Entomólogo, Argentina.

14. Matieres Grasses (Les) (Paris).1911. Culture du soja[Soybean cultivation (in British Guiana and the Transvaal)].4(41):2430. Sept. 25. [Fre]• Summary: “Soybean cultivation has been tried in variousdistricts of British Guiana. The trials have not given verygood results but they are continuing.

“In the Transvaal (Au Transwal), trials have shown thatthe variety Sakura gives the most rapid production, while

the germination of the variety Southern and its growth arevery superior.”

Note: This is the earliest document seen (May 2009)concerning soybeans in British Guiana (renamed Guyana in1966), or the cultivation of soybeans in British Guiana (oneof two documents).

15. Li, Yu-ying; Grandvoinnet, L. 1911. Le soja [Thesoybean]. Agriculture Pratique des Pays Chauds (Bulletindu Jardin Colonial) 11(102):177-96. Sept. See also:11(103):270-94. Oct.; 11(104):360-75. Nov.; 11(105):459-74. Dec.; 12(106):28-38. Jan.; 12(107):120-32. Feb.;12(108):213-23. March; 12(109):302-08. April. 28 cm. [33ref. Fre]• Summary: This series of articles, published in book formin 1912, is one of the earliest, most important, influential,creative, interesting, and carefully researched documentsever written about soybeans and soyfoods. Contents:Introduction. Origin and history of the soybean. Soybeanculture. 1. Species and varieties of soybeans (botanicalcharacteristics, species {vernacular names in Asia},varieties {from China, Japan, India, Indochina, Hawaii,United States, and Europe}). 2. Needs of the soybean:Climatic (temperature, humidity), geographical area andvarieties grown (in Asia [Manchuria, Japan, Formosa,Korea, Indochina], America, Guyane (“En Guyane, le sojamûrit” [ripens or matures]. Note: This probably refers toFrench Guiana [Guyane française], where Sagot and Raoulreported in 1893 that soybeans had been grownsuccessfully), Europe [France, Italy, Russia], Southeast Asia(Océanie / Oceania) [Philippines, Java, Borneo], and Africa[Algeria, Tunisia, South Africa]), agrological needs of thesoybean (physical, chemical).

“Oceania.–The soybean has been cultivated for a verylong time in the Philippines, Java, and Borneo” (p. 194).

Illustrations (line drawings) show: Soybean plant withroots (p. 182). Soybean pods and beans (p. 183). A table (p.191) and a graph (p. 192) show trade of soybeans, soybeancake, and the total of the two from five Manchurian ports(Newchwang, Antung, Ta-tung-ho, Dairen, and Suifenho[Suifenhe]) from 1905 to 1909; all have increaseddramatically. Also contains 12 other tables from othersources. Note that this influential series of articles, like itspredecessor by Itie in the same journal, were in large partprompted by the huge rise in imports of soybeans to Europe,starting in 1908. The contents of these articles is almostidentical to that of the book by the same name, published in1912, which see. Address: 1. Counseiller de 1ere classe auMinistère de l’Agriculture de la Chine; 2. Ingénieur agricole(G.).

16. J. of the New Zealand Department of Agriculture.1911.The soya bean. Its possibilities in commerce. 3(6):487-88.Dec. 15. [1 ref]



• Summary: “In a recent communication to the Department,the High Commissioner in London conveys muchinteresting information of the soya-bean industry. This bean,which is taking a commanding position in the Old World[Europe] as a food for stock, has not yet been tested on acommercial scale in this part of the world; but addedinterest is being attached to it with the growing appreciationof the need of better feeding of our live-stock. Thedepartment is testing a number of varieties of soya beanreceived from the United States Department of Agricultureat the Tauranga Experimental Farm...”

The report notes that from Dalny (in Manchuria) andVladivostok (in Russia) large quantities of soya beans areshipped to the United Kingdom. Small consignments of thebean and oil are received from Japan. “‘These beans containfrom 17 to 18 per cent. of oil, which is pressed out byordinary crushers or extracted by the solvent extractionprocess. Originally the oil was used for soap-making butnow it is used not only for this purpose, but much morelargely for replacing linseed-oil. It is also used forlubricating, burning, and for edible The residue, after the oilhas been extracted, is now well recognized as being one ofthe best foodstuffs for cattle. It is exceedingly rich inalbuminoids in a readily digestible form. The opinion isexpressed that in time this residue will come to be used ashuman food. Note: This is the earliest English-languagedocument seen (March 2003) that uses the term “solventextraction” in connection with the commercial crushing ofsoybeans to give oil and meal.

“‘The greater quantity of the soya-bean supply isshipped direct to this country, is crushed either in Hull orLiverpool, and large quantities of the oil are shipped to the[European] Continent. I am informed that bean-oil, withoutthe aid of driers of some kind, will not dry hard...

“‘Experiments have been made in many countries togrow soya beans and apparently some of these experimentshave been perfectly successful, as the Hull Oil-manufacturing Company have received samples grownwithin 200 miles of Calcutta, and the bean is now offered insmall quantities from South Russia. Experiments are beingmade in Rhodesia, Canada, South America, and other placeswithin the wheat and cotton belts.’” Address: New Zealand.

17. Rosenfeld, Arturo H. 1911. Noticias de la estación[Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station]. RevistaIndustrial y Agricola de Tucuman 2(7):298-301. Dec. 15.See p. 299. [Spa]• Summary: The section titled “New seeds (Nuevassemillas)” (p. 298-99) states: “The seeds that we asked forseveral months ago have arrived. They are the followingplants:” 49 species of plants are listed, including 27 grassand forage plants, one of which is the “Soja bean, Glycinehispida.”

Note: Tucumán is a city and a province in northernArgentina. Address: Subdirector.

18. Stockdale, F.A. 1911. Soy beans. British Guiana Reportof the Department of Science and Agriculture (Georgetown).p. 20-42. For the year 1909-10. See p. 29.• Summary: In Section 2, “Economic,” is the followingsubsection: “Soy beans.–Trials have been made during theyear with soy beans (Glycine hispida) at Georgetown,Onderneeming, and at the Experimental Rubber Station inthe North West District. Seeds were obtained through theCommissioner of the Imperial Department of Agriculturefrom Antigua, but they grew unsatisfactorily and furthersupplies were obtained from seedsmen in America.” In theExperimental Brickdam Field a tiny yield of only 1¼ lb ofshelled beans from 14 square rods (1 rod = 16.5 feet)showed that the variety experimented with would not thriveon the heavy clay lands of this field. At OnderneemingSchool Farm, out of a total of 7,038 holes planted, only1,829 produced mature plants; the remainder dried up anddied. At Issororo, the germination of the seeds was good,but young plants on the flat were killed by heavy rains andthose on the hill grew poorly. “These trials indicate that thevariety of soy beans experimented with cannot be expectedto grow satisfactorily in the colony, but further efforts willbe made with other kinds.”

Note: This is the earliest document seen (May 2009)concerning soybeans in British Guiana (renamed Guyana in1966), or the cultivation of soybeans in British Guiana (oneof two documents). It was written in Aug. 1910, so thesoybeans were probably planted in the spring of 1910. Thisdocument contains the second earliest date seen forsoybeans in British Guiana, or the cultivation of soybeans inBritish Guiana (probably spring 1910). The source of thesoybeans was first Antigua, then the USA. Address: Asst.Director, Science and Agriculture, and Government Botanist[Georgetown, Demerara].

19. Indian Trade Journal (The) (Calcutta).1912. [Soy beansin Argentina]. 25(315):48. April 11. Summarized by theBulletin of the Imperial Institute. 1912. p. 493. [1 ref]• Summary: “Experiments with soy beans in Argentinaduring the past three years have proved successful, leadingEstancia proprietors [to] inform Mr. A. Grenville Turner [ofEngland], who selected the seed, that they intend to growthe crop on a commercial scale. The beans, says the MonthlyMagazine of the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce, will begrown in preference to linseed, as a restorative crop, inrotation with wheat. As the percentage of oil in soy beansvaries from 15.8 per cent to 23.20 per cent, enquiries arebeing instituted for seed beans having a high oil content,also for early and late varieties, to facilitate harvestingoperations with other crops. The germinating capacities ofsoy beans vary considerably; all parcels of seed should,



therefore, be carefully tested for germination beforeshipment.”

Note: This is the earliest document seen (May 2009)concerning the cultivation of soybeans in Argentina (one ofthree documents).

20. Daily Consular and Trade Reports (U.S. Bureau ofManufactures, Department of Commerce and Labor).1912.Soya beans in Argentina. 15(119):688. May 20.• Summary: From the Monthly Magazine of the LiverpoolChamber of Commerce: “Experiments with soya beans inArgentina during the past three years having provedsuccessful, leading estancia proprietors inform A. GrenvilleTurner, who selected the seed, that they intend to grow thecrop on a commercial scale. The beans will be grown inpreference to linseed, as a restorative crop, in rotation withwheat. As the percentage of oil in soya beans varies from15.8 per cent to 23.2 per cent, inquiries are being institutedfor seed beans having a high oil content, also for early andlate varieties, to facilitate harvesting operations with othercrops. The germinating capacities of soya beans varyconsiderably; all parcels of seed should, therefore, becarefully tested for germination before shipment.”

21. Kuijper, J. 1912. Soja [Soya]. Departement van denLandbouw, Suriname, Bulletin No. 29. p. 24-29. Nov. [Dut]• Summary: In recent years, since 1908, soya has become aproduct of great importance on the world market. There arefew products whose exports have risen so dramatically isjust a few years. The reason for the great expansion of tradein soya can be found in the great demand by industry foroilseeds. For more than 30 years, experiments have beenconducted on growing soybeans in Europe, but the resultshave not been very promising. Some people have suggestedthat soya might be able to be grown in Suriname. It isgrown in many tropical countries, including Siam, BritishIndia, and Java. Requirements for cultivation and yields arediscussed. Japan reports the highest yields, 2,500 kg/ha,compared with 1,000 to 1,400 kg/ha from the USA.Soybeans produce more protein and oil per unit area of landthan any other farm crop. The seed is used mainly forhuman consumption but the plant also yields, fresh or dried,and excellent livestock feed, which is why so much researchon it is now being conducted in Australia and America. It isimportant for Suriname that soya can be used as a greenfodder, for example interplanted and fed with corn.

From soya one can make numerous products such assoymilk (soyamelk), soy cheese (soyakaas, whose foodvalue is higher than that of meat), soy flour, soy bread(soyabrood), oil (olie), various sauces (soya sauce,Worcester sauce, etc.), and various substitutes for coffee andchocolate, etc. (surrogaten voor koffie en chocolade enz.).

In Suriname soya is cultivated on a small scale by theJavanese, for example in Lelydorp and in the settlements of

Johan and Margaretha. Many experiments with Soya havealready been conducted in the experimental garden(Cultuurtuin). Seeds imported from America did not givegood results; the plants remained small, yielded few fruits,and died quickly thereafter. It is a common occurrence thatplants from temperate or subtropical regions do not growwell in the warm tropics in the rainy season. Of the seedscultivated in Suriname, two varieties give good results.Those cultivated by the Javanese give hardy plants and a lotof seed though exact yield figures are not available; theplanted area is still quite small. But the yield is about 1,000kg/ha. Apparently the necessary bacteria are present in thesoil, for the roots show nodulation.

In the experimental garden two beds of soya wereplanted on May 24. The first seeds ripened after 3 monthsand within 4 months all was harvested. Thus the plantsdeveloped during the rainy season, and they probably gottoo much water. The results would probably be better if thisseason could be avoided. Soya is sold in Suriname for hfl30 per bag, a considerably higher price than that paid inEurope. On the plantations Peperpot and Jaglustexperiments with soya have also been conducted. TheEuropean seed that was used gave very limited results. Theexperiments will be conducted again using Suriname seeds.

With the market price at hfl 10 per bag, it seems veryunlikely that the cultivation of soya in Suriname will everbe profitable, unless high yields can be obtained. Asmentioned above, this seems unlikely. Small scalecultivation for sale in Suriname, however, seemsadvantageous at present, while in areas where cattle areraised the use of soya as a green feed to replace moreexpensive secondary feeds will likely give good results.

Note 1 This is the earliest document seen (May 2009)concerning soybeans in Suriname, or the cultivation ofsoybeans in Suriname.

Note 2. This is the earliest Dutch-language documentseen (March 2001) that uses the term surrogaten voor koffieto refer to soy coffee.

Note 3. This is the earliest Dutch-language documentseen (Oct. 2003) that uses the term soyamelk to refer tosoymilk. Address: Surinam.

22. Tonnelier, Adolfo C. 1912. Soja hispida, Moench:Metodos industriales de elaboracion de sus diversosderivados [The soybean: Industrial methods ofmanufacturing its various derivatives]. Revista Industrial yAgricola de Tucuman (Argentina) 3(6):236-39. Nov. Seealso p. 396. With 5 photos of soybean plants and soybeans.[Spa]• Summary: Contents: Introduction. Vegetable milk (lechevegetal, soymilk). Vegetable cheese (queso vegetal) [tofu].Oil and casein (aceite y caseina, including preliminaryoperations of washing the seeds, extraction of the oil (Elaceite de Soja), extraction of the vegetable casein {caseina



vegetal} which has numerous industrial applications, as inthe preparation of water-resistant paints, in the textile,paper, silk, and artificial textile industries, rubber, leather,plastic materials, films, photographic emulsions, etc.). Soyflour. Artificial rubber (caucho artificial). Shoyu or soysauce (choyou ó salsa de soja).

“In the vicinity of Paris a factory for the production ofsoy-based food products has been founded. In Englandimportant manufacturers of soy flour, soybean cakes, andthe extraction of the oil are in operation. Mr. Karajama [sic,Katayama (1906)], a Japanese chemist, uses soybean seedsto prepare a concentrated milk, a flour of the type thatNestlé makes, and biscuits (biscochos; not cookies),obtaining in this way a maximum of food and nutrition atvery reduced volume.

“The experiments carried out since one year ago at thispart of the Experiment Station, attached to the NationalSchool of Agriculture at Córdoba, have verified the easyacclimatization of this plant, the abundance and goodness ofits products.

“It is to be hoped that its cultivation with be extensivelypropagated in the zones that are favorable for it. Thisleguminous oilseed is not only of interest to the farmer,agriculturist, and landowner, but also to the industrialist,and on no smaller scale.

“It is a new fountain/source of riches for the nation, thatwe must not neglect.”

Note 1. This is the earliest Spanish-language documentseen (Aug. 2003) that uses the term caseina vegetal to referto isolated soy protein.

Note 1. This is the earliest Spanish-language documentseen (Sept. 2006) that uses the term El aceite de Soja torefer to soy oil. Address: Chief of the Experiment Station,attached to the School of Agriculture, Argentina.

23. Tonnelier, Adolfo C. 1912. La soja híspida [Thesoybean]. Boletin del Ministerio de Agricultura 14(11-12):1351-57. Nov/Dec. [Spa]• Summary: During the agricultural exercises of 1911-12,the experiment station has continued its trials of this crop,initiated the year before, with the results that already beenpublished (see “La Soja hispida y sus aplicaciones,” by theauthor, a booklet of 16 pages; Buenos Aires, 1912).

Note: This is the earliest document seen (May 2009)concerning the cultivation of soybeans in Argentina (one ofthree documents). The article ends with this line: “Cordoba,July 1912.” Address: Jefe de la Estación Experimentalanexa á la Escuela Nacional de Agricultura y Ganadería deCórdoba (Chief of the Experiment Station, attached to theSchool of Agriculture and Cattle Raising of Cordoba,Argentina).

24. Tonnelier, Adolfo C. 1912. La Soja hispida y susaplicaciones [The soybean and its applications]. Buenos

Aires, Argentina: J. Carbone. 16 p. [Spa]• Summary: Various tables give the chemical compositionof soybeans based on different previous analyses (incl.moisture, ash, oils, nitrogenous substances / proteins{materias azoadas, materias proteicas}, cellulose, andcarbohydrates).

“The results obtained during these last two periods inthis Experimental Station permit us to predict a bright futurefor these industries. The soybean is adequate to use as greenmanure, green fodder and hay; it produces a grain withwhich flour is made for the maintenance of people andanimals; it also produces oil which leaves a residue cakethat can be fed to livestock. Besides these products,soybeans can be a source for artificial milk (leche artificial;soymilk), cheese (queso) [tofu], and a certain sauce (ciertasalsa; soy sauce), all of which, even if their use has not yetbecome part of our custom, are at least widespread in theChinese Empire” (p. 1).

“The main center for the utilization of the soybean andfor the production of flour, oil and cakes is found in Hull,England.” Tables show the composition of soy flour and thesoybean cake, based on analyses by Maret and Delattre (p.8).

On page 10 is a discussion of vegetable milk or soymilk. Page 12 discusses “queso de Soja, ó To Fou” (“soycheese, or tofu”) and “la famosa salsa de Soja, llamadaSoyou ó Choyou” (“the famous soy sauce, called Soyou orChoyou” [actually shoyu]). A table gives the chemicalcomposition of fresh and dry tofu.

A full-page table (p. 13) compares the chemicalcomposition of soybeans and soyfoods with similar foodsfrom other sources in six categories: Seeds or grains, cakes(for feed), flour, green forage, milk (incl. soymilk), andcheese (incl. fresh and dry tofu; Queso de To Fou, fresco;Queso de To Fou, seco). The dry tofu cheese may be dry-frozen tofu.

“Experiments carried out at this Experimental Station inCordoba during the last three years plainly confirm thefavorable effects that legumes produce as green/unripemanure over other crops such as corn, flax, wheat, barley,rye and potatoes. In the period 1910-1911, as is well known,was not a very favorable one for forage production. A yieldcorresponding to 36,000 kg/ha of green forage was obtained[from soybeans] at this Experimental Station” (p. 15). “Theexperimental cultivation of the hispid/hairy soybean in theperiod of 1910-1911 was carried out on soil of mediocrecomposition, inferior to that of the average crops in theregion. As I stated earlier, that year was extremelyunfavorable for all vegetation. Half of the crop either failedto bloom or did not ripen. As a result, by January 19, 1911,the harvest of green forage was 36,800 kg/ha, leaving theother half for seed” (p. 16).

Photos show: (1) A field of soy bean plants (Sojahispida). (2) Close-up view of a man standing with a



measuring stick in a field of soy bean plants. (3) Close-upview of leaves of a soy bean plant. (4). Close-up of soybeanpods on stem. (5). Soybean pods placed next to a ruler.

Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (May 2009)concerning the cultivation of soybeans in Argentina (one ofthree documents).

Note 2. The last two lines of the article read: “Cordoba,July 1911. A.C. Tonnelier.” Therefore this documentcontains the earliest clear date seen for soybeans inArgentina, or the cultivation of soybeans in Argentina(1908). The source of these soybeans is unknown.

Note 3. This is the earliest Spanish-language documentseen (Aug. 2003) that uses the term materias azoadas ormaterias proteicas to refer to nitrogenous substances orprotein in connection with soybeans. Address: Jefe de laEstación Experimental, anexa á la Escuela Nacional deAgricultura y Ganaderia de Córdoba (Chief of theExperiment Station, attached to the School of Agricultureand Cattle Raising of Cordoba, Argentina).

25. Granato, L. 1913. A soja [The soybean]. Sao PauloSecretaria de Agricultura, Comercio e Obras Pulicas.Boletim de Agricultura, Series 14. No. 3. p. 159-67. March.Series XIV. [Por]• Summary: Contents: Names of the soybean: Scientific andin various foreign countries. Botanical characteristics.Soybean cultivation: In Russia, France, Italy, Austria.Harvest and yield: In Italy, Hungary, France, in Brazil at theAgronomic Institute of Campinas (instituto Agronomico deCampinas) where Dutra reported yields of 2,200 to 2,300liters/hectare. The soybean as a food: Nutritionalcomposition and food value of the seeds of varietiesanalyzed by König, of varieties cultivated in 1899 at theAgronomic Institute of Campinas and analyzed by Mr. R.Bolliger. Soja as a forage crop. Uses of the soy bean (esp.Japan and China): Miso, tofu (a type of cheese {queijo}called To-fu), shoyu, koji, soy flour.

Three bar graphs (p. 165-66) compare the protein(albuminoides), oil and fat, and carbohydrate content of thesoybean with those of other major foodstuffs (of bothanimal and vegetable origin, such as common beans{feijao}, beef, eggs, wheat, etc.). Soybeans have the highestcontent of protein, and of oil or fat, of all foods with whichthey are compared.

26. Tonnelier, Adolfo C. 1913. La soja hispida [Thesoybean]. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ministerio deAgricultura, Division de Enseñanza. [Spa]*Address: Chief of the Experiment Station, attached to theSchool of Agriculture, Argentina.

27. Turner, A. Grenville. 1914. The soy bean. AgriculturalJ. of the Union of South Africa 7(1):67-77. Jan.

• Summary: This report was sent to South Africa by theUnion Trades Commissioner in London, Mr. C. du P.Chiappini. Contents: Botany and habitat. Varieties.Conditions of growth. Methods of culture and soilinoculation. Harvesting: Yield per acre, yield of forage, as agrain crop, thrashing. Manurial value (as a green manure).Storing soy bean seed. Feeding value: For sheep, dairycows, or hogs. Experiments in South Africa (conducted byMr. Turner during the 1910-1911 season). Chemicalanalyses. The commercial aspect. The bean (utilization).The oil (utilization).

“Up to the year 1907 the export of soy beans fromManchuria did not exceed 120,000 tons, of which the bulkwas absorbed by Japan” (p. 68)

“As a commercial oilseed, however, the soy bean wasundoubtedly first introduced to the notice of the British andContinental manufacturer towards the end of the year 1908,when the export commenced to Europe throughVladivostock [Vladivostok]; the cargo was nearly all carriedin British bottoms and destined to oil mills in the UnitedKingdom.”

“Experiments in the cultivation of the soy bean are beingconducted in practically every British colony; during theyear 1909 experiments were conducted in the ArgentineRepublic, Mr. A. Grenville Turner, the soy bean expert,reporting that a crop of beans may be secured in aboutthirteen weeks, as against six months in Manchuria. World-wide interest now was evinced in the culture of the soybean; the late Sir Alfred Jones, K.C.M.G., entrusted Mr.Turner with a mission to introduce the cultivation of thebean throughout West Africa; on his return Mr. Turnerreported that he had travelled 12,000 miles through theGambia, Sierra Leone, Southern and Northern Nigeria andthe Gold Coast Territories; the results of experiments beingsuccessful: on sowing the seed the plants made theirappearance above ground in about four days, ultimatelyattaining a height of two feet, and reaching maturity in six,eight, or ten weeks, according to zone and climaticconditions. On his return from the coast, Mr. Turner wasentrusted with a mission by Messrs. Lever Brothers,Limited, to encourage the cultivation of the soy beanthroughout the Union of South Africa, during the season1910-1911 the scheme was taken up by the farmers withenthusiasm, a large quantity of seed, together withdescriptive pamphlets, was distributed by Messrs. Lever, theresult of the experiments proving that South Africa can raisea crop of soy beans equal, if not superior, to Manchuria.”

At the Government Experiment Farm in South Africa,where 80 varieties were tested (there are over 300 varietiesof soy beans), yields of seed “as high as 2,000 lb. per acrewere recorded, while in many instances the yield was wellover 1,000 lb. per acre. In Manchuria the yield per acre isfrom 1,100 to 1,600 lb. per acre.” If grown for forage,yields as high “as 12 to 13 tons of fresh fodder may be



produced per acre, which may be used for hay or for silagepurposes.” “Growing soy beans for the grain is distinctlyprofitable, owing to the large demand in the UnitedKingdom and Europe” (p. 71).

When Mr. Turner conducted soybean cultivationexperiments in South Africa during the 1910-1911 season,the “scheme enjoyed the hearty support of the UnionGovernment Agricultural Department, the AgriculturalUnion, and Messrs. Lever Brothers, Limited, by whoseassistance, through Mr. Turner, see for the planting of threeto five acre plots was distributed to over three hundredfarmers in all parts of the Union, together with printedreport forms, and descriptive bulletins” (p. 72). Natalexperience the worst drought in 40 years took at this time,but the soybeans resisted the drought and were able to growunder conditions that would probably in many instances betoo severe for even maize. Soybeans were also grown in theTransvaal, Orange Free State, and Cape Province.

The highest recorded oil content in soybeans was23.20% from beans grown by Mr. Turner in Sierra Leone.

“The oil mills of Great Britain crush annually upwardsof 1,000,000 tons of oil seeds,... Great Britain is theheaviest importer of oil seeds in Europe, and is, in fact, afterthe United States of America, the most importantmanufacturer of oils in the world.”

Great Britain imports and crushes about 600,000 tons ofcotton seed and about 350,000 tons of soy beans; thebalance is linseed. Recently, however, these soy beanimports have been decreasing, since Germany has rescindedthe import duty and installed soy bean crushing plants intheir oil mills.

“It is estimated that Great Britain and Europe can taketen million tons of soy beans per annum in the event of thebeans being used for human as well as for animalconsumption and for industrial purposes, so there is a largemarket for South Africa to ship all the beans she canproduce...”

Note: This document contains the second earliest cleardate seen for soybeans in Argentina, or the cultivation ofsoybeans in Argentina (1909). The source of these soybeansis unknown, but might have been Great Britain.

28. Chiappini, C. du P. 1914. The trade of the Union: Soyabeans. In: W.H. Hosking, ed. 1914. South African Year-Book 1914. London: George Routledge and Sons, Ltd. NewYork: E.P. Dutton & Co. See p. 192-261, especially p. 247-56.• Summary: “The Annual Report of the TradesCommissioner in London for the Union Government ofSouth Africa for the year ending 31st December, 1912, anddated 16th April, 1913, was presented to both houses ofParliament by command of His Excellency the Governor-General.”

Soya Beans: Trials in connection with these beans havebeen, and are being, made by farmers in the Union–principally in Natal. During the past nine years many usefulexperiments have been made by the AgriculturalDepartment, mainly at the Cedara, Winkle Spruit, andWeenen Government Farms (Natal), and also at Skinner’sCourt, Pretoria. A great deal of knowledge has thus beengained and made known to farmers by means of bulletins,etc., issued by the Government. I am, however, informedthat there has been a check in the progress of this industry,and that in some parts farmers have been disheartened bytheir first trials, and have dropped the matter... I submit the[following] details in the hope that they will stimulatefarmers through the Union to continue their experimentsand carry them to a successful issue, my object being tosupport Mr. Burtt Davy and other officers of theAgricultural Department who are doing such good work inthis direction.

“I have been fortunate in securing the valuableassistance of Mr. A. Grenville Turner, Grain and OilseedBroker, and Assistant Secretary to the Seed, Oil, and CakeTrade Association, C 20, Exchange Buildings, Liverpool,and of Mr. Harold Beckwith, of Peter’s Buildings, II,Romford Street, Liverpool, who is a specialist on theproduction of vegetable oil and on oil milling plantgenerally...

“During the year 1909 experiments were conducted inthe Argentine Republic, Mr. A. Grenville Turner reportingthat a crop of beans may be secured there in about thirteenweeks, as against six months in Manchuria, and ten weeksto five months in South Africa, according to zone andclimatic conditions. Worldwide interest is now evinced inthe culture of the Soya bean, and experiments are beingconducted in practically every British Colony. The late SirAlfred Jones, K.C.M.G., entrusted Mr. Turner with amission to introduce the cultivation of the bean throughoutWest Africa, the result of the experiments being successful.On his return from the coast, Mr. Turner was entrusted witha mission by Messrs. Lever Brothers, Limited, to encouragethe cultivation of the Soya bean throughout the Union ofSouth Africa. The scheme was enthusiastically taken up bythe farmers. Large quantities of seed (with descriptivepamphlets) were distributed by Messrs. Lever Brothers, theresult of the experiments proving that South Africa can raisea crop of Soya beans equal, if not superior, to those fromManchuria...

“At the Government Experimental Farms in SouthAfrica, over 80 varieties have been tested, and as high as2,000 lb. per acre was recorded, while in many instances theyield was well over 1,000 lb. per acre. In Manchuria theyield per acre is from 1,100 to 1,600 lb. per acre...

“The subject has received the hearty support of theUnion Government Agricultural Department, theAgricultural Unions, and Messrs. Lever Brothers, Limited,



by whose assistance, through Mr. Turner, seed for theplanting of three to five acre plots was distributed to over300 farmers in all parts of the Union, together with printedreport forms and descriptive bulletins. One factor wasproved–viz., the capability of the plant to resist a longsustained drought, and to grow under conditions that wouldprobably in many instances be too severe even for maize.

A list is given of 18 products which can be obtainedfrom the Soya bean, including “Human consumption, as avegetable, like marrowfat peas, and in preparation of soups.As a substitute for meat, specially manufactured.Manufacture of a substitute for chocolate. Preparation ofmacaroni. As flour for biscuits and brown bread. Asartificial cream and milk. Manufacture of cheese. As asubstitute for coffee. Preparation of plastic substances andartificial horn.” Diabetic foods, soy sauce, meal for feedingcattle, stallions or dairy cows, seasonings, beverages,industrial products, and livestock feeds.

The oil can be used for the manufacture of “Dynamiteand high explosives. Soaps. Linoleum. India-rubbersubstitute. Margarine. Paints and varnishes in place oflinseed oil. Edible goods and toilet powder. Waterproofcloth, paper umbrellas, and lanterns. Salad oil. Lubricatingoil, in China, for greasing axles and native machinery. Lampoil instead of kerosene oil. It is used on English railways forburning. The Soya oil is also used for preserving sardines,and in place of lard, and cotton-seed oil for cooking.

“Chemical analyses of the beans made in Europe showconsiderable variation in the percentages of the differentconstituents... of oil from 15.62 to 23.20 per cent., the latteroil content being the highest recorded, the beans beinggrown by Mr. Turner, at Sierra Leone (West Africa).

“At the latter end of the year 1908 the Soya beansstarted to be exported from Manchuria to Great Britain andEurope; the price on the London market being £4 15s. perton, which recently rose to £9 2s. 6d. per ton in England; thevalue on the spot at Hull being now given as £8 7s. 6d. perton; the value of soya oil on the spot, crushed, is £24 10s.,and extracted, £23 15s. per ton, and of Soya oilcake, £6 15s.per ton.”

Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (April 2004)that clearly refers to soybeans in Sierra Leone, or thecultivation of soybeans in Sierra Leone. This documentcontains the earliest clear date seen for soybeans in SierraLeone, or the cultivation of soybeans in Sierra Leone (1914or before) (one of three documents). The source of thesesoybeans was probably South Russia via Great Britain.

Note 2. This is the earliest English-language documentseen that uses the term “oilcake” or “Soya oilcake” to referto ground, defatted soybeans. Address: TradesCommissioner, South Africa.

29. Tonnelier, Adolfo C. 1915. Soja hispida (soy bean) yVigna unguiculata (cowpea) [The soybean and the cowpea].

Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ministerio de Agricultura de laNación, Direción General de Enseñanza e InvestigacionesAgricolas, Sección Escuelas Especiales. 32 p. No. 42.Report or Unpublished manuscript. [Spa]*Address: Chief of the Experiment Station, attached to theSchool of Agriculture, Argentina.

30. Porter, Robert Percival. 1915. Japan, the new world-power: Being a detailed account of the progress and rise ofthe Japanese empire. London, New York, Toronto,Melbourne and Bombay: Humphrey Milford, OxfordUniversity Press. xxiv + 789 p. Illust. Seven colored maps.Index. 23 cm. [ soy ref]• Summary: Japan (regardless of race and colour)intervened in the Great War on the side of her ally GreatBritain. They worked together successfully againstGermany in the siege of Tsing-Tau in 1914 from Oct. 31 toNov. 7.

Near the front of the book is a table of “Weights,measures and moneys, for Japan, Great Britain, and theUSA.”

Page 149-50: “The annual average number ofimmigrants from Japan is about 20,000. Roughly, half go toChina and the United States of America... Since 1907 twobatches of Japanese emigrants, under 2,000 in all, havegone to Brazil, the majority of which have been undercontract with the Sao Paulo Government to work in thecoffee plantations.” There are now about 155,000 Japanesein the United States. Since a 1907 agreement between Japanand the USA, immigration of Japanese labour to the USAhas been restricted. Some Japanese have tried to enter theUSA by going first to Mexico. There are not more than2,000 Japanese in Canada at present.

Page 232: In Japan: “The necessity for increasedmilitary and naval expenditure, which rose in connectionwith Korea in 1881, called for considerable additionalrevenue. Fresh military taxes were therefore levied; income-tax was introduced along with indirect imposts [taxes] onsoy [sauce], tobacco, confectionery, and stamps, and the taxon sake was raised, augmenting the receipts to such anextent that the Government was able in 1886 to reduce theland-tax again. But following the war with China [1894-95]it became necessary to establish occupation and registrationtaxes, to raise again the sake tax, and to create aGovernment monopoly of leaf tobacco.”

A table (p. 233) shows how the ordinary State revenueof Japan was derived in the financial years 1898-99 and1909-10. The two main sources of revenue were: Land tax(38.4 and 85.7 million yen respectively) and liquor tax (33.0and 91.5 million yen). By comparison, the soy tax wasrelatively small: 1.54 and 4.73 million yen.

Page 235-36: “The tax on liquors is levied upon (a)brewers of shurui (alcoholic liquor), which is divided intofive classes, viz. seishu, or refined sake, dakushu, or



unrefined sake, shirozake, or white sake, mirin, or sweetsake, and shochu, or distilled sake; (b) brewers of beer; and(c) wine and alcohol and alcoholic liquors other than sakeor beer.”

“Soy tax: The soy tax is levied upon manufacturers ofthis sauce at the rate of about 1 3/4 yen per koku. A tax onsoy for household use was introduced in 1900, and ranges

HISTORY OF SOYBEANS AND SOYFOODS IN SOUTH AMERICA … · 2019-11-05 · (El Salvador Ministerio de...

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